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Changes In Revenues Associated With Antimicrobial Reimbursement Reforms In Germany, Matt Mcenany, Kevin Outterson
Changes In Revenues Associated With Antimicrobial Reimbursement Reforms In Germany, Matt Mcenany, Kevin Outterson
Faculty Scholarship
Policy declarations from the G7 and other high-level meetings call for increased incentives for antimicrobial research and development (R&D). Governments fund push incentives like CARB-X and GARDP, and G7 countries are now designing pull incentives—financial rewards given to manufacturers post-market authorization that are intended to encourage the creation and introduction of novel antimicrobials. Germany has declared previously at the G7 that it has developed a pull incentive that will increase revenues from sales of important new antimicrobials, principally by exempting them from some aspects of health technology benefit assessments and reference pricing, which should result in higher prices. This policy …
Implementing An Eu Pull Incentive For Antimicrobial Innovation And Access: Blueprint For Action, Michael Anderson, Adrian Towse, Kevin Outterson, Elias Mossialos
Implementing An Eu Pull Incentive For Antimicrobial Innovation And Access: Blueprint For Action, Michael Anderson, Adrian Towse, Kevin Outterson, Elias Mossialos
Faculty Scholarship
In June, 2023, the Council of the EU published a recommendation that the European Commission should contribute to the design and governance of an EU cross-country pull incentive to stimulate antimicrobial innovation and access. In this Personal View, we discuss six key considerations to support the implementation of the new pull incentive—ie, the size of the potential pull incentive and possible contributions of the member states, design of the incentive model, interplay of the new pull incentive with the proposed revisions of the EU pharmaceutical legislation, roles and responsibilities of both the EU and member states, balance between pull and …
Paying Americans To Take The Vaccine - Would It Help Or Backfire?, Christopher Robertson, Daniel Scheitrum, K. Aleks Schaefer, Trey Malone, Brandon Mcfadden, Paul Ferraro, Kent Messer
Paying Americans To Take The Vaccine - Would It Help Or Backfire?, Christopher Robertson, Daniel Scheitrum, K. Aleks Schaefer, Trey Malone, Brandon Mcfadden, Paul Ferraro, Kent Messer
Faculty Scholarship
This research investigates the extent to which financial incentives (conditional cash transfers) would induce Americans to opt for vaccination against COVID-19. We performed a randomized survey experiment with a representative sample of 1,000 American adults in December 2020. Respondents were asked whether they would opt for vaccination under one of three incentive conditions ($1,000, $1,500, or $2,000 financial incentive) or a no-incentive condition. We find that—without coupled financial incentives—only 58% of survey respondents would elect for vaccination. A coupled financial incentive yields an 8-percentage-point increase in vaccine uptake relative to this baseline. The size of the cash transfer does not …
Indemnifying Precaution: Economic Insights For Regulation Of A Highly Infectious Disease, Christopher Robertson, K Aleks Schaefer, Daniel Scheitrum, Sergio Puig, Keith Joiner
Indemnifying Precaution: Economic Insights For Regulation Of A Highly Infectious Disease, Christopher Robertson, K Aleks Schaefer, Daniel Scheitrum, Sergio Puig, Keith Joiner
Faculty Scholarship
Economic insights are powerful for understanding the challenge of managing a highly infectious disease, such as COVID-19, through behavioral precautions including social distancing. One problem is a form of moral hazard, which arises when some individuals face less personal risk of harm or bear greater personal costs of taking precautions. Without legal intervention, some individuals will see socially risky behaviors as personally less costly than socially beneficial behaviors, a balance that makes those beneficial behaviors unsustainable. For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant …
Antibiotic Development & Economic, Regulatory And Societal Challenges, Kevin Outterson, Christine Årdal, Manica Balasegaram, Ramanan Laxminarayan, David Mcadams, John Rex, Nithima Sumpradit
Antibiotic Development & Economic, Regulatory And Societal Challenges, Kevin Outterson, Christine Årdal, Manica Balasegaram, Ramanan Laxminarayan, David Mcadams, John Rex, Nithima Sumpradit
Faculty Scholarship
Antibiotic resistance is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges to global health, and the emergence of resistance has outpaced the development of new antibiotics. However, investments by the pharmaceutical industry and biotechnology companies for research into and development of new antibiotics are diminishing. The public health implications of a drying antibiotic pipeline are recognized by policymakers, regulators and many companies. In this Viewpoint article, seven experts discuss the challenges that are contributing to the decline in antibiotic drug discovery and development, and the national and international initiatives aimed at incentivizing research and the development of new antibiotics to improve the …
Insights Into Early Stage Of Antibiotic Development In Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Survey Of Targets, Costs, And Durations, Kevin Outterson, Christine Årdal, Enrico Baraldi, Ursula Theuretzbacher, Francesco Ciabuschi, Jens Plahte, John-Arne Røttingen
Insights Into Early Stage Of Antibiotic Development In Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Survey Of Targets, Costs, And Durations, Kevin Outterson, Christine Årdal, Enrico Baraldi, Ursula Theuretzbacher, Francesco Ciabuschi, Jens Plahte, John-Arne Røttingen
Faculty Scholarship
Antibiotic innovation has dwindled to dangerously low levels in the past 30 years. Since resistance continues to evolve, this innovation deficit can have perilous consequences on patients. A number of new incentives have been suggested to stimulate greater antibacterial drug innovation. To design effective solutions, a greater understanding is needed of actual antibiotic discovery and development costs and timelines. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) undertake most discovery and early phase development for antibiotics and other drugs. This paper attempts to gather a better understanding of SMEs’ targets, costs, and durations related to discovery and early phase development of antibacterial therapies.
A Perspective On Incentives For Novel Inpatient Antibiotics: No One-Size-Fits-All, Kevin Outterson
A Perspective On Incentives For Novel Inpatient Antibiotics: No One-Size-Fits-All, Kevin Outterson
Faculty Scholarship
The need for new “pull” incentives to stimulate antibiotic R&D is widely recognized. Due to the global diversity of health systems, combined with different challenges faced by antibiotics used in different types of healthcare settings, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Instead, different “pull” incentives should be tailored to local contexts, priorities, and antibiotic types. Policymakers and industry should collaborate to identify appropriate solutions at the local, regional, and global levels.
Effect Of Financial Relationships On The Behaviors Of Health Care Professionals: A Review Of The Evidence, Christopher Robertson, Susannah Rose, Aaron Kesselheim
Effect Of Financial Relationships On The Behaviors Of Health Care Professionals: A Review Of The Evidence, Christopher Robertson, Susannah Rose, Aaron Kesselheim
Faculty Scholarship
This symposium paper explores the empirical evidence regarding the impact of financial relationships on the behavior of health care providers, specifically, physicians. We identify and synthesize peer-reviewed data addressing whether financial incentives are causally related to patient outcomes and health care costs. We cover three main areas where financial conflicts of interest arise and may have an observable relationship to health care practices: physicians’ roles as self-referrers, insurance reimbursement schemes that create incentives for certain clinical choices over others, and financial relationships between physicians and the drug and device industries. We found a well-developed scientific literature consisting of dozens of …