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Articles 1 - 30 of 118
Full-Text Articles in Law
Give Or Take—Is The Droit De Suite A Taking Without Just Compensation?, Jeremy Cohen
Give Or Take—Is The Droit De Suite A Taking Without Just Compensation?, Jeremy Cohen
Pepperdine Law Review
The Constitution mandates Congress to protect the arts and sciences directly by creating an exclusive right called copyright. However, visual artists such as painters, sculptors, and photographers in the United States still cannot participate in the significant profits from the secondary sales of their copyrighted works at public and private auctions. In over eighty countries worldwide, the droit de suite, also known as the Artist Resale Royalty (ARR), grants visual artists such royalties. Unfortunately, the United States currently lacks such a royalty, despite multiple unsuccessful attempts by Congress to pass federal legislation. Although California enacted its own version of the …
Broadcast In The Past?: The Dangers Of Deregulating Children’S Broadcast Television, Lauren Bashir
Broadcast In The Past?: The Dangers Of Deregulating Children’S Broadcast Television, Lauren Bashir
Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary
This article will begin by providing an overview of the Federal Communications Commission’s role in regulating broadcast television. In Section II, this article will explain in depth how the FCC has placed limitations on the type of content and circumstances under which television stations can broadcast content. This discussion will lead into the Children’s Television Act (CTA) of 1990 and the regulation of children’s television—also known as the KidVid Rules. After providing some background on the creation of the CTA and its effectiveness up to recent times, Section III will dive deeper into the 2019 CTA modifications. Then this article …
Disqualifying Conduct: How Failure To Regulate The United States Olympic Committee Enables Athlete Abuse, Allison Berquist
Disqualifying Conduct: How Failure To Regulate The United States Olympic Committee Enables Athlete Abuse, Allison Berquist
Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary
In the aftermath of the USA Gymnastics Scandal, Congress passed the Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport Authorization Act of 2017 and Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and Amateur Athletes Act of 2020 to protect athletes from abuse. This comment examines how years of unregulated Olympic Sport controlled by the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC) created systems that make young athletes vulnerable to abuse. Part I provides a background of the Olympic Movement, specifically detailing events and legislation that prompted recent legislation. Part II describes the Safe Sport Authorization Act of 2017 and Empowering Olympic, Paralympic, and …
Who Owns Your Name? The Trend And Economic Impact Of Personal Trademarks In The Ncaa Nil Aftermath, Daniel Foster
Who Owns Your Name? The Trend And Economic Impact Of Personal Trademarks In The Ncaa Nil Aftermath, Daniel Foster
The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law
To aid in understanding the prevalence of personal athlete logos and the trend of ownership and design, Section II will outline the history of this area of trademark law in the United States. It will provide background on the theory of trademark ownership and the development of this intellectual property discipline in the athletic and celebrity sphere. Section II will look at the two common and distinct processes, a company-designed logo versus an athlete-designed logo, and the modern trends in this area. Moving on from this historical discussion, Section III will examine the 2021 decision of NCAA v. Alston, the …
Choreography And Copyright: Why The Law Must Twist And Turn To Serve The Dancing Industry, Gabrielle Mix
Choreography And Copyright: Why The Law Must Twist And Turn To Serve The Dancing Industry, Gabrielle Mix
The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law
With so many hurdles to jump over for choreographers to earn simple rights, it is time to re-evaluate the process of copyright protection for dance. In part A, this comment will discuss the history of copyright law and choreography. Part B will analyze the requirements copyright has placed on choreography and the struggles courts face in applying them. Part C will discuss the spread of online choreography and the difficulties these choreographers face regarding copyright protection. Part D will discuss additional reasons why choreographers are not seeking copyright protection. Part E will discuss the barriers choreographers face in proving infringement, …
Deterrence Defeats Doping: How Arbitration Can Resolve Major League Baseball's Performance-Enhancing Drug Problem, Brice Barnes
Deterrence Defeats Doping: How Arbitration Can Resolve Major League Baseball's Performance-Enhancing Drug Problem, Brice Barnes
Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
This article analyzes MLB’s PED policy and proposes amending the policy by arbitrating the agreement to create one that further deters players from using PEDs. The remainder of this article is divided into five parts: Part II discusses the significance of the PED issue and why resolution is necessary; Part III discusses the history of PED use in baseball and the efforts by the League to address it; Part IV proposes the solution of arbitration and explains how the process might work; Part V addresses potential objections to that solution; and finally, Part VI concludes.
Usespa? Exploring The Idea Of A U.S. Esports Regulatory Authority, Justin Hung
Usespa? Exploring The Idea Of A U.S. Esports Regulatory Authority, Justin Hung
The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law
This article will conclude, ultimately, it is a matter of policy with two convincing sides best left for the public to decide. First, having a monolithic regulator for all esports in the United States is unnecessary to address many of the legal issues esports faces and may actually cause more legal issues. Second, some centralized effort or a centralized association to heighten and universalize standards would be beneficial because it would allow market participants to address the systemic threats to the esports market. As to a centralization, this article will argue the most effective means to accomplish such a task …
Know When To Hold Them, When To Fold Them, And When To Walk Away: Tiktoks Are Professional Sports Franchises' Ace In Collective Bargaining Negotiations, Angelica Varona
Know When To Hold Them, When To Fold Them, And When To Walk Away: Tiktoks Are Professional Sports Franchises' Ace In Collective Bargaining Negotiations, Angelica Varona
Pepperdine Law Review
TikTok, the social media app, has become both a central force in entertainment, creating a slew of influencers and young celebrities, as well as an important tool in all things branding and marketing. Athletes have recognized the value of social media and fan engagement and have taken to becoming content-creators on the platform. The growing presence of professional athletes on the app brings up important issues of copyrightability and ownership of the content they are producing. This Comment considers the nature of athlete content-creation on TikTok as well as the employment scheme and contractual responsibilities that form a part of …
The Current State Of Student-Athlete Nil Rights: How Congress Should Respond To The Rapidly Changing Landscape Of Inter-Collegiate Sports, Kyle Aronson
Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary
Collegiate student-athletes began signing sponsorship deals that compensate them for their name, image and likeness beginning in July 2021. Since its inception, the NCAA has prohibited student-athletes from receiving any outside monetary compensation to preserve traditional notions of amateurism. States have begun to pass legislation that allow for student-athlete compensation following recent decisions by the Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit suggesting that the NCAA’s historic practice may run afoul of antitrust law. This comment analyzes issues with the current state-by-state patchwork of laws that formulate the current landscape of collegiate sports. Finally, this comment will show why centralized, federal regulation …
Fixing The Dent: How Nfl Owners Closed The Door To Civil Common Law Liability, Zachary Okun
Fixing The Dent: How Nfl Owners Closed The Door To Civil Common Law Liability, Zachary Okun
Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
With a new, eleven-year Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) upon us, this paper will discuss in Section II what a CBA is, the purpose CBAs serve, and the function and historical treatment of the NFL’s CBA by the courts. Section II will also explain the NFL arbitration process, the reason the NFL fights so hard to enforce arbitration, and why the players should have been more cognizant of the provisions within the CBA which act to insulate the NFL and its Clubs from common law tort liability. Section III will discuss the NFL’s historical reliance of the LMRA §301 preemption defense; …
"Stronger" Together: Kanye Could Have Owned His Masters By Engaging In Collective Bargaining, L. Camille Cordova
"Stronger" Together: Kanye Could Have Owned His Masters By Engaging In Collective Bargaining, L. Camille Cordova
Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
Because the legislature and judiciary have failed to protect recording artists’ interests, this article proposes that engaging in collective bargaining will re-balance the bargaining positions of the major record labels and recording artists to create a mutually beneficial agreement that gives recording artists a termination of rights clause that mirrors section 203 of the 1976 Copyright Act. By contracting with a major record label, recording artists are automatically eligible for union membership to the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists union (“SAG-AFTRA”), who have experience negotiating other collective-bargaining agreements with these record labels. This agreement would provide …
De-Gentrified Black Genius: Blockchain, Copyright, And The Disintermediation Of Creativity, Tonya M. Evans
De-Gentrified Black Genius: Blockchain, Copyright, And The Disintermediation Of Creativity, Tonya M. Evans
Pepperdine Law Review
In a 2016 acceptance speech during the Black Entertainment Television (BET) Awards, actor and activist Jesse Williams used the phrase “gentrifying our genius” to refer to the insidious process of misappropriating the cultural and artistic productions of Black creators, inventors, and innovators. In that speech, he poignantly and unapologetically condemned racial discrimination and cultural misappropriation. This Article chronicles the nefarious history of the creative disempowerment of creators of color and then imagines an empowering future for those who successfully exploit their creations by fully leveraging copyright ownership and transfer termination. To that end, I reference the considerable scholarship of Professor …
Reflections On Music Copyright Justice, Peter S. Menell
Reflections On Music Copyright Justice, Peter S. Menell
Pepperdine Law Review
The digital revolution has upended many aspects of the copyright system, particularly as it relates to music. Drawing on creative, jurisprudential, technological, and social science insights, this article explores the broad range of music copyright justice concerns, ranging from file sharing to royalty distribution, copyright infringement standards, and the creation of music mashups.
Thieves In The Temple: The Scandal Of Copyright Registration And African- American Artists, Kevin J. Greene
Thieves In The Temple: The Scandal Of Copyright Registration And African- American Artists, Kevin J. Greene
Pepperdine Law Review
Copyright registration is the currency of copyright transactions in music, film, and television and is essential for pursuing infringement claims and ownership disputes. Despite copyright registration’s outsized reach across the copyright spectrum and importance to the copyright industries, the U.S. Copyright Office does not verify claims of copyright authorship or ownership. No express mechanism exists to challenge false copyright registrations in the Copyright Office, and the penalties for falsely claiming copyright authorship are paltry in comparison to the potential gains. This Article contends that lax copyright registration standards call into question the legitimacy of the registration system and that the …
Betting On Gambling: How Professional Sports Leagues Could Increase Revenues Following Murphy V. Ncaa, Edward “Max” Bell
Betting On Gambling: How Professional Sports Leagues Could Increase Revenues Following Murphy V. Ncaa, Edward “Max” Bell
The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law
This comment explores the avenues professional sports leagues are taking to profit from legalized sports gambling following the Murphy decision. Part II provides the modern historical legal background of sports gambling in America, discussing the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act and the reasoning for and the effects following the Act’s falling in Murphy. Part III analyzes the current sports gambling landscape, including the current federal and state legal landscape; society’s ever-revolving views on sports gambling; the American sports gambling industry, the offshore industry, and the growth of the industry as a whole; and the stances of sports leagues before …
The Hollywood Circuit’S Protection Of The Batmobile Provides An Uncertain Future For First Amendment Protections, Nicole Geiser
The Hollywood Circuit’S Protection Of The Batmobile Provides An Uncertain Future For First Amendment Protections, Nicole Geiser
The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law
This Comment analyzes the potentially damaging impact the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Towle could have on modern copyright law and the First Amendment. Part I will provide an overview of modern copyright law, challenges faced when deciding the level of protection that should be afforded to characters, and the important difference between literary characters and visually depicted characters and how it can affect the degree of protection allowed. Part II will discuss the history of character copyright, specifically, the different tests adopted by circuit courts and the impact each one has on the protection of characters. Part III will analyze …
Songwriters V. Spotify: Is Spotify The Problem Or A Symptom Of The Problem?, Mariana L. Orbay
Songwriters V. Spotify: Is Spotify The Problem Or A Symptom Of The Problem?, Mariana L. Orbay
Pepperdine Law Review
Today, streaming is the prevailing mode of music consumption. Yet, streaming services are struggling to turn a profit, as songwriters also face significant financial challenges in the streaming era. All the while, record labels are collecting the majority of streaming revenue and seeing record profits. The 2018 Music Modernization Act attempted to address songwriters’ and streaming services’ financial problems by altering the factors considered by the Copyright Royalty Board in determining the mechanical royalty rates owed by streaming platforms to songwriters. A proper application of this newly instated factor test necessitates considering both songwriters’ and streaming services’ business operations and …
Taking A Shot At Mediation Is The Solution To Nba Player-Trade Demands, Jemuel Gascon
Taking A Shot At Mediation Is The Solution To Nba Player-Trade Demands, Jemuel Gascon
Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
This article proposes that the upcoming CBA in 2024 should include an initial mediation process for voluntarily resolving trade demands. Part two of this article looks at the background of player-trade demands; it looks at past demands in both the NBA and other sports.37 It also explores the pros and cons about player-trade demands and how they affect the NBA.38 Part three of this article proposes that the use of mediation can tame trade demands’ negative side effects and explores the proposition of including a voluntary mediation clause for trade demands on the next CBA negotiations.39 Part four will raise …
Level The Playing Field: Advocating For The Removal Of Major League Baseball’S Prohibition On The Admissibility Of Statcast-Generated Sabermetrics As Evidence In Salary Arbitration Hearings, Christian Podest
Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
This paper argues that Major League Baseball should amend its Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) to remove the outright ban on certain types of statistical evidence to help prove a player’s value. First, the paper briefly describes the history of the compensation system in the MLB and its evolution. Then, it details how final offer arbitration became the default mechanism for resolving compensation disputes between teams and players. The paper subsequently focuses on the Collective Bargaining Agreement’s carve-out of statistical evidence and notes the similarities and differences between Major League Baseball’s evidentiary standards governing salary arbitration hearings and the Federal Rules …
The “Fundies” Of Adr In The Nhl, Niko Tsiouvaras
The “Fundies” Of Adr In The Nhl, Niko Tsiouvaras
Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
This note seeks to provide to an overview of how the fundamentals (or “fundies” in hockey circles) of ADR can be applied to the NHL’s most pressing issues. It will analyze two areas specifically: the overall CBA negotiations in the big picture and the RFA system in a narrower view. Part II will provide context of the events leading up to the current NHL landscape. It will outline the history of NHL–NHLPA relations, describe the main issues influencing the upcoming CBA negotiations, and explain the workings of the RFA system. Part III will then present and discuss proposed solutions to …
The New Era Of Nfl Antitrust Law, The Sunday Ticket Package: Was The Ninth Circuit Ruling A Touchdown Or A Penalty?, Maya Rustom
The New Era Of Nfl Antitrust Law, The Sunday Ticket Package: Was The Ninth Circuit Ruling A Touchdown Or A Penalty?, Maya Rustom
Pepperdine Law Review
Americans love football, but every year thousands of fans are forced to pay exorbitant annual fees if they chose to have access to out-of-market games. In other words, if fans don’t live in the territory of their favorite team, they can either pay an excessive annual fee to watch their team play or miss out on the majority of games every season. This arrangement is a result of DirecTV’s Sunday Ticket Package, which is an exclusive distributorship agreement with the NFL that prevents fans from watching live out-of-market games unless they pay the annual subscription fee. This Comment addresses and …
Protecting The First Amendment Rights Of Video Games From Lanham Act And Right Of Publicity Claims, Yen-Shyang Tseng
Protecting The First Amendment Rights Of Video Games From Lanham Act And Right Of Publicity Claims, Yen-Shyang Tseng
Pepperdine Law Review
In 2013 and 2015, the Ninth Circuit decided two nearly identical cases in which professional football players alleged a video game publisher used their likenesses without authorization in a game that simulates real football games. One plaintiff brought a false endorsement claim under the Lanham Act, while others brought state law right of publicity claims. That made all the difference. The Ninth Circuit found the First Amendment protected the game against the false endorsement claim, but not against the right of publicity claims. These contradictory results stem from court’s application of the Rogers v. Grimaldi test to Lanham Act claims …
The Music Industry: Drowning In The Stream, Jonathan Croskrey
The Music Industry: Drowning In The Stream, Jonathan Croskrey
Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary
The Department of Justice is reviewing two of it's oldest consent decrees, which were entered into with ASCAP and BMI. ASCAP and BMI are the two original performing rights organizations and existed well before streaming. This article analyzes copyright and antirust law through the lens of modern technology and the current landscape of the music industry. It examines whether the consent decrees should be removed or modified and what the consequences of each would be.
No Safe Spaces: A Distorted Image Of A Clear Problem, Michael Conklin
No Safe Spaces: A Distorted Image Of A Clear Problem, Michael Conklin
Pepperdine Law Review
This is a critical analysis of the documentary No Safe Spaces. The movie features comedian Adam Carolla and conservative talk show host Dennis Prager. Depending on the source, the movie is either the most necessary and prescient documentary ever or the most harmful. Unfortunately, the polarizing nature of the reviews largely fall along partisan political lines, with conservatives praising the movie and liberals criticizing it. This partisan result could have likely been minimized if the movie communicated a more bipartisan tone. To further complicate things, the movie does not provide a clear thesis of what it is trying to promote. …
Creative Destruction: Copyright's Fair Use Doctrine And The Moral Right Of Integrity, Cathay Y. N. Smith
Creative Destruction: Copyright's Fair Use Doctrine And The Moral Right Of Integrity, Cathay Y. N. Smith
Pepperdine Law Review
This Paper explores the role of copyright’s fair use doctrine as a limit on the moral right of integrity. The moral right of integrity gives an author the right to prevent any distortion, modification, or mutilation of their work that prejudices their honor or reputation. Actions that have been found to violate an author’s moral right of integrity include, for instance, altering a mural by painting clothing over nude figures, selling separated panels of a single work of art, and displaying sculptures with holiday ribbons. At the same time, copyright’s fair use doctrine allows follow-on creators to transform original works …
The New Gold Standard For Sports Psls: The Provisions That Allow The Golden State Warriors To Overpower A Bankruptcy Estate, Michael Medved
The New Gold Standard For Sports Psls: The Provisions That Allow The Golden State Warriors To Overpower A Bankruptcy Estate, Michael Medved
The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law
This comment will focus on how this second key difference implemented in the Warriors’ PSL would affect an eventual bankruptcy proceeding of a purchaser into their “membership program.” In the event of a purchaser filing for bankruptcy liquidation under chapter seven of the bankruptcy code, the PSL will join the rest of the bankrupt’s assets in becoming property of the now-bankrupt purchaser’s creditors estate. Purchasers into the Warriors’ offering can be either individuals or corporations. This comment will provide an analysis of how the debtor, estate, and team will likely fare in terms of recouping the value of the PSL …
Liability Redefined: The Application Of Agency Law To An Athletic Booster's Relationship With An Ncaa Member Institution, Jennifer Lee
Liability Redefined: The Application Of Agency Law To An Athletic Booster's Relationship With An Ncaa Member Institution, Jennifer Lee
The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law
This comment draws parallels between agency law and the role of athletic boosters in a university context. This comment suggests that universities should not be held liable for the actions of third-party boosters unless the university had knowledge of the booster’s conduct or lacked an adequate system of internal controls.
The Advantages Of Incorporating Mechanisms From The Salary Arbitration Models Of Mlb And The Nhl In A Salary Arbitration System In Mls, Andrew Real
Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
This article will propose that Major League Soccer adopt a salary arbitration system similar to that used in both Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League. MLS should emulate those strategies of other professional leagues that have resulted in growth. The salary arbitration model is one such advantageous strategy. Part II of this article will provide a summary of the current salary structures and mechanisms of MLS. Part II will also discuss the problems and the origins of the problems associated with MLS's current salary structures and mechanisms. Part III will summarize how salary arbitration is utilized in MLB. …
Copyrighting Experiences: How Copyright Law Applies To Virtual Reality Programs, Alexis Dunne
Copyrighting Experiences: How Copyright Law Applies To Virtual Reality Programs, Alexis Dunne
The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law
This note will attempt to shed light on the question of what kind of protection copyright law affords VR experiences. Part II discusses the nature of VR experiences and their implementation through specifically tailored VR technology. Part III provides an overview of copyright protection, its limitations, and specifically the history of the copyrightability of computer programs. Parts IV and V outline case law relevant to the discussion of the copyrightability of different types of VR experiences and how that case law similarly or dissimilarly apply to the protection of VR experiences. Part IV focuses on protecting VR experiences as a …
It’S Time To Pay Up, The Justification For Higher Salaries For Wnba Players: An Analysis Of The Wnba’S Success And Employing Mediation Between The Wnba And Nba To Leverage Future Success, Lerae Ettienne
Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
This comment looks at the potential positive effects that mediation can have in fostering a better relationship between the two leagues and for the WNBA and its players to get their much-deserved respect and compensation. First, the comment will go in depth regarding the structure of the WNBA, and its history to date. Next, the comment will examine the WNBA’s success despite the discrepancy in pay and the purported lack of viewership. The comment will then expound on the rise of mediation as one of the major ADR tools. Next, the comment will analyze the success of mediation in professional …