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The Path Of Most Resistance: Resisting Gang Recruitment As A Political Opinion In Central America’S Join-Or-Die Gang Culture, Ericka Welsh
The Path Of Most Resistance: Resisting Gang Recruitment As A Political Opinion In Central America’S Join-Or-Die Gang Culture, Ericka Welsh
Pepperdine Law Review
In recent years, increasing numbers of asylum-seekers from Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador crossed into the United States, fleeing gang violence that has driven homicide rates to record levels. These countries, known collectively as the “Northern Triangle,” now make up one of the most violent regions in the world. Transcending petty crime, gangs control entire communities in the Northern Triangle where they operate as de facto governments beyond law enforcement’s control. Gangs practice forced recruitment in these communities, creating a join-or-die gang culture where resisting recruitment is tantamount to opposition. Opposition, in turn, is met with brutal retaliation. The young …
We Don't Need To See Them Cry: Eliminating The Subjective Apprehension Element Of The Well-Founded Fear Analysis For Child Refugee Applicants, Bridgette A. Carr
We Don't Need To See Them Cry: Eliminating The Subjective Apprehension Element Of The Well-Founded Fear Analysis For Child Refugee Applicants, Bridgette A. Carr
Pepperdine Law Review
This article addresses a barrier to effective protection faced by child refugee applicants. Currently all refugee applicants, including infants, are required to satisfy two elements of well-founded fear. All applicants must prove that they face an objective risk of persecution and that they subjectively fear this risk. But children often cannot exhibit the subject apprehension element of the test. As a result, UNHCR, and the U.S and Canadian governments issued guidelines that encourage decision makers to accept other evidence to prove a child's subjective apprehension when the child is unable to exhibit fear. However, this approach does not go far …