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Full-Text Articles in Law
Book Review: Challenges And Recusals Of Judges And Arbitrators In International Courts And Tribunals, S. I. Strong
Book Review: Challenges And Recusals Of Judges And Arbitrators In International Courts And Tribunals, S. I. Strong
Faculty Publications
The proliferation of international courts and tribunals over the last few decades has made it increasingly important to ensure that such proceedings are entirely above reproach. In particular, questions have arisen about what should be done in cases where a judge’s or arbitrator’s continued presence threatens the legitimacy of the proceedings. As fundamental as this question is, very little has been written about the standards for challenge and removal of such officials. Fortunately, Challenges and Recusals of Judges and Arbitrators in International Courts and Tribunals, a new collection of essays edited by Chiara Giorgetti, Associate Professor of Law at the …
Introducing The 'New Handshake' To Expand Remedies And Revive Responsibility In Ecommerce, Amy J. Schmitz
Introducing The 'New Handshake' To Expand Remedies And Revive Responsibility In Ecommerce, Amy J. Schmitz
Faculty Publications
There was a time when individuals would meet in person to make purchases and do deals. They would discuss the terms, assess the trustworthiness and character of their contracting partners, and conclude the deal with a handshake. The handshake helped ensure the enforcement of the deal without need for the rule of law or legal power. That handshake was one’s bond — it was a personal trust mark. With the emergence of eCommerce, however, that handshake has nearly disappeared along with the sense of responsibility it inspired. Accordingly, this article discusses how this has impacted consumers’ access to remedies regarding …
Taking Advantage Of Opportunities In Litigotiation, John M. Lande
Taking Advantage Of Opportunities In Litigotiation, John M. Lande
Faculty Publications
This article is partially based on a study in which I interviewed respected lawyers about their negotiation processes in pretrial litigation. I asked these lawyers about their negotiation procedures generally, and I asked them to describe the last case they settled, starting with the first interaction with their clients in the matter. Although this article focuses on negotiation in the litigation context, some lawyers presumably use analogous procedures in transactional matters.
Good Pretrial Lawyering: Planning To Get To Yes Sooner, Cheaper, And Better, John M. Lande
Good Pretrial Lawyering: Planning To Get To Yes Sooner, Cheaper, And Better, John M. Lande
Faculty Publications
Although the ostensible purpose for pretrial litigation is to prepare for trial, such preparation is inextricably intertwined with negotiation because the expected trial outcome is a major factor affecting negotiation. Indeed, since most litigated cases are settled, good litigators prepare for negotiation at least as much as trial. The lawyers interviewed for this article, who were selected because of their good reputations, described how they prepare for both possibilities. They recommend taking charge of their cases from the outset, which includes getting a clear understanding of clients and their interests, developing good relationships with counterpart lawyers, carefully investigating the cases, …
Globalization And Financial Dispute Resolution: Examining Areas Of Convergence And Informed Divergence In Financial Adr, Shahla F. Ali
Globalization And Financial Dispute Resolution: Examining Areas Of Convergence And Informed Divergence In Financial Adr, Shahla F. Ali
Journal of Dispute Resolution
The global reach of the financial crisis calls for renewed investigation on the impact of globalization on international legal practice. Part One of this paper examines the theoretical perspectives on the impact of globalization on international legal practice. Part Two provides a global review of financial dispute resolution programs, including arbitration models and ombudsman systems, developed to address the financial complaints of retail investors that intensified during and after the financial crisis. Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore and Hong Kong are featured because they each reflect either the ombudsman or arbitration model of financial dispute resolution. Part …
Ensuring Remedies To Cure Cramming, Amy J. Schmitz
Ensuring Remedies To Cure Cramming, Amy J. Schmitz
Faculty Publications
The unauthorized addition of third party charges to telecommunications bills ("cramming") is a growing problem that has caught the attention of federal regulators and state attorney generals. This Article therefore discusses the problems associated with cramming, and highlights consumers’ uphill battles in seeking remedies with respect to cramming claims. Indeed, it is imperative for policymakers, researchers, consumer advocates, and industry groups to collaborate in developing means for resolving these claims. Accordingly, this Article offers a proposal for resolving cramming disputes in order to advance this collaboration, and inspire development of a functioning online dispute resolution ("ODR") process to handle these …
American Exceptionalism In Consumer Arbitration, Amy J. Schmitz
American Exceptionalism In Consumer Arbitration, Amy J. Schmitz
Faculty Publications
“American exceptionalism” has been used to reference the United States’ outlier policies in various contexts, including its love for litigation. Despite Americans’ reverence for their “day in court,” their zest for contractual freedom and efficiency has prevailed to result in U.S. courts’ strict enforcement of arbitration provisions in both business-to-business (“B2B”) and business-to-consumer (“B2C”) contracts. This is exceptional because although most of the world joins the United States in generally enforcing B2B arbitration under the New York Convention, many other countries refuse or strictly limit arbitration enforcement in B2C relationships due to concerns regarding power imbalances and public enforcement of …
Empowering Settlors: How Proper Language Can Increase The Enforceability Of A Mandatory Arbitration Provision In A Trust, S. I. Strong
Empowering Settlors: How Proper Language Can Increase The Enforceability Of A Mandatory Arbitration Provision In A Trust, S. I. Strong
Faculty Publications
With hostile trust litigation reaching epidemic proportions, many people within the trust industry are interested in identifying new and less expensive ways to resolve trust-related disputes. Arbitration is often proposed as a possible alternative, although questions exist about whether and to what extent a mandatory arbitration provision found in a trust will be considered enforceable by a court. Up until now, most commentary in this area of law has focused on purely jurisprudential issues, with little attention being paid to the practical efforts that settlors can make to increase the enforceability of arbitration provisions found in trusts. This Article takes …
Navigating The Borders Between International Commercial Arbitration And U.S. Federal Courts: A Jurisprudential Gps, S. I. Strong
Navigating The Borders Between International Commercial Arbitration And U.S. Federal Courts: A Jurisprudential Gps, S. I. Strong
Faculty Publications
This article provides just that sort of guide, outlining the various ways in which U.S. federal courts can become involved in international commercial arbitration and introducing both basic and advanced concepts in a straightforward, practical manner. However, this article provides more than just an overview. Instead, it discusses relevant issues on a motion-by-motion basis, helping readers find immediate answers to their questions while also getting a picture of the field as a whole. Written especially for busy lawyers, this article gives practitioners, arbitrators and new and infrequent participants in international commercial arbitration a concise but comprehensive understanding of the unique …
Arbitration Of Trust Disputes: Two Bodies Of Law Collide, S. I. Strong
Arbitration Of Trust Disputes: Two Bodies Of Law Collide, S. I. Strong
Faculty Publications
This article considers the various issues that arise when two separate bodies of law – trust law and arbitration law – collide, using recent developments in the field of international commercial arbitration to address some of the more intransigent problems facing trust arbitration. The article focuses on five areas of concern: the potential for impermissible ouster of the courts, the operability and effectiveness of the arbitration provision, the extent to which the arbitration provision is binding on the party against whom arbitration is asserted, proper representation of parties and arbitrability. In so doing, this article introduces a number of new …
Mandatory Arbitration Of Internal Trust Disputes: Improving Arbitrability And Enforceability Through Proper Procedural Choices, S. I. Strong
Mandatory Arbitration Of Internal Trust Disputes: Improving Arbitrability And Enforceability Through Proper Procedural Choices, S. I. Strong
Faculty Publications
Trusts and their civil law equivalents, often known as foundations or associations, play a large and increasing role in the global economy, holding trillions of dollars worth of assets and generating billions of dollars worth of revenue and trustees’ fees annually. Once considered nothing more than “mere” estate planning devices, trusts are now more often seen in commercial rather than in private contexts, and often feature sophisticated financial institutions as professional trustees. With favorable tax laws in various off-shore jurisdictions making international trusts increasingly popular and hostile trust litigation reaching epidemic proportions, arbitration would seem to be many parties’ dispute …
Border Skirmishes: The Intersection Between Litigation And International Commercial Arbitration, S. I. Strong
Border Skirmishes: The Intersection Between Litigation And International Commercial Arbitration, S. I. Strong
Faculty Publications
This essay considers the tension between the autonomous theory of international commercial arbitration and the more interactive theory advanced by Gary Born during his keynote address at the recent “Border Skirmishes” symposium at the University of Missouri School of Law. In his presentation, Born considered the relationship between litigation and international commercial arbitration and distinguished between permissible “border crossings” and impermissible “border incursions.” This essay considers how these concepts play out both in routine interactions between courts and tribunals and more in difficult scenarios, such as those involving anti-suit injunctions. The discussion also presents statistics concerning the amount of ancillary …
Public Civil Discourse: A New Domain For Dispute Resolution, Richard C. Reuben
Public Civil Discourse: A New Domain For Dispute Resolution, Richard C. Reuben
Faculty Publications
We in dispute resolution can view civil discourse about public issues - a direct, deliberative way of exercising democracy itself - as a new but related field in which we can apply our skills and services, and this theme edition of Dispute Resolution Magazine is intended to help those of us in dispute resolution cross the isthmus into what for many of us is the new world of civil discourse.
Arbitration Ambush In A Policy Polemic, Amy J. Schmitz
Arbitration Ambush In A Policy Polemic, Amy J. Schmitz
Faculty Publications
Arbitration has been demonized in the media and consumer protection debates, often without empirical support or consideration of its attributes. This has led to renewed efforts to pass the Arbitration Fairness Action, which would bar enforcement of pre-dispute arbitration clauses in consumer, employment, and civil rights contexts. It also inspired Dodd-Frank’s preclusion of arbitration clauses in mortgage contracts, along with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s charge to prohibit or limit enforcement of pre-dispute arbitration agreements in consumer financial products and services contracts. Some of this negativity toward arbitration is warranted, especially in the wake of the United Supreme Court’s recent …
Family, The Market, And Adr, The, Amy J. Cohen
Family, The Market, And Adr, The, Amy J. Cohen
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This Article proceeds in three Parts. I begin by briefly summarizing what I will refer to as separate spheres ideology-the idea that our normative understandings of the family and the market are constructed in contradistinction to one another. I then show how this conceptual distinction between the family and the market shaped the development of alternative dispute processing during two periods of time. The first period, which I introduce to frame the second, examines how dispute processing reformers-beginning during the Progressive era and continuing to the 1930s-distinguished alternative forums for family disputes from alternative forums for commercial ones. In Part …
Comment: Trends And Challenges In Bringing Together Adr And The Rule Of Law, Stephanie E. Smith
Comment: Trends And Challenges In Bringing Together Adr And The Rule Of Law, Stephanie E. Smith
Journal of Dispute Resolution
The goals of justice, peace, and prosperity will not be achieved overnight. Strategies that aim to achieve a perfect state in a short time frame are doomed to failure. Rule of law approaches should be individualized for local context, and be nimble enough to adapt over time to advance these ambitious goals. Success will require drawing upon expertise from many practice areas and academic fields, and coordinating activities to maximize limited resources.
Adr And Transitional Justice As Reconstructing The Rule Of Law, Michal Alberstein
Adr And Transitional Justice As Reconstructing The Rule Of Law, Michal Alberstein
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This paper addresses the role of ADR in reconstructing the rule of law following the critique this idea received during the 20th century, and exemplifies this role through reference to another alternative movement in law-The Transitional Justice movement. In contrast to efforts to reconcile the notion of the rule of law with ADR, or to demarcate the proper interaction between these social institutions in achieving justice, this paper argues for a deeper connection between the two notions: After briefly analyzing the intricate meanings of the rule of law notion through history and its relation to ADR, the paper continues to …
Deliberative Look At Alternative Dispute Resolution And The Rule Of Law, A, Peter Muhlberger
Deliberative Look At Alternative Dispute Resolution And The Rule Of Law, A, Peter Muhlberger
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This paper critiques the foundations of Aragaki's analysis, but also gives credit on the importance of dealing with people as less than fully rational. The critique suggests, again, a deep commonality between DD and ADR and potential improvements to both approaches. True collaboration between these approaches, however, requires some re-theorizing of both, including a reconsideration of rationality itself. This paper will sketch some ways in which this might be achieved and, in particular, how DD theory and research may prove helpful for ADR.
Lost In Translation: Can Exporting Adr Harm Rule Of Law Development, Cynthia Alkon
Lost In Translation: Can Exporting Adr Harm Rule Of Law Development, Cynthia Alkon
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This article will begin with a brief explanation of rule of law development work. Section III will describe the role of legitimacy in developing rule of law. Section IV will discuss some examples of how ADR programs are typically included in rule of law development work. Section V will discuss when promotion of ADR programs may work against the development of rule of laws, specifically when ADR might seem more like a new form of corruption or when it might reinforce already existing bad practices. Section VI will offer some questions for ADR and rule of law development practitioners to …
Adr And The Rule Of Law: Making The Connection, Richard C. Reuben
Adr And The Rule Of Law: Making The Connection, Richard C. Reuben
Faculty Publications
In this article, I will address important definitional questions and try to articulate why it is important for practitioners, program managers, scholars, judges, and others involved in ADR to engage questions about the relationship between ADR and the rule of law.
The Potential Contribution Of Adr To An Integrated Curriculum: Preparing Law Students For Real World Lawyering, John M. Lande, Jean R. Sternlight
The Potential Contribution Of Adr To An Integrated Curriculum: Preparing Law Students For Real World Lawyering, John M. Lande, Jean R. Sternlight
Faculty Publications
This Article briefly reviews the long history of critiques of legal education that highlight the failure to adequately prepare students for what they will and should do as attorneys. It takes a sober look at the hurdles reformers face when trying to make significant curricular changes and proposes a modest menu of reforms that interested faculty and law schools can largely achieve without investing substantial additional resources.This Article emphasizes the special contributions that alternative dispute resolution (ADR) can provide to legal education more generally. ADR instruction is an important corrective to a curriculum that routinely conveys the erroneous implication that …
Confronting Adr Agreements' Contract/No-Contract Conundrum With Good Faith, Amy J. Schmitz
Confronting Adr Agreements' Contract/No-Contract Conundrum With Good Faith, Amy J. Schmitz
Faculty Publications
This Article explores the intricate problem, or conundrum, of enforcing "Alternative Dispute Resolution ('ADR') agreements" that require mediation or other non-binding dispute resolution procedures. Although public policy supports ADR, courts' inadequate analysis of ADR agreements is threatening their vitality. Instead of properly considering the flexible nature of these agreements, courts assume formalist contract or no-contract conclusions similar to those they impose on what Professor Charles Knapp has termed "contracts to bargain." ADR agreements and other contracts to bargain pose enforcement problems because they require parties' cooperation without specifying what cooperation means or how to enforce such flexible duties. This Article …
The Movement Toward Early Case Handling In Courts And Private Dispute Resolution, John M. Lande
The Movement Toward Early Case Handling In Courts And Private Dispute Resolution, John M. Lande
Faculty Publications
This article identifies early case handling (ECH) as an important general phenomenon in dispute system design theory and practice, catalogs the major ECH processes, and urges practitioners and policymakers to encourage use of and experimentation with ECH processes when appropriate.The key element of ECH is that people intentionally exercise responsibility for handling the case from the outset. ECH processes in courts include early case management procedures, differentiated case management systems, early neutral evaluation, and other early alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes. ECH in the private sector includes ADR pledges and contract clauses, early case assessment and ADR screening protocols, settlement …
Colliding Worlds Of Dispute Resolution: Towards A Unified Field Theory Of Adr, David A. Hoffman
Colliding Worlds Of Dispute Resolution: Towards A Unified Field Theory Of Adr, David A. Hoffman
Journal of Dispute Resolution
In the essay that follows, I advocate for greater acceptance of the diversity of belief and practice in the field of dispute resolution and contend that the unifying elements of law and dispute resolution practice predominate over those elements that divide practitioners. After providing definitions of some of the primary forms of dispute resolution (in Part II), the article describes tensions in the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) field (in Part III), quoting some of the harsh criticism that mediators, Collaborative practitioners, and other dispute resolvers have leveled at each other. Part III also expresses the concern that demonization and harsh …
Rejecting The Intertwining Doctrine: Favoring Adr While Hindering Judicial Efficiency And Economy, Michael Bekesha
Rejecting The Intertwining Doctrine: Favoring Adr While Hindering Judicial Efficiency And Economy, Michael Bekesha
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Often the scope of arbitration clauses does not include all potential claims. When the provision fails to provide for all disputes, courts may proceed in one of two ways to resolve both arbitrable and nonarbitrable claims: enforce the arbitration clause with respect to arbitrable claims, or ignore the private contract and litigate all issues at once. The Colorado Supreme Court, in Ingold v. AIMCO, chose the former - rejecting the intertwining doctrine. In doing so, Colorado aligned itself with the position that the United States Supreme Court embraced over twenty years ago. This casenote will discuss whether the Colorado Supreme …
Dangers Of Deference To Form Arbitration Provisions, Amy J. Schmitz
Dangers Of Deference To Form Arbitration Provisions, Amy J. Schmitz
Faculty Publications
This Article is part of my larger project exploring what I call "contracting culture," which borrows from legal realism and relational contract theory by considering contextual factors such as negotiators' relations, understandings, and values. As part of this project, I am pursuing various threads, including empirical studies of how contracting realities impact arbitration. In this Article, however, I focus on how these realities in business to consumer contracts combine with the Federal Arbitration Act and formulaic contract law to foster dangerous deference to form arbitration provisions. The Article then invites procedural reforms and offers suggestions for regulations aimed to temper …
Several Initiatives On Media And Conflict Under Way, Richard C. Reuben
Several Initiatives On Media And Conflict Under Way, Richard C. Reuben
Faculty Publications
Both in Arizona and in other jurisdictions, both in longstanding and newly implemented programs, both currently and more than a decade ago, court-connected arbitration does not appear to reduce, but also does not substantially improve, the effectiveness and efficiency of dispute resolution. It does, however, seem to increase litigants' access to a hearing. How aspects of program structure could enhance arbitration's performance warrants further study.
Tort Reform Renews Debate Over Mandatory Mediation, Richard C. Reuben
Tort Reform Renews Debate Over Mandatory Mediation, Richard C. Reuben
Faculty Publications
Despite the rise of the Democrats during the midterm elections, tort reform can be expected to continue to be an important topic at both the state and federal levels. This is significant for dispute resolution, because a number of the reform measures being discussed include mandatory mediation requirements for many, if not most, civil cases.
Social Conflict: Some Basic Principles, Dean G. Pruitt
Social Conflict: Some Basic Principles, Dean G. Pruitt
Journal of Dispute Resolution
The term "conflict" has two generally accepted meanings.' The first refers to overt conflict-an argument, fight, or struggle. The second refers to subjective conflict-Party's perception that Party and Other have opposing beliefs or interests, or that Other has deprived or annoyed Party in some way. The latter concept is richer for theory building than the former, in that there are several strategies Party can employ in reaction to subjective conflict. Party can take a contentious approach and retaliate, or Party can try to impose its will on Other by means of an argument, demand, or threat. This strategy is very …
Adr Through A Cultural Lens: How Cultural Values Shape Our Disputing Processes, Julia Ann Gold
Adr Through A Cultural Lens: How Cultural Values Shape Our Disputing Processes, Julia Ann Gold
Journal of Dispute Resolution
I arrived for my second Nepali language class on time, but the teacher kept chatting about inconsequential things. I was paying by the hour, and we had already spent 25 minutes talking about nothing! A week later, I received an invitation to an art exhibit. The location was "Royal Museum," so that is where I went, only to find an empty building and no people. What had I missed? In my first meeting with the Dean of the Law Campus, we talked about trekking, the upcoming religious holidays, his visit to Seattle two years ago, relatives in the United States, …