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Full-Text Articles in Law
Product Picketing-A New Loophole In Section 8(H) (4) Of The National Labor Relations Act?, Michael A. Warner
Product Picketing-A New Loophole In Section 8(H) (4) Of The National Labor Relations Act?, Michael A. Warner
Michigan Law Review
Legal writers have been intrigued for years by the challenge of classifying and identifying the resulting incidents of the joint and survivor bank deposit when an attempt is made to use it as a mode of effectuating a donor depositor's intention to confer benefits on a donee co-depositor. Much in their discussions is useful to one who is concerned with the concept that has evolved in Michigan, where a 1909 statute states that some co-depositors are presumed to be joint tenants. Michigan judges and practitioners must determine, however, whether comment about national trends is applicable here, for in many respects …
Subcontracting Clauses And Section 8(E) Of The National Labor Relations Act, David M. Ebel
Subcontracting Clauses And Section 8(E) Of The National Labor Relations Act, David M. Ebel
Michigan Law Review
The addition of section 8(e) to the National Labor Relations Act in 1959 jeopardized the validity of all subcontracting clauses-provisions in employer-union collective bargaining agreements which in some manner eliminate or condition the employer's right to contract out work or which penalize the exercise of that right. Although it was not the congressional intent that section 8(e) indiscriminately abolish all subcontracting clauses, this is the literal impact of the language used in the section.
Labor Law-Independent Contractor Status-Extension Of The Right Of Control Test, F. Bruce Kulp Jr.
Labor Law-Independent Contractor Status-Extension Of The Right Of Control Test, F. Bruce Kulp Jr.
Michigan Law Review
Petitioner, a large independent oil company, owned a gasoline service station which it leased to an individual operator, reserving the right to determine certain aspects of the lessee's operations. During the lease period, a majority of the station attendants signed union authorization cards, and the union requested a meeting with the lessee for the purpose of negotiating a contract. The lessee refused to negotiate, discharged the attendants, and hired replacements. The trial examiner found that petitioner, as an employer of his lessee, had violated section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act by refusing to bargain. On appeal, held, …
The Worker And Three Phases Of Unionism: Administrative And Judicial Control Of The Worker-Union Relationship, Alfred W. Blumrosen
The Worker And Three Phases Of Unionism: Administrative And Judicial Control Of The Worker-Union Relationship, Alfred W. Blumrosen
Michigan Law Review
This article will examine the extent to which, and the methods by which, individual rights are protected in each of these three phases of union activity. We will see that the employee is well protected in his right to oppose political action of the union and has considerable legal protection for his rights to engage in internal union political struggles, but the employee has received little protection for his economic interests in collective bargaining between unions and employers. A recent decision by the NLRB, which will be examined in some detail, suggests that additional protection for individual economic rights in …
Labor Law--Injunctions--Order Restraining Election Aboard "Flag-Of-Convenience" Vessel, Lee D. Powar
Labor Law--Injunctions--Order Restraining Election Aboard "Flag-Of-Convenience" Vessel, Lee D. Powar
Michigan Law Review
Upon petition of the National Maritime Union, the National Labor Relations Board directed a representation election among all unlicensed foreign seamen employed by Empresa Hondurena de Vapores, S.A., aboard a Honduran-registered ship. Empresa, a Honduran corporation which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the United Fruit Company, sought injunctive relief in a federal district court. The petition alleged that the Board's order violated treaty obligations, the Constitution of the United States and principles of international law. The Regional Director of the NLRB moved to dismiss, asserting that the district court lacked jurisdiction to enjoin such an order and that the Board's …
Labor Law--Federal Pre-Emption--State Jurisdiction To Prosecute Labor Organizers For Criminal Trespass, John W. Galanis
Labor Law--Federal Pre-Emption--State Jurisdiction To Prosecute Labor Organizers For Criminal Trespass, John W. Galanis
Michigan Law Review
Defendants, non-employee union organizers, entered the parking lot of a retail department store without permission for the sole purpose of distributing union material to the store's employees. After continued refusal to comply with requests to leave, the defendants were arrested, tried, and convicted of criminal trespass. It was contended that the trial court lacked jurisdiction because the National Labor Relations Act had pre-empted state control of the labor activities involved. On appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court, held, affirmed. State jurisdiction was justified not only by the state's interest in domestic peace and the protection of employer's property rights, …
Labor Law-Picketing-Per Se Application Of Washington Coca Cola Doctrine Overruled By The Nlrb, John W. Galanis
Labor Law-Picketing-Per Se Application Of Washington Coca Cola Doctrine Overruled By The Nlrb, John W. Galanis
Michigan Law Review
During a labor dispute with an electrical contractor, a union picketed the job site, the premises of a neutral employer, rather than the office of the primary employer where the contractor's employees reported for a few minutes at the beginning and end of each work day. The picket signs stated that the union's dispute was only with the contractor, and the picketing was limited to the times when the contractor's employees were present (except that it did not stop when the contractor's employees left for lunch and coffee breaks) . The neutral employer filed a complaint with the National Labor …
Labor Law-Duty To Bargain-Disclosure To Union Of Costs Of Noncontributory Group Insurance, Burton L. Raimi
Labor Law-Duty To Bargain-Disclosure To Union Of Costs Of Noncontributory Group Insurance, Burton L. Raimi
Michigan Law Review
In the course of bargaining for a new contract with an employer, the union requested information regarding the costs and benefits of a noncontributory group health insurance program which the employer provided for its employees. Petitioner provided a breakdown of the plan's benefits but refused to disclose its cost. Charging that this refusal amounted to a violation of the employer's statutory duty to bargain in good faith about "wages,'' the union procured the issuance of a complaint by the National Labor Relations Board. The trial examiner concluded that such costs were costs of production rather than wages and consequently did …
Labor Law- Railway Labor Act-Union Referendum Provisions As An Indication Of Failure To Bargain In Good Faith, Paul D. Borman
Labor Law- Railway Labor Act-Union Referendum Provisions As An Indication Of Failure To Bargain In Good Faith, Paul D. Borman
Michigan Law Review
In negotiations arising out of a "major dispute" under the Railway Labor Act, defendant's union representatives were prohibited by a provision in the union constitution from reaching any final agreement without the proposals having first been adopted by a majority vote of the union membership. At the bargaining table, the union representatives presented no specific proposals or counter-proposals; when a management offer was made and presented to the union membership, the representatives refused either to sign it or to recommend its adoption. The management proposal was defeated at the union referendum, and a strike date was set. Plaintiff railroad sought …
Labor Law - Norris - Laguardia Act - Federal Courts Without Jurisdiction To Enjoin Strike In Support Of Demand That No Jobs Be Abolished Without Railiway Union's Consent, David G. Hill
Michigan Law Review
Respondent railroad sought authority from the South Dakota Public Utilities Commission to reduce the number of its station agents. Petitioner union not only contested but also demanded of the railroad that the following provision be added to the existing collective bargaining agreement: "No position in existence on December 3, 1957, will be abolished or discontinued except by agreement between the carrier and the organization." The commission thereafter found maintenance of the particular jobs to be wasteful and issued a mandatory order directing their abandonment. When the union prepared to strike in support of its demanded contract provision, the railroad sought …
Labor Law - Federal Pre-Emption - Limitations On State Jurisdiction In Causes Arising Out Of Labor Disputes, Robert J. Margolin S.Ed.
Labor Law - Federal Pre-Emption - Limitations On State Jurisdiction In Causes Arising Out Of Labor Disputes, Robert J. Margolin S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Respondent employers refused to enter a union shop agreement with the petitioning unions, who then began to picket peacefully and to exert pressure on respondents' suppliers and customers to persuade them to cease dealing with respondents. Respondents initiated a representation proceeding before the NLRB, which declined jurisdiction on the ground respondents' business did not have a sufficient effect on commerce to meet the NLRB's self-imposed jurisdictional standards. Respondents then sought and obtained damages and an injunction in the California courts. On certiorari to the United States Supreme Court the injunction order was reversed, but the question of damages was remanded …
Labor Law - Collective Bargaining - Jurisdiction Of District Court To Vacate An "Unlawful" Order Of The Nlrb, Stephen B. Flood
Labor Law - Collective Bargaining - Jurisdiction Of District Court To Vacate An "Unlawful" Order Of The Nlrb, Stephen B. Flood
Michigan Law Review
Respondent, representing a labor organization, petitioned the National Labor Relations Board for certification as the exclusive bargaining agent of a group of professional employees pursuant to section 9 of the amended National Labor Relations Act. After a hearing the Board ordered that nine non-professional employees be included in the bargaining unit. Section 9(b) (1) expressly prohibits the inclusion of non-professional employees in a professional unit unless a majority of the professional members vote for inclusion in such unit. The Board refused to take a vote among the professional employees, and proceeded directly to order an election to determine if respondent's …
Labor Law - Labor Management Relations Act - Linking "Employer Free Speech" To No-Solicitation Rule, Barbara Burger
Labor Law - Labor Management Relations Act - Linking "Employer Free Speech" To No-Solicitation Rule, Barbara Burger
Michigan Law Review
During an organizational campaign the employer prohibited any dissemination of literature on company property and soliciting or campaigning on company time by employees while itself distributing within the plant non-threatening, anti-union literature. General Counsel for the NLRB contended that by this conduct the employer "interfered with, restrained or coerced" employees in their exercise of the right to self-organization. This contention was rejected by the NLRB, but on appeal was accepted by the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. On certiorari to the United States Supreme Court, held, reversed, two justices dissenting. Even if an employer could commit …
The Legal Nature Of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Archibald Cox
The Legal Nature Of Collective Bargaining Agreements, Archibald Cox
Michigan Law Review
One reflecting upon the legal nature of a collective bargaining agreement can hardly avoid beginning with the thought that the institution has flourished outside of the courts and administrative agencies and often in the face of legal interference. The law had fallen into disrepute in the world of labor relations because it failed to meet the needs of men. Collective bargaining agreements were negotiated and administered without regard to conventional legal sanctions. Grievance procedures and arbitration evolved into an intricate and highly organized, private judicature. Many experienced and perceptive observers argued that the conventional sanctions for commercial contracts should not …
Labor Law - National Labor Relations Act - Power Of Nlrb To Order Employer To Withhold Recognition From Assisted Union Until Union Is Certified, John H. Jackson
Labor Law - National Labor Relations Act - Power Of Nlrb To Order Employer To Withhold Recognition From Assisted Union Until Union Is Certified, John H. Jackson
Michigan Law Review
The National Labor Relations Board found on complaint of a rival union that Bowman Transportation, Inc. had committed an unfair labor practice under section 8(a)(2) of the National Labor Relations Act as amended, by assisting District 50 of the United Mine Workers (UMW). The Board thereupon ordered Bowman to cease recognizing District 50 until such time as District 50 had been certified by NLRB as the employees' bargaining representative, and to post notices accordingly. District 50 had not complied with the filing requirements of section 9(f, g and h) of the act, and consequently under the provisions of those sections …
Labor Law - Nlra - "Ally" Doctrine, William P. Wooden S.Ed.
Labor Law - Nlra - "Ally" Doctrine, William P. Wooden S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
With the purpose of compelling Roy Construction Co. to stop buying supplies from Roy Lumber Co., a non-union supplier which the union had been unsuccessfully trying to organize, the union called a strike of the employees of Roy Construction. While the two employers were distinct corporate entities, all of the stock in both was owned by the five Roy brothers, and the two boards of directors were largely identical. The two businesses were parts of a family partnership venture and were engaged in related businesses with Roy Lumber supplying Roy Construction's millwork. The NLRB issued a complaint against the striking …
Labor Law - Nlra - "Roving Situs" Picketing As Violation Of Section 8(B)(4)(A), William K. Muir Jr.
Labor Law - Nlra - "Roving Situs" Picketing As Violation Of Section 8(B)(4)(A), William K. Muir Jr.
Michigan Law Review
Respondent union sought to organize the crane and dragline operators of a manufacturer of ready-mixed cement and posted pickets about the local manufacturing plant. During the working day each of the employer's delivery trucks crossed the picket line at least twice. In addition, the union established a roving picket line which circulated about the manufacturer's trucks while they were making deliveries to customers at local construction sites. The roving picketing lasted only so long as the workers of the primary employer remained on the customer's premises. The pickets at all times stayed within six hundred feet of the trucks. The …
Labor Law - Federal Pre-Emption - An Inroad Through The Violence Doctrine, Richard E. Day
Labor Law - Federal Pre-Emption - An Inroad Through The Violence Doctrine, Richard E. Day
Michigan Law Review
The Wisconsin Supreme Court affirmed the circuit court's enforcement of an order obtained by the Kohler Company from the Wisconsin Employment Relations Board enjoining the appellant union, as a violation of the "Wisconsin Employment Peace Act, from further engaging in mass picketing, coercion, and other activities, which were also unfair labor practices under the amended National Labor Relations Act, to which the Kohler Company was subject. On appeal to the United States Supreme Court, held, affirmed, three justices dissenting. While, as a general matter, a state may not, in furtherance of its public policy, enjoin conduct which has been …
Labor Law - Lmra - Discrimination Discharge - Effect Of Legal Ground For Discharge Where Possible Dual Motivation Exists, Joy Tannian S.Ed.
Labor Law - Lmra - Discrimination Discharge - Effect Of Legal Ground For Discharge Where Possible Dual Motivation Exists, Joy Tannian S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Respondent discharged an employee under the terms of a union contract which provided that employees could be discharged for failure to carry out the employer's orders. It was undisputed that the employee had failed to submit required reports on at least two occasions. A complaint alleging the commission of an unfair labor practice was filed. The National Labor Relations Board found that the employee had been discharged as a :reprisal for his union activities in violation of section 8 (a)(1) of the amended National Labor Relations Act. The Board ordered reinstatement under section 10 (c) of the act. In an …
Labor Law - Lmra - Deduction Of Workmen's Compensation From Employer's Back Pay Liability, John A. Beach
Labor Law - Lmra - Deduction Of Workmen's Compensation From Employer's Back Pay Liability, John A. Beach
Michigan Law Review
The National Labor Relations Board found that the Moss Planing Mill Company had committed an unfair labor practice in discharging an employee for his union activities. The company's secretary-treasurer also had battered the employee, inflicting injury, at the time of the discharge. Pursuant to section 10 (c) of the amended National Labor Relations Act, the Board ordered the company to reinstate the employee and make him whole for back pay lost due to the unfair discharge. The order was enforced by the court of appeals. In a supplemental order specifying the amount of back pay to be awarded, the Board …
Labor Law - Collective Bargaining - Unprotected Activities Of Union As Violation Of Duty To Bargain In Good Faith, Hazen V. Hatch S.Ed.
Labor Law - Collective Bargaining - Unprotected Activities Of Union As Violation Of Duty To Bargain In Good Faith, Hazen V. Hatch S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
During negotiations for a new contract, the union engaged in harassing action against the employer by promoting an organized refusal to work overtime, extending rest periods without authorization, directing employees to refuse to work special hours, encouraging slow-downs and unannounced walkouts, and inducing employees of a subcontractor not to work for their employer. There was no specific demand which the activity was designed to enforce. The National Labor Relations Board found that this activity was evidence of a failure on the part of the union to bargain in good faith, and was, therefore, a violation of section 8 (b) (3) …
Labor Law - Lmra - Validity Under Federal Act Of State Right To Work Statute Interpreted To Bar Exclusive Bargaining Rights Clause, Edward W. Powers S.Ed.
Labor Law - Lmra - Validity Under Federal Act Of State Right To Work Statute Interpreted To Bar Exclusive Bargaining Rights Clause, Edward W. Powers S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff employer, operator of a retail food store, refused to sign a contract with a union representing the only two butchers then employed by him on the ground that acceptance of a clause in the contract making the union the exclusive bargaining representative of all butchers in his establishment would violate the state right to work statute. The two butchers went on strike and began picketing the employer's establishment. The employer thereupon hired a non-union butcher and sought to have the picketing enjoined. The state district court denied the injunction. On certiorari to the state supreme court, held, reversed, …
Labor Law - Lmra - Strike Without Compliance With Arbitration Clause Of Collective Agreement As Unprotected Concerted Activity, Hazen V. Hatch S.Ed.
Labor Law - Lmra - Strike Without Compliance With Arbitration Clause Of Collective Agreement As Unprotected Concerted Activity, Hazen V. Hatch S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
A dispute arose over the working hours and assignment of one of the employer's truck drivers. The employer suggested to the union that they refer the question to an arbitration panel for adjudication. The collective bargaining agreement provided that the panel was to be the exclusive means of settling all such matters, but the agreement did not contain a specific no-strike clause. The union refused to arbitrate and ordered a strike. Subsequently, the employer discharged twenty of the strikers and then refused to reinstate them at the termination of the strike. The union claimed that the strike was a protected …
Labor Law - Labor - Management Relations Act - Further Comments On Federalism, Robert B. Olsen S.Ed.
Labor Law - Labor - Management Relations Act - Further Comments On Federalism, Robert B. Olsen S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Until a decade ago, the nation's lawyers paid little attention to the status of federal-state relations in the regulation of labor disputes. Today there hardly appears a volume of a legal journal that does not contain the product of new efforts to bring order out of the chaos that prevails in this area. A number of writers have apparently given up the task of reconciling statutory provisions with case law and case law with sound federal policy, and have resorted to the simpler, yet challenging, method of proposing amendments to existing federal statutes. Worthy as these efforts may be in …
Labor Law - Lmra - Duty Of Certified Union To Represent Bargaining Unit Fairly, Edward W. Powers S.Ed.
Labor Law - Lmra - Duty Of Certified Union To Represent Bargaining Unit Fairly, Edward W. Powers S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Local N, composed entirely of Negroes, and Local W, composed entirely of whites, and both affiliated with the same international union, had been certified by the National Labor Relations Board as the joint bargaining representatives for the bargaining unit. Subsequent to this certification, the two locals allegedly agreed between themselves that they would be represented by one bargaining committee elected by a majority vote of the unit, and that there would be but one line of seniority in any agreement negotiated by this committee. The committee which was elected consisted solely of members of Local W. It …
Labor Law - Lmra - Substantive Application By A State Court Of Section 8(B), George E. Ewing S.Ed.
Labor Law - Lmra - Substantive Application By A State Court Of Section 8(B), George E. Ewing S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The defendant unions peacefully picketed the Valley Lumber Company to force the adoption of a closed shop agreement. The employees had indicated that they did not desire union affiliation or representation and the employer had not recognized any union. The NLRB Regional Director refused to assert jurisdiction over the company for certification purposes because the employer's interstate business was below the Board's jurisdictional yardsticks. The trial court asserted jurisdiction to award damages and an injunction against the picketing. On appeal, held, affirmed, three justices dissenting. Not only was the trial court's jurisdiction proper but it could apply section 8 …
Labor Law - Collective Bargaining - Enforceability Of Collective Agreements Under Section 301(A), Douglas Peck S.Ed.
Labor Law - Collective Bargaining - Enforceability Of Collective Agreements Under Section 301(A), Douglas Peck S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff, an unincorporated labor organization, filed suit in federal district court to enforce a collective bargaining agreement with defendant. The complaint alleged that defendant was obligated by the agreement to pay employees represented by the plaintiff their full salary for the month of April 1951 regardless of the fact that they had been absent on certain working days. The suit was brought under section 301 (a) of the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947.On appeal from a court of appeals decision directing dismissal for lack of jurisdiction, held, affirmed, two justices dissenting. An action by a labor organization to enforce …
Labor Law - Collective Bargaining - Contract Ratification And Strike Authorization Clauses As Statutory Proposals, Arne Hovdesoen S.Ed.
Labor Law - Collective Bargaining - Contract Ratification And Strike Authorization Clauses As Statutory Proposals, Arne Hovdesoen S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
After continued employer demands to discuss contract ratification and strike authorization clauses, the union discontinued contract negotiations on the ground that such proposals constituted interference with its internal affairs and as such were not within the scope of mandatory collective bargaining as defined by sections 8 (d) and 9 (a) of the amended National Labor Relations Act. The National Labor Relations Board found the union's action to be the result of the employer's refusal to bargain in compliance with section 8 (d) and issued an appropriate order directing the company to cease and desist from insisting upon these proposals to …
Labor Law - Certified Union's Loss Of Majority Status During Certification Year And Without Fault Of Employer As Justification For Refusal To Bargain, Eugene Alkema S.Ed.
Labor Law - Certified Union's Loss Of Majority Status During Certification Year And Without Fault Of Employer As Justification For Refusal To Bargain, Eugene Alkema S.Ed.
Michigan Law Review
The "one year certification rule" was originated in the early years of the National Labor Relations Board and has been consistently applied by it. Essentially it provides that after certification an employer is required to bargain with the certified union for a reasonable time, which is usually one year in the absence of "unusual circumstances." The certified union is conclusively presumed to represent a majority of employees in the unit for that period, the presumption afterward becoming rebuttable. This system of successive conclusive and rebuttable presumptions represents a compromise between the competing policies of giving a union time to establish …
Labor Law - Lmra - Stock Purchase Plan As Subject Of Compulsory Collective Bargaining, Edward W. Powers
Labor Law - Lmra - Stock Purchase Plan As Subject Of Compulsory Collective Bargaining, Edward W. Powers
Michigan Law Review
An employer unilaterally instituted a stock purchase plan, membership in which was voluntary and open to regular employees who had at least one year of service and were at least thirty years of age. Members, through authorized payroll deductions, were to contribute monthly not less than five dollars but not more than five percent of their earnings. The employer contributed monthly an amount equal to fifty percent of each member contribution and annually an amount dependent upon the ratio of profits to invested capital, up to a combined total of seventy-five percent of the members' contributions. Member contributions were kept …