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Articles 241 - 270 of 277
Full-Text Articles in Law
Portraits Of Women At Nuremberg, Diane Marie Amann
Portraits Of Women At Nuremberg, Diane Marie Amann
Scholarly Works
This essay reflects ongoing research that investigates women who played roles in war crimes trials at Nuremberg, Germany, and situates those women within the context of social developments during the post-World War II era. Based on an autumn 2009 presentation at the Third International Humanitarian Law Dialogs, the essay builds upon the “Women at Nuremberg” series posted at IntLawGrrls blog. The essay mentions women who were defendants, journalists, or witnesses; however, it focuses on some of the women, mostly Americans, who served as prosecutors at Nuremberg.
The Course Of True Human Rights Progress Never Did Run Smooth, Diane Marie Amann
The Course Of True Human Rights Progress Never Did Run Smooth, Diane Marie Amann
Scholarly Works
As the United States moves toward the inauguration in January 2009 of a new President, greater attention is paid to what the country might do to restore and reinforce its traditional role as a leader in the promotion of human rights. This essay warns against any assumption that innovation alone will assure greater enforcement of rights; its points of reference are not only the current administration, but also one long past, that of President John F. Kennedy. Rather than jump to embrace new, global concepts like responsibility to protect, therefore, it argues for careful pursuit of local change. It then …
Promoting Ethical Standards In Globalized Drug Trials Through Market Exclusion, Fazal Khan
Promoting Ethical Standards In Globalized Drug Trials Through Market Exclusion, Fazal Khan
Popular Media
With the increasing accessibility of cheap internet communication, human research subjects and concerned citizens in developing nations can be empowered to effectuate much of the surveillance and monitoring activities of clinical drug trials. For instance, WHO could maintain a multilingual website for the reporting of alleged ethical violations. A credible report could then prompt WHO officials to obtain a sworn statement from the reporter, which would then trigger an investigation into the alleged ethical abuses. Verified reports of ethical abuses can then be taken into account by drug regulatory agencies when determining whether a drug should obtain market approval.
Universal Human Rights And Threat To International Peace And Security: The United Nations' Obligation To Intervene, Godfrey Mhlanga
Universal Human Rights And Threat To International Peace And Security: The United Nations' Obligation To Intervene, Godfrey Mhlanga
LLM Theses and Essays
This thesis seeks to establish the following:
- The nexus between the origins of the state and the universality of Human Rights
- That abuse of Human Rights is a threat to international peace and security, and
- It is an obligation for the international community under the auspices of the United Nations (UN) to intervene in the ‘internal affairs’ of a state which violates Human Rights.
The paper focuses on the paramountcy of Human Rights and argues that the doctrine of state sovereignty and cultural relativism undercut the essence and universality of Human Rights. The paper puts into perspective the interpretation of …
Punish Or Surveil, Diane Marie Amann
Punish Or Surveil, Diane Marie Amann
Scholarly Works
This Article endeavors to paint a fuller picture of previous practice and present options than is often present in debates about the United States' antiterrorism measures. It begins by describing practices in place before the campaign launched after September 11, 2001. The Article focuses on punishment, the first prong of the policy long used to combat threats against the United States. Ordinary civilian and military courts stood ready to punish persons found guilty at public trials that adhered to fairness standards, and national security interests not infrequently were advanced through such courts. That is not to say that courts were …
Comfort Women: Human Rights Of Women From Then To Present, Jinyang Koh
Comfort Women: Human Rights Of Women From Then To Present, Jinyang Koh
LLM Theses and Essays
This paper discusses the human rights of women through the atrocities in the Japanese comfort system during World War II. Approximately 100,000 military sexual slaves, so-called "comfort women", were recruited coercively, raped and mostly killed under the control of the Japanese government and military. The stance of Japan which has denied any legal liability in this matter affects severely the retrogression of the human rights of women. In order to ameliorate the human right at both international and domestic levels ultimately, it is significant to observe the facts of the comfort women issue, to analyze the legal liabilities of the …
International Legal Standards Governing The Use Of Child Soldiers, Dorcas B. Mulira
International Legal Standards Governing The Use Of Child Soldiers, Dorcas B. Mulira
LLM Theses and Essays
This paper seeks to analyze the international laws governing the use of children in armedconflict. Despite the prohibition of the use of child soldiers in armed conflict in internationallaw, States and non-State actors continue to actively recruit, abduct, and directly use children,some as young as eight, in hostilities. International humanitarian law's limited scope prevents itfrom protecting the worldÕs most vulnerable children, child soldiers, while human rightsinstruments adopted to make up for these limitations lack enforcement mechanisms, thereforerendering the much-needed protection for child soldiers inadequate. As development ofinternational law concerning child soldiers progresses on paper, progress on the ground lagsbehind, thus …
The Land Of The Free: Human Rights Violations At Immigration Detention Facilities In America, Caitlin J. Mitchel
The Land Of The Free: Human Rights Violations At Immigration Detention Facilities In America, Caitlin J. Mitchel
LLM Theses and Essays
In America today, aliens who commit even minor visa violations can be detained in one of many immigration detention facilities throughout the U.S. These detainees may be transferred to a facility far away from their homes, families, and attorneys. While imprisoned in these detention facilities, some detainees are treated as and housed with criminals. Their substantive and procedural rights are limited and their human rights are violated. The U.S. laws that should protect them are the very laws that strip them of their rights to court proceedings, challenges of decisions regarding detention, and judicial review. By issuing substantial reservations, declarations, …
Human Rights And Due Process Of Law, Donald E. Wilkes Jr.
Human Rights And Due Process Of Law, Donald E. Wilkes Jr.
Popular Media
One of our constitutional rights, the right to due process of law, is terra incognita to most Americans, even though it is one of the most important constitutional rights. This article discusses the history of this fundamental right.
Enforcement Of Human Rights Under Regional Mechanisms: A Comparative Analysis, Fekadeselassie F. Kidanemariam
Enforcement Of Human Rights Under Regional Mechanisms: A Comparative Analysis, Fekadeselassie F. Kidanemariam
LLM Theses and Essays
This is a study about the protection of human rights by regional human rights bodies. The thesis identifies the major regional human rights protection systems i.e. the African human rights system, the inter-American human rights System and the European human rights system. The paper examines the types of mechanisms employed by each regional system and examines each mechanism. The three major mechanisms dealt with in this work are inter-state complaints, state reporting, country reports, finally individual complaints, and execution of the judgments rendered by these regional bodies. The thesis analyzes the procedures involved in each of these mechanisms and examines …
Abu Ghraib, Diane Marie Amann
Abu Ghraib, Diane Marie Amann
Scholarly Works
This article posits a theoretical framework within which to analyze various aspects of post-September 11 detention policy - including the widespread prisoner abuse that has been documented in the leaks and official releases that began with publication of photos made at Iraq's Abu Ghraib prison. Examined are the actions of civilian executive officials charged with setting policy, of judicial officers who evaluated it, and military personnel who implemented it. Abuse has been attributed to failures of training or planning. The article concentrates on a different failure, the failure of law to keep lawlessness in check. On September 11, law's map …
Guantánamo, Diane Marie Amann
Guantánamo, Diane Marie Amann
Scholarly Works
This article addresses not only offshore detainees at Guantánamo and elsewhere, but also the two Americans and one Qatari held in the United States as enemy combatants. It focuses on the critical issues in U.S. litigation - extraterritoriality and deference - yet also examines the scope of detention and the propriety of proposed special tribunals. After demonstrating that in the wake of September 11, 2001, no U.S. constitutional precedent governed these issues, the article then looks to norms drawn from international humanitarian and human rights law to aid decision. The Supreme Court increasingly consults such external norms as persuasive authority; …
Rhetoric Or Rights?: When Culture And Religion Bar Girls' Right To Education, Elizabeth Chamblee Burch
Rhetoric Or Rights?: When Culture And Religion Bar Girls' Right To Education, Elizabeth Chamblee Burch
Scholarly Works
Women account for almost two-thirds of the world's illiterates. In the year 2000, the World Education Forum met in Dakar, Senegal and set goals to (1) eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and (2) achieve gender equality in education by 2015. Two months before 2004, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) reported that sixty percent of the 128 countries that attended the Dakar Conference would not meet these goals. The report attributed the failure to sharp discrimination against girls in social and cultural practices.
The report failed to mention that social and cultural …
Reservations, Human Rights Treaties In The 21st Century: From Universality To Integrity, Pierrick Devidal
Reservations, Human Rights Treaties In The 21st Century: From Universality To Integrity, Pierrick Devidal
LLM Theses and Essays
This thesis is a study of the question of the legality of reservations to international human rights treaties. The evolution of reservations law demonstrates that the system seek to promote universal adherence to multilateral treaties through flexible rules that reflects the superiority of national sovereignty in the international society. However, the flexibility of reservation law as codified in the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties has facilitated wide acceptance of multilateral treaties at the cost of their integrity. In the case of human rights treaties, this issue is of paramount importance considering the essentiality of a balance between integrity …
Capital Punishment: Corporate Criminal Liability For Gross Violations Of Human Rights, Diane Marie Amann
Capital Punishment: Corporate Criminal Liability For Gross Violations Of Human Rights, Diane Marie Amann
Scholarly Works
These remarks were presented on February 24, 2001, in a panel concluding a conference entitled "Holding Multinational Corporations Responsible Under International Law" at Hastings College of the Law, San Francisco, California.
The Impact Of Modernization And Development On Muslim Women In Egypt: A Legal Perspective, Mazahir Muhammed Ata El-Sid
The Impact Of Modernization And Development On Muslim Women In Egypt: A Legal Perspective, Mazahir Muhammed Ata El-Sid
LLM Theses and Essays
This study examines the effectiveness of the modernization theory in Egypt, a developing Muslim society. As in the case of other developing societies, Egypt's modernization is uneven. Therefore, I will examine modernization as it relates to Muslim women in Egypt in as far as they vary in their exposure to the modernizing influences of advanced technology. Egypt has experienced a variety of social, judicial, economic, demographic, and political modifications. These changes have greatly affected Muslim women in Egypt and their family life. Not all of the issues underlying modernization will be addressed in this research. Type of family structure and …
A Trade/Human Rights Linkage By The United States: Is Enforcing Human Rights By Use Of Trade Sanctions Effective?, Blaise Omondi Odhiambo
A Trade/Human Rights Linkage By The United States: Is Enforcing Human Rights By Use Of Trade Sanctions Effective?, Blaise Omondi Odhiambo
LLM Theses and Essays
Universally held basic human rights must remain separate from political rights. Such basic human rights are those that are so universal that all societies, systems, nations, and ideology could, and do espouse them. Conversely, political rights are those that are dependent upon compatibility with the system of government in place and arc therefore far less likely to gamer universal support. An effective multilateral enforcement mechanism can only succeed if there are universal agreement and acceptance of the protected rights. Accordingly, at the outset of such a mechanism, only basic human rights may be enforced through trade sanctions. Once such a …
Calling Children To Account: The Proposal For A Juvenile Chamber In The Special Court For Sierra Leone, Diane Marie Amann
Calling Children To Account: The Proposal For A Juvenile Chamber In The Special Court For Sierra Leone, Diane Marie Amann
Scholarly Works
In a unique proposal to the United Nations Security Council, U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan recommended that a Juvenile Chamber of the Special Court have authority to try defendants as young as fifteen. The plan sparked immediate controversy. Sierra Leoneans wanted the worst perpetrators punished regardless of age, while human rights organizations argued that juvenile prosecutions would weaken rehabilitative efforts. The Security Council subsequently diluted the proposal; nevertheless, it merits examination, given the increasing use, in Africa and around the world, of children in combat.
Comparison Between Freedom Of Religion In Germany And In The United States In General And The Treatment Of The Church Of Scientology Specifically, Wolfgang Eichele
Comparison Between Freedom Of Religion In Germany And In The United States In General And The Treatment Of The Church Of Scientology Specifically, Wolfgang Eichele
LLM Theses and Essays
The thesis first gives background information about the general development of fundamental rights in both Germany and the United States and specifically the freedom of religion. The analysis discusses in particular freedom of religion granted by Article 4 of the Basic Law in Germany and the religious clauses of the First Amendment of the American Constitution. In the first conclusion, the differences in the interpretations of the religious clauses both in Germany and the United States will be stated. These differences will then be illustrated by a discussion on the Church of Scientology through its basic facts, history, ideas, and …
Population. Environment. And Development: The Changing Paradigm Of The 1990s, Sharmini Abbasi
Population. Environment. And Development: The Changing Paradigm Of The 1990s, Sharmini Abbasi
LLM Theses and Essays
Among the vast web of challenges before us in the wake of the new millennium population growth is one of the most worrying aspects of human existence. The consequences of the world's rapid population growth on human well-being and on the environment have been the subject of intense controversy for many years and got even more accentuated as the 1990s progress. However, the framework of international environmental law and agreement has for long failed to consider adequately the clear linkages between rapid population growth and environmental degradation. Thus, the study attempts to discuss and analyze competing for international perspectives, theories, …
Freedom Of Religion In Public Schools In Germany And In The United States, Inke Muehlhoff
Freedom Of Religion In Public Schools In Germany And In The United States, Inke Muehlhoff
LLM Theses and Essays
Unfortunately, in terms of religions, the strict neutrality is almost impossible to reach and most countries that have adopted such a principle still face religious conflicts. However, these conflicts have shifted from armed conflicts to legal conflicts and battles of words, which offer at least a more peaceful way to fight. One major battleground for these religious conflicts concerns the role of religion in the public school system. That battleground is the subject of this thesis. The discussion of how religion should be treated in the public school system will be based on a comparison between Germany and the United …
Judicial Review As A Tool For The Safeguard Of Human Rights: Prospects And Problems Of The U.S. Model In Malawi, Janet Laura Banda
Judicial Review As A Tool For The Safeguard Of Human Rights: Prospects And Problems Of The U.S. Model In Malawi, Janet Laura Banda
LLM Theses and Essays
Judicial review is a judicial action that involves the review of an inferior legislative or executive act for conformity with a higher legal norm, with the possibility that the inferior norm may be invalidated or suspended if necessary. Although judicial review has been explicitly provided for in some written post-independence African constitutions, such review has not developed into a significant principle of African juridical democracy. This lack of development can be attributed to the emergence of dictatorships in the post-colonial era. However, Malawi’s weak judiciary system was remedied by the 1994 Constitution which gave the Malawian judiciary a central position, …
International Human Rights Standards On Sexual Violence Against Women As They Apply To Pornography, Claudia Giunta
International Human Rights Standards On Sexual Violence Against Women As They Apply To Pornography, Claudia Giunta
LLM Theses and Essays
The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women was held in Beijing in September 1995, and represented an important step towards the achievement of equality for women. At the Conference, the progress made towards equality was acknowledged, but it was also acknowledged that many goals have not been achieved yet, and that cultural changes of fundamental importance remain to be made. Indeed, in many countries the cultural approach to violence and discrimination against women is quite fatalistic; they believe violence against women cannot be solved by laws. However, this approach overlooks the role played by societies in tolerating practices of …
The Issue Of The Legal Validity Of Using Economic Sanctions To Enforce Human Rights, Thomas Hailu
The Issue Of The Legal Validity Of Using Economic Sanctions To Enforce Human Rights, Thomas Hailu
LLM Theses and Essays
The international legal regime as it pertains to human rights is neither as established nor as definitive as it appears. It suffers from many disadvantages, the first and most important of which is the fact that the international legal regime has never been capable of effectively enforcing its rules or instituting appropriate remedies for its breaches. Some states have attempted to make up for this inability on behalf of international law by undertaking an enforcement mechanism either unilaterally or multilaterally; economic sanctions are often regarded as valuable tools of enforcement to be used against countries which are allegedly engaged in …
Permissible Accommodation Of Religion And The Alternative Burden, Ei Ichiro Takahata
Permissible Accommodation Of Religion And The Alternative Burden, Ei Ichiro Takahata
LLM Theses and Essays
In this thesis, the author discusses the extent to which the government can afford to give accommodation within the limits of the Establishment Clause. In Chapter II, the author reviews the theory of the permissible accommodation referred to in the Supreme Court of the United States. In Chapter III, the author examines scholarly debates on the accommodation. Then, the author discusses German and Japanese law of the accommodation in Chapter IV. There, those cases suggest the possibility of alternative burdens on religious believers. The alternative burdens are considered the price of the accommodation. The author concludes that the government has …
Major Problems Of International Refugee Law, Wondwossen Lemma Kidane
Major Problems Of International Refugee Law, Wondwossen Lemma Kidane
LLM Theses and Essays
This thesis introduces the history behind the legal term “refugee” with the emphasis on the abstract and altogether ambiguous definition, international discrepancies, and the United Nations’ Convention of Status relating to Refugees adopted in 1951. The purpose of the thesis is to highlight the shortcomings of the Convention starting with the legal definition of a refugee then continuing to inherent defects of refugee law, problems of the exclusion/secession of refugee status as stated in the Convention, domestic application of the Convention, and finally some advances in points of suggestion.
The Role Of The Organization Of African Unity (Oau) In Regional Conflict Resolution And Dispute Settlement, Peter Mweti Munya
The Role Of The Organization Of African Unity (Oau) In Regional Conflict Resolution And Dispute Settlement, Peter Mweti Munya
LLM Theses and Essays
The emergence of an artificially constructed modern state with internal contradictions, sophisticated state apparatus, and weaponry, coupled with external forces has made Africa one of the most unstable regions in the world, and peace prospects a daunting task. The post-cold war era punctuated by forces of economic liberalization and dominance of the Breton Woods institutions in the economic management of the developing countries has not only accelerated the economic marginalization of Africa placing her at the fringes of the global economy but also wrought insecurity in their wake. This post-cold war and serves to emphasize the need for the OAU …
Reflections On Regional Human Rights Law, Gabriel M. Wilner
Reflections On Regional Human Rights Law, Gabriel M. Wilner
Scholarly Works
The principal purpose of the Colloquium, as can be seen from the great attention given to the papers presented by the second panel, was to discuss the uses of customary international human rights law in the defense of human rights before national courts. More generally, these discussions focused on the effectiveness of customary international human rights rules in influencing legislative and policy-making, administrative decisions and, particularly, judicial adjudication, at international and national levels. The initial and wider question of the feasibility of using custom as a source of human rights rules formed the underlying aspects of the debates in the …
Sources Of International Law, Louis B. Sohn
Sources Of International Law, Louis B. Sohn
Scholarly Works
To summarize, States can agree on international law begin made in any way they wish. Once they agree on a method, the matter is over. As I have pointed out, every few y ears we invent a new method; there is no end to ingenuity of human beings. by the year 2000, there might be one or two more methods. We are still applying the 19th century rule that international law is made by the community of states, but in every generation the community has been able to invent new methods for crystallizing international law. We finally have accepted the …
Can International Law Provide Extra-Constitutional Protection For Excludable Aliens?, Louis B. Sohn
Can International Law Provide Extra-Constitutional Protection For Excludable Aliens?, Louis B. Sohn
Scholarly Works
This paper focuses on the problems of those who do not qualify for a regular admission as refugees, but are detained at the entrance point, or are detained in the United States after being released on temporary parole or pending repatriation. The thesis I shall try to defend is that these persons must be treated according to basic rules of humanitarian law; that they are entitled to be treated as human beings, regardless of any particular legislation or administrative regulations depriving them of basic legal protection granted to citizens and regular residents of the country.