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Articles 1 - 30 of 32
Full-Text Articles in Law
Reforming World Bank Dispute Resolution: Icsid In Context, Susan Franck
Reforming World Bank Dispute Resolution: Icsid In Context, Susan Franck
Michigan Journal of International Law
During a tumultuous moment in history with shifts in power and politics, international dispute settlement stands at a crossroads. In theory, international dispute settlement should not institutionalize abuses of power, rely upon a monolithic one-size-fits-all model, or be a waste of resources, which will inevitably generate stakeholder dissatisfaction. Rather, dispute resolution should reflect both a commitment to the rule of law and equal treatment that sustains nuanced, fair, and just procedures most likely to provide results of substantive quality. Against this backdrop and with the major reforms concluded in July 2022, this article explores the reality of dispute resolution at …
Litigating Terror In The Sinai After The Egyptian Spring Revolution: Should States Be Liable To Foreign Investors For Failure To Prevent Terrorist Attacks?, Robert Howse, Amin R. Yacoub
Litigating Terror In The Sinai After The Egyptian Spring Revolution: Should States Be Liable To Foreign Investors For Failure To Prevent Terrorist Attacks?, Robert Howse, Amin R. Yacoub
Michigan Journal of International Law
The ambiguity of the due diligence standard of the Full Protection and Security obligation in investment treaties persists to this day. A recent ICSID tribunal found a developing state liable for breaching the Full Protection and Security obligation due to its inability to protect a foreign investment against terrorist attacks in a remote deserted area. In this article, we analytically criticize the Ampal v. Egypt arbitral award against the comprehensive factual matrix behind the case. Based on our criticism of Ampal, we argue that developing states should not be liable for failing to prevent or stop terrorist attacks under the …
Appointing Arbitrators: Tenure, Public Confidence, And A Middle Road For Isds Reform, Thomas D. Grant, F. Scott Kieff
Appointing Arbitrators: Tenure, Public Confidence, And A Middle Road For Isds Reform, Thomas D. Grant, F. Scott Kieff
Michigan Journal of International Law
Many governments now join academics and activists in questioning whether ad hoc tribunals, which comprise private individuals holding no tenured role on a court, ought to be entrusted with deciding cases, where the resultant awards sometimes impose significant financial burdens on the respondent State, constrain the State’s regulatory choices, and affect the interests of third parties. Investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS), during the great expansion of its practice over the past quarter century, has relied on party-appointed arbitrators to constitute the ad hoc tribunals that hear and decide cases that investors bring. Moved by a turn of public sentiment in recent …
Crisis, Continuity, And Change In International Investment Law And Arbitration, Valentina Vadi
Crisis, Continuity, And Change In International Investment Law And Arbitration, Valentina Vadi
Michigan Journal of International Law
The dialectic between continuity and change lies at the heart of international law, which seeks to foster peaceful, just, and prosperous relations among nations. International law endeavors to govern the future by applying, in the present, norms that are inherited from the past. Nonetheless, everything flows and in an ever-changing world, some change is needed within the international legal system to ensure its stability especially in time of crisis. Not only can crises constitute means for the development of international law, but they can test, undermine or ultimately buttress the structure of international law. This article explores the connection between …
Investor-State Arbitration: Economic And Empirical Perspectives, Michael Faure, Wanli Ma
Investor-State Arbitration: Economic And Empirical Perspectives, Michael Faure, Wanli Ma
Michigan Journal of International Law
The investor-state arbitration system (“ISA”) was originally modelled on traditional commercial arbitration and was expected to deliver fast, good, and cheap decisions, especially in comparison to domestic court systems. Yet the ISA system has increasingly been criticized, especially by developing countries. Developing countries claim that the system is not cheap, that decision-making increasingly takes a long time, and that arbitrators are biased in favor of investors (often coming from developed countries in the global North) and against states from the developing South. Several developing states have even withdrawn from the ICSID Convention, which governs the settlement of disputes between investors …
Intellectual Property: A Beacon For Reform Of Investor-State Dispute Settlement, Daniel Gervais
Intellectual Property: A Beacon For Reform Of Investor-State Dispute Settlement, Daniel Gervais
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Article attempts to resolve clashes between intellectual property and investor-state dispute settlement (“ISDS”). ISDS clauses contained in bilateral, plurilateral, or multilateral trade and investment agreements give multinational investors (corporations) a right to sue a state in a binding proceeding before an independent arbitral tribunal. This jurisgenerative right to file a claim against a state in an international tribunal with mandatory jurisdiction is exceptional; it is generally reserved to other states. Only multinational corporations can use ISDS to file claims against states in which they invest, provided the state is party to a bilateral investment treaty (“BIT”) or a trade …
The New York Convention: A Self-Executing Treaty, Gary B. Born
The New York Convention: A Self-Executing Treaty, Gary B. Born
Michigan Journal of International Law
The thesis of this Article is that uncertainty regarding the Convention’s status as a self-executing treaty of the United States is unwarranted and unfortunate. Instead, both the Convention’s provisions for recognition and enforcement of arbitration agreements (in Article II) and of arbitral awards (in Articles III, IV, V, and VI) should be regarded as self-executing and directly applicable in U.S. (and other national) courts. As discussed in detail below, this is because Article II establishes mandatory, complete, and comprehensive substantive rules, directed specifically to national courts, for the recognition and enforcement of international arbitration agreements. Likewise, the history and purposes …
A Global Treaty Override? The New Oecd Multilateral Tax Instrument And Its Limits, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Haiyan Xu
A Global Treaty Override? The New Oecd Multilateral Tax Instrument And Its Limits, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah, Haiyan Xu
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article will proceed as follows. Section 2 summarizes the main provisions of the MLI. Section 3 discusses the purpose of tax treaties in the twenty-first century, because it can be argued that they are less necessary under conditions of tax competition. Section 4 raises the question whether tax treaties can be improved short of a full-fledged multilateral tax treaty by inserting a most favored nation (MFN) provision similar to those found in bilateral investment treaties. Such an MFN provision operates over time to create a de facto multilateral treaty without the negotiation of one. Section 5 concludes this article.
Reasoned Awards In International Commercial Arbitration: Embracing And Exceeding The Common Law-Civil Law Dichotomy, S. I. Strong
Reasoned Awards In International Commercial Arbitration: Embracing And Exceeding The Common Law-Civil Law Dichotomy, S. I. Strong
Michigan Journal of International Law
Unlike many types of domestic arbitration where unreasoned awards (often called “standard awards”) are the norm, international commercial arbitration routinely requires arbitrators to produce fully reasoned awards. However, very little information exists as to what constitutes a reasoned award in the international commercial context or how to write such an award. This lacuna is extremely problematic given the ever-increasing number of international commercial arbitrations that arise every year and the significant individual and societal costs that can result from a badly written award. Although this Article is aimed primarily at specialists in international commercial arbitration, the material is also useful …
The Boundaries Of Most Favored Nation Treatment In International Investment Law, Tony Cole
The Boundaries Of Most Favored Nation Treatment In International Investment Law, Tony Cole
Michigan Journal of International Law
Contemporary international investment law is characterized by fragmentation. Disputes are heard by a variety of tribunals, which often are constituted solely for the purpose of hearing a single claim. The law applicable in a dispute is usually found in a bilateral agreement, applicable only between the two states connected to the dispute, rather than in a multilateral treaty or customary international law. Moreover, the international investment community itself is profoundly divided on many issues of substantive law, meaning both that the interpretation given to international investment law by a tribunal will be determined largely by those who sit on it, …
The Sounds Of Silence: Are U.S. Arbitrators Creating Internationally Enforceable Awards When Ordering Class Arbitration In Cases Of Contractual Silence Or Ambiguity?, S. I. Strong
Michigan Journal of International Law
Before outlining the structure of this Article, it is useful to clarify two matters regarding definitions and scope. First, in the context of this Article, an "international class award" is an award resulting from an international class arbitration. There are three different types of international class arbitrations: (1) a class arbitration that includes at least one defendant from a country other than the seat of the arbitration, which means that enforcement of an award will have international implications; (2) a class arbitration that involves defendants that may be based in the arbitral forum but that also hold significant foreign assets …
Condominum Arrangements In International Practice: Reviving An Abandoned Concept Of Boundary Dispute Resolution, Joel H. Samuels
Condominum Arrangements In International Practice: Reviving An Abandoned Concept Of Boundary Dispute Resolution, Joel H. Samuels
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Article attempts to revive the consideration of condominium as a possible solution to contemporary boundary disputes. Part I describes specific historic instances of condominia and derives relevant lessons from each instance. Part II notes that some critics of condominium have in fact confused condominium with other forms of joint dominion over territory. This Part proceeds, therefore, to distinguish condominium from these other arrangements. Next, Part III discusses how experiences with common property regimes over common resources (such as water supplies) might inform the contemporary use of condominium. Finally, informed by lessons articulated in Parts I through III, Part IV …
Arbitral Law-Making, Thomas E. Carbonneau
Arbitral Law-Making, Thomas E. Carbonneau
Michigan Journal of International Law
Diversity--of a cultural, economic, religious, and political kind—exists not only among nation-states and in the sources and interpretation of international law, but also among the group of commentators who study the interactions of transborder actors and institutions. For example, sociologists interested in the global community seek to identify emerging entities and activities and to elaborate conceptual models that explain the new differentiations within the traditional pattern. Some of them have a mounting interest in the fashioning of transborder commercial justice by international arbitrators and private arbitral institutions. Who are these new players? How did they acquire their mandate? Further, how …
Fit And Functional In Legal Ethics: Developing A Code Of Conduct For International Arbitration, Catherine A. Rogers
Fit And Functional In Legal Ethics: Developing A Code Of Conduct For International Arbitration, Catherine A. Rogers
Michigan Journal of International Law
In this Article, the author develops a methodology for prescribing the normative content of a code of ethics for international arbitration, and in a forthcoming companion article, integrated mechanisms for making those norms both binding and enforceable are proposed. In making these proposals, the author rejects the classical conception of legal ethics as a purely deontological product derived from first principles. This Article argues, instead, that ethics derive from the inter-relational functional role of advocates in an adjudicatory system, and that ethical regulation must correlate with the structural operations of the system. The fit between ethics and function, the author …
Awarding Costs And Attorneys' Fees In International Commercial Arbitrations, John Yukio Gotanda
Awarding Costs And Attorneys' Fees In International Commercial Arbitrations, John Yukio Gotanda
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Article examines the practice of awarding costs and fees in international commercial arbitrations. Part I reviews the history of awarding costs and fees and the approaches that countries have adopted to resolve these claims. It concludes that an overwhelming number of countries permit such awards and follow the principle that the losing party should reimburse the prevailing party for expenses incurred in connection with the arbitration, including attorneys' fees. Part II examines the approaches used by international arbitral tribunals in resolving claims for costs and fees and finds that they are inadequate. Part Ill proposes a new model for …
An Examination Of The Developments In Chapter 19 Antidumping Decisions Under The North American Free Trade Agreement (Nafta): The Implications And Suggestions For Reform For The Next Century Based On The Experience Of Nafta After The First Five Years, Kenneth J. Pippin
Michigan Journal of International Law
This paper describes the themes in the Chapter 19 antidumping panel decisions that have developed over the first five years of NAFTA. Part I provides a brief overview of the Chapter 19 panel process and the method of antidumping determinations for each NAFTA party. Part II presents statistics on the number and types of antidumping panel decisions made under the first five years of NAFTA. Finally, Part III explores the most significant themes in the antidumping Chapter 19 panel decisions and discusses their implications for reforming the Chapter 19 panel process.
Getting Along: The Evolution Of Dispute Resolution Regimes In International Trade Organizations, Andrea Kupfer Schneider
Getting Along: The Evolution Of Dispute Resolution Regimes In International Trade Organizations, Andrea Kupfer Schneider
Michigan Journal of International Law
In the face of the remarkable growth of international organizations in the last fifty years, scholars in multiple disciplines have sought to explain why and how states cooperate. Dispute resolution is one of the most crucial components of international cooperation. Examining the dispute resolution regimes of international organizations in light of these theories can inform and help reform these evolving regimes.
The Badinter Commission: The Use And Misuse Of The International Court Of Justice's Jurisprudence, Michla Pomerance
The Badinter Commission: The Use And Misuse Of The International Court Of Justice's Jurisprudence, Michla Pomerance
Michigan Journal of International Law
It has long been the dream of those anxious to increase the role of adjudication in international relations that the International Court of Justice ("ICJ," "International Court," or "the Court") would act in the international arena as a superior court-a forum whose pronouncements would nourish, sustain, and help unify the jurisprudence of other international tribunals, whether of an ad hoc or standing nature, and of national courts handling international law issues. In the context of self-determination, the Arbitration Commission of the European Community's Conference for Peace in Yugoslavia ("the Badinter Commission," "the Commission," or "the Arbitration Commission") would appear, at …
Procedural Issues In Wto Dispute Resolution, Peter Lichtenbaum
Procedural Issues In Wto Dispute Resolution, Peter Lichtenbaum
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article identifies particularly significant procedural issues that are arising in WTO dispute resolution and comments on the possible evolutionary paths of the law. This task requires that the article strike a balance between breadth of coverage and depth of coverage. As a result, the article does not aim to provide a complete discussion of all aspects of the WTO dispute resolution system and generally does not discuss issues that have not been addressed by WTO panels. The article does not seek to provide an exhaustive analysis of each issue discussed, and therefore deals briefly with the background under the …
Of Substantial Interest: Third Parties Under Gatt, Chi Carmody
Of Substantial Interest: Third Parties Under Gatt, Chi Carmody
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article's examination of the status of third parties under GATT is important for several reasons, one of which is the proliferation of third party participation as demonstrated by Bananas III. A second reason for its importance is that there has been little written about third parties under GATT. This neglect stands in sharp contrast to ample literature on the related subject of greater public participation in the WTO. The oversight could be a function of GATT dispute resolution, which did not always enjoy the level of public attention it garners today. Until recently the GATT system handled no …
Decisionmaking And Dispute Resolution In The Free Trade Area Of The Americas: An Essay In Trade Governance, Frank J. Garcia
Decisionmaking And Dispute Resolution In The Free Trade Area Of The Americas: An Essay In Trade Governance, Frank J. Garcia
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Article examines certain theoretical and structural issues to be resolved in creation of the FTAA's governing institutions, and proposes an outline for these institutions, drawing upon regime theory's analysis of international organizations, the range of existing trade institutions found among the hemisphere's RTAs, and indications of the Summit countries' present goals and interests. The Article begins by summarizing Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal's concept of "mesoinstitutions," a new regime theory tool for identifying the roles played and benefits conferred by 1Os in international relations. Parts I.B and I.C then apply mesoinstitutions theory to the primary governance mechanisms of the …
Reformulated Gasoline Under Reformulated Wto Dispute Settlement Procedures: Pulling Pandora Out Of A Chapeau?, Jeffrey Waincymer
Reformulated Gasoline Under Reformulated Wto Dispute Settlement Procedures: Pulling Pandora Out Of A Chapeau?, Jeffrey Waincymer
Michigan Journal of International Law
Part I of the article begins by outlining existing GATT/WTO provisions concerning trade-related environmental measures which were relevant to the Reformulated Gasoline case. Part II then outlines the facts in the dispute and gives a brief introduction to the decisions at the Panel and Appellate Body stages. Part III deals with the present and potential implications for the appellate process in terms of the substance of the dispute, the methodology and procedure adopted, and the wider issues that the case brings to attention. This Part also addresses some of the theoretical and practical issues that affect the question of the …
Resolving Economic Disputes In Russia's Market Economy, Karen Halverson
Resolving Economic Disputes In Russia's Market Economy, Karen Halverson
Michigan Journal of International Law
The purpose of this paper is to examine the recent transformation of state arbitrazh into economic courts along with the development of commercial arbitration in Russia, and to consider the relative utility of these mechanisms for resolving disputes in Russia's evolving market economy. Part I describes state arbitrazh and details its evolution into the existing system of economic courts. Part II discusses the past and recent development of commercial arbitration in Russia as an alternative to litigating domestic disputes. Part III considers various social and historic factors that hinder genuine reform.
The World Trade Organization: A New Legal Order For World Trade?, Thomas J. Dillon Jr.
The World Trade Organization: A New Legal Order For World Trade?, Thomas J. Dillon Jr.
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article will describe in some detail the most dramatic modifications within the framework of the multilateral trading system designed to support the projected trade expansion, namely, the new organizational structure under the WTO and the new dispute settlement procedures. The article will evaluate these changes against the backdrop of the Bretton Woods System as originally conceived and will highlight the debate surrounding whether the nature of the trade regulating body ought to be adjudicatory or negotiatory. Finally, the author offers conclusions, perspectives, and comments regarding the future development of the world trading system.
The Obligation To Negotiate In International Law: Rules And Realities, Martin A. Rogoff
The Obligation To Negotiate In International Law: Rules And Realities, Martin A. Rogoff
Michigan Journal of International Law
Considered in this article is the important question of whether the obligation to negotiate imposes an affirmative obligation on a state to seek actively negotiations with the other interested state or states before it can legally engage in certain activities, or whether the obligation to negotiate simply requires the state subject to the obligation to respond favorably when asked by the other state or states to enter into negotiations.
The International Commercial Arbitration Explosion: More Rules, More Laws, More Books, So What?, James H. Carter
The International Commercial Arbitration Explosion: More Rules, More Laws, More Books, So What?, James H. Carter
Michigan Journal of International Law
Review of The UNCITRAL Framework for Arbitration in Contemporary Perspective by Isaak I. Dore
Old Wine, New Skins: Nafta And The Evolution Of International Trade Dispute Resolution, Andrew Kayumi Rosa
Old Wine, New Skins: Nafta And The Evolution Of International Trade Dispute Resolution, Andrew Kayumi Rosa
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Note examines NAFTA's effort in meeting the needs of the moment (i.e., North American integration) and those of the future (i.e., hemispheric integration) regarding the issue of dispute resolution. Dispute resolution is key to any trade agreement; without an effective means of settling specific disputes and enforcing provisions generally, parties will have a little incentive to honor their trade commitments. Moreover, ineffective dispute resolution hurts smaller, less developed countries in agreements with larger, more developed countries, because the larger countries will be tempted to use their economic leverage to solve disputes to the disadvantage of the smaller ones. A …
Drafting Dispute Resolution Clauses For Western Investment And Joint Ventures In Eastern Europe, Mary Theresa Kaloupek
Drafting Dispute Resolution Clauses For Western Investment And Joint Ventures In Eastern Europe, Mary Theresa Kaloupek
Michigan Journal of International Law
This Note discusses issues the practitioner should consider in drafting a dispute resolution provision for a client investing in one of the newly democratizing countries. Part I will discuss arbitration law in Eastern Europe; the dispute resolution provisions in the various foreign investment laws; the applicable national law; and each nation's enforcement procedures for arbitral awards issued in other nations. Part II reviews the dispute resolution provisions in various bilateral and multilateral treaties relating to foreign investment including the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID Convention) and the informal agreements between the American Arbitration Association (AAA) and the …
Strategy And Compliance With Bilateral Trade Dispute Settlement Agreements: Ustr's Section 301 Experience In The Pacific Basin, Michael P. Ryan
Strategy And Compliance With Bilateral Trade Dispute Settlement Agreements: Ustr's Section 301 Experience In The Pacific Basin, Michael P. Ryan
Michigan Journal of International Law
The paper is laid out in five parts. First, the conceptual linkages among strategy, goals, and agreement compliance are developed. Second, the study research design and findings are reported. Third, the strategy of trade dispute settlement negotiation is discussed with regard to bureaucratic politics. Fourth, case evidence that illustrates the key study findings is reviewed. Finally, effective monitoring and the notion of unilateral surveillance within the context of the present GATT-based, multilateral trading system are explored.
The Ec Hormone Ban Dispute And The Application Of The Dispute Settlement Provisions Of The Standards Code, Allen Dick
The Ec Hormone Ban Dispute And The Application Of The Dispute Settlement Provisions Of The Standards Code, Allen Dick
Michigan Journal of International Law
As the concept of a unified European market becomes more of a reality as we approach 1992, talk of a "Fortress Europe" has heightened sensitivity on trade issues among officials of the United States and the European Community ("EC"). The EC's plan to ban the sale of meat treated with growth hormones within the Member-States has presented a trade issue disconcerting to both sides. This brewing tempest has raised many interesting legal issues involving the dispute settlement provisions set out in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade ("Standards Code"). This note examines why the process failed to resolve, and …