Law Commons^™

Using Sustainability Criteria For Biomass, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

This article explores the use of sustainability criteria for biomass as a tool to promote and safeguard sustainability of this product. Much attention is paid to the issues that sustainability criteria for biomass should consider. Among them the priority for food supply and food security, the emission reduction of green house gases (GHG) through the whole production chain, the preservation of areas of high ecological value, the protection of soil and water quality, and the requirements to the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are highlighted. In general, different issues relevant for sustainable biomass can be outlined and promoted. Their …

Legal Framework For The Sustainable Production Of Non-Eatable Products Of An Agricultural Origin: The Example Of Biofuels, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Issues of sustainable agriculture have much relevance and urgency for the sustainable production of non-eatable products that have an agricultural origin, such as biofuels. In the chapter the opinion is expressed that joint legal regulations on sustainable use of natural resources and sustainable farming methods for eatable and non-eatable products of an agricultural origin can be an efficient solution for different industry branches. Joint regulations of this kind are desirable, because natural resources for farming different crops, primarily land and water, environmental laws for their use and socio-economic conditions have much in common. The chapter investigates what issues of sustainable …

Sustainability Criteria As A Tool To Promote Sustainable Products And Their Sustainable Production, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Coming publication

Summary:

Among the environmental challenges, which humanity is facing today, there are the threat of global climate change, unsatisfactory air quality, – especially in large cities, – and the fact that the resources of fossil fuels are finite. Biofuels have long been at the top of the political and scientific agenda as a possible solution to all the three challenges.

Not everything is clear about biofuels. The production costs of biofuels are still higher than those of traditional fossil fuels: without subsidies biofuels are not competitive. The environmental impact of biofuels has also been questioned, for example the …

Governance Approaches That Can Be Used To Implement Sustainability Criteria, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Implementation of sustainability criteria, both in legal frameworks and voluntary sustainability standards, is an urgent and important issue. In the article, three less state-centric governance approaches and their capacity to be used to implement sustainability criteria have been investigated. The chosen approaches are good governance, multi-level governance and selfgovernance. Their potential strengths and weaknesses have been pointed out. The research indicates that sustainability criteria can be implemented in different ways, which have the potential to highlight, strengthen or weaken different aspects of their function. The use of different governance approaches, or their combinations, can lead to different implementation results for …

Analysis Of The Mechanisms To Control The Fulfillment Of The Eu Sustainability Criteria For Biofuels In Directive 2009/28/Ec, (Part Ii), Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

The article analyzes mechanisms established to control the fulfillment of the EU sustainability criteria for biofuels that were presented in Directive 2009/28/EC. The article is the continuation of the research started in the work Pavlovskaia, E. (2013) “Controlling the Fulfillment of the EU Sustainability Criteria for Transport Biofuels”, which was published in RELP 4/2013. The conducted analysis is grounded in the opinions of the leading researchers in the environmental energy studies. The results of the article highlight that there are difficulties to achieve the desirable quality of control when the EU sustainability criteria are implemented. It is pointed out that …

Mechanisms To Control The Fulfillment Of The Eu Sustainability Criteria For Transport Biofuels In Directive 2009/28/Ec, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

To function efficiently, a framework in environmental law should contain certain mechanisms or supplementary elements that facilitate the implementation and enforcement of environmental regulations, for example such mechanisms and elements that answer for the control and supervision of the legislated requirements. Appropriately organized control mechanisms are important for a legal framework to function as it has been aimed for and to fulfill its purposes. The present article is focused on the analysis of the mechanisms chosen to control the fulfillment of the European Union (EU) sustainability criteria for transport biofuels, which have been presented in Directive 2009/28/EC. The analysis is …

Legal Analysis Of The Eu Policy For Sustainable Transport Biofuels, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Warnings about limited oil resources, as well as the necessity to reduce GHG emissions and secure energy supply1 have become prioritized issues on the EU agenda. It has been suggested to partially replace traditional fossil fuels with other sources of renewable energy, for example with biofuels in the transport sector. This has been seen as a promising solution for complications connected with the extraction and supply of oil, as well as for the reduction of GHG emissions. It has also become understandable that the quality of biofuels and their production methods need to be sustainable. The material, from which biofuels …

The Eu Policy For Sustainable Transport Biofuels And Directive 2009/28/Ec From A Legal Perspective, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

The enforcement and implementation of separate aspects of sustainable development and environmental sustainability can be challenging and innovative due to the complexity of this task. Appropriate policy and legal approaches and tools can be needed for this purpose. In this article, the European Union (EU) experience of developing the framework for sustainable transport biofuels and special structural elements for its enforcement are highlighted and analyzed. The central legal acts in this area, including Directive 2003/30/EC, Directive 2009/30/EC and Directive 2009/28/EC are explored. Advantages and disadvantages of the EU approach to sustainable transport biofuels are discussed. Suggestions for the future development …

Environmental Sustainability Criteria In The Coffee Sector – Lessons That Can Be Learnt, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

In the article, the issue of environmental sustainability criteria in the coffee sector is researched. Such important aspects in this topic are highlighted and discussed as reasons for the emergence of sustainability criteria for coffee and factors that make the production of coffee sustainable. Two widely used sustainability standards for coffee, the Fair Trade Coffee sustainability standard and the Utz Certified Coffee sustainability standard, are investigated more precisely. The environmental requirements of these standards in the form of environmental sustainability criteria, and mechanisms to control their fulfilment are outlined. The issue of control is separately highlighted, because it is considered …

Using Sustainability Criteria In Law, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

The purpose of the article is to raise interest for using sustainability criteria as a means to promote and safeguard sustainability for traded products and their production. The focus is put on how sustainability criteria can be efficiently used in legal constructions. Practical examples from the biofuel sector are provided.

Are We There Yet? A Legal Assessment And Review Of The Concept Of Sustainable Development Under International Law, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Some of the most consistently utilized terms in international environmental law are “sustainable development” and “sustainability”. Sustainable development is mentioned in virtually every domestic, regional and international laws on environment, energy and natural resources. This has led to the contentions by some scholars that the concept of sustainable development has matured into customary international law, or at least has become a general principle of international environmental law. Many researchers, however, argue that the idea of sustainable development is vague, elusive and does not add much to the efficient implementation of international environmental law. This article aims to examine and discuss …

Controlling The Fulfillment Of The Eu Sustainability Criteria For Transport Biofuels (On The Basis Of Directive 2009/28/Ec), Part I, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

The present article researches the mechanisms suggested for controlling the fulfillment of the EU sustainability criteria for transport biofuels that have been presented in the central legal framework in this area, which is Directive 2009/28/EC. The analysis is extended to the related EU policy documents of a non-binding explanatory and recommendatory character. Judging from the content of Directive 2009/28/EC, two main levels of the EU control can be distinguished. The first one is exercised by the EU internal bodies on how the sustainability criteria are fulfilled by the Member States. This level of control is primarily characterized by the scheduled …

Using Sustainability Criteria For Biofuels In A Legal Context - An Analysis Based On The Eu Policy For Transport Biofuels, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Sustainable quality of biofuels and their production methods should be seen as a part of the wider concept “sustainability”. Sustainability of biofuels should be measured in relation to resources and possibilities that the Earth can supply us with. This presentation focuses on sustainability criteria in their function to promote sustainability in a legal context, followed by the analysis of the binding EU regulations for transport biofuels as an example. Two main issues are examined: - the concept of sustainability criteria, special features of their use in law and aspects relevant for their practical implementation, and - the issue of control …

Sustainability Of Transport Biofuels From A Legal Perspective, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

The article investigates the notion of transport biofuels, their possible advantages and disadvantages in comparison to traditional fossil fuels, and sustainability requirements that need be stated to their quality and production methods from a legal perspective. The research results indicate that the understanding of what makes the quality and production of transport biofuels sustainable is still unclear. Sustainability parameters for biofuels will differ depending on the types and purposes of biofuel production. There is no clearly agreed definition on what biofuels, and particularly sustainable biofuels are. The task of law in this situation can be to contribute to the sustainable …

Miljökvalitetsnormer, Evgenia Pavlovskaia, Josefin Gooch

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

MKN infördes i samband med att miljöbalken trädde i kraft 1999. Utgår från vad människa och miljö kan anses tåla Syfte (5 kap. 1 § MB): - att skydda människors hälsa eller miljön - i förebyggande syfte - för redan uppkomna skador på miljön - viktigt styrmedel för att genomföra de nationella miljökvalitetsmålen - uppfylla krav som ställs på grund av Sveriges medlemskap i EU. Används för att komma till rätta med miljöpåverkan från diffusa utsläppskällor som till exempel trafik och jordbruk. Baseras oftast på krav i olika direktiv inom EU.

Using Sustainability Criteria For Biofuels In A Legal Context, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

In order to analyze the empirical material of the doctoral thesis on the EU sustainability criteria for biofuels, a specially constructed model has been applied. This model has been created on the basis of two separate models of two Swedish researchers, Westerlund and Lundquist. The first component in this so-called combined model is the legal operationalization model of Staffan Westerlund, and the other is the implementation steering model of Lennart Lundquist.

Preliminary Abstract 2, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

The use of sustainability criteria in a binding legal context, in order to promote environmental sustainability, has so far not been thoroughly researched. Nor have the typical difficulties and challenges of including sustainability criteria in a legal framework been specified. Effective mechanisms for implementation and control of the fulfillment of sustainability criteria have neither been worked out. The main purpose of this thesis is to develop an approach, and with its help to investigate how sustainability criteria can be used as a tool in a legal context to promote sustainable products and sustainable production. Two theoretical models have been combined …

Förorenade Områden, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Miljöproblemen med föroreningar i mark och vatten började att uppmärksammas på allvar i Sverige i början av 1970-talet. Det blev då alltmera tydligt att industrisamhället hade byggt upp en miljöskuld som inte bara utgjorde en lokal belastning på omgivningen, utan också ett storskaligt miljöproblem. 10 kapitel MB ställer reparativa krav på sanering eller efterbehandling, i synnerhet om verksamheten som hade orsakat problemen var nedlagd. Här är det alltså fråga om det ansvar som förorenaren har gentemot det allmänna att avhjälpa skador som uppkommit av hans verksamhet. Reglerna kan tillämpas på mark och vattenområden, byggnader och anläggningar som är förorenade och …

Vattenverksamhet, Kapitel 11 Miljöbalken, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Huvudbestämmelser som är relevanta för vattenverksamhet: - 11 kap. MB, Definitioner på vattenverksamhet (11:2-5 MB), Nyttoövervikt (11:6 MB), Tillståndsplikt (11:9 MB), - Förordning (1998:1388) om vattenverksamhet, - Rådighet över vatten, Lag (1998:812) med särskilda bestämmelser om vattenverksamhet, 2 kap., - Hänsynsregler, 2 kap. MB, - Hushållningsregler för mark- och vattenområden 3 och 4 kap. MB, 4:6 MB.

Swedish National Implementation Of The Sustainability Criteria For Transport Biofuels From Directive 2008/29/Ec; Questionnaire, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

This paper contains a preliminary list of questions about the Swedish national implementation of the EU sustainability criteria for transport biofuels from Directive 2008/29/EC. This questions have been used as a background for informal conversations with people who have been engaged in the implemention of the EU sustainability criteria at the Swedish national level.

Short Summaries Of Two Main Speeches, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

This paper contains short summaries of two main speeches made during the NELN+ Conference in Lund in October 2011. The first speaker, Nicolas de Sadeleer from Belgium, talked about the issues of precautionary measures in situations of scientific uncertainty. He presented an overview of the relevant EU case-law from the General Court and the Court of Justice. The central question that was highlighted concerned the space left to the EU Commission and Council to determine how “safe is safe”. The second speaker, Hillevi Eriksson from Sweden, reflected on the results of her research within the topic “Knowledge Needed for Climate …

Områdesskydd Enligt Miljöbalken, Strandskydd, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

- Allemansrätten 2:15 RF 4 st., 7:1 MB, sedvana. - Strandskydd 7:13 – 18 MB Intresseprövning 7:25 – 26 MB - Andra former av områdesskydd, 7 kap. MB Ex. nationalparker, naturreservat, biotoper. - Ersättningsregler, 2:15 RF, 31 kap. MB Vid ingripanden av det allmänna. - Rättsfall

Bränsle För Ett Bättre Klimat - Marknad Och Politik För Biobränslen, Cecilia Hammarlund, Karin Ericsson, Helena Johansson, Robert Lundmark, Anna Olsson, Evgenia Pavlovskaia, Fredrik Wilhelmsson

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

No abstract provided.

Områdesskydd Enligt Miljöbalken, Fortsättning, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

- EU rätt Fågelskyddsdirektivet 79/409/EEG→2009/147/EEG Livsmiljödirektivet 92/43/EEG - Implementering i svensk rätt, kap. 7 MB - Skydd för djur och växter, kap. 8 MB - Praxis

Preliminary Abstract 1, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Among the environmental challenges, which humanity is facing today, there are the threat of global climate change, unsatisfactory air quality, and the fact that the resources of fossil fuels are finite. Biofuels have long been at the top of international agenda as a possible solution to all the three issues. The present project is a timely contribution to the research of the law of biofuels. The purpose of the investigation is to analyze the use of law as a means to implement the ambitious policy on biofuels. In this, I investigate and evaluate in what respects legal systems promote respectively …

Preliminary Plan For The Doctoral Thesis: The Role And Function Of Law As The Promoter Of The Sustainable Use Of Bio-Fuels In The Transport Sector, Evgenia Pavlovskaia

Evgenia Pavlovskaia

The paper contains the preliminary plan of the doctoral thesis made in 2008. It explains that the purpose of the project is to analyze the use of the law as a means to implement the sustainable policy on bio-fuels. The author will investigate and evaluate in what respect legal systems promote respectively restrain trade, production and use of bio-fuels in the transport sector, and how they balance the bio-fuel objective against other objectives important for the sustainable development (such as food production and biodiversity). The author will also identify efficient and less efficient legal constructions and discuss possibly successful legal …