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Articles 1 - 30 of 34
Full-Text Articles in Law
New Judicial Hostility To Arbitration: Federal Preemption, Contract Unconscionability, And Agreements To Arbitrate, The, Steven J. Burton
New Judicial Hostility To Arbitration: Federal Preemption, Contract Unconscionability, And Agreements To Arbitrate, The, Steven J. Burton
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Part I of this Article sketches the basics of arbitration law and practice, and traces the development of the federal policy favoring arbitration, to establish a basis for evaluating contemporary judicial decisions. Part II examines the justification for the policy favoring arbitration and the reasons contracting parties may prefer arbitration. Part III evaluates the reasons courts give for finding arbitration agreements in employment and consumer contexts unconscionable, and therefore, unenforceable. The conclusion is that many courts make many clearly erroneous decisions, including decisions that are unconstitutional because they are preempted.
Thou Shalt Love Thy Neighbor: Rluipa And The Mediation Of Religious Land Use Disputes, Jeffrey H. Goldfien
Thou Shalt Love Thy Neighbor: Rluipa And The Mediation Of Religious Land Use Disputes, Jeffrey H. Goldfien
Journal of Dispute Resolution
The question addressed in this article is whether existing systems for processing religious land use claims are well-suited to the task. The conclusion is that they are not, and that local officials and others involved in religious land use disputes ought to consider employing mediation at an early stage. The main virtue of mediation in this context is the opportunity it provides for disputants to meet face-to-face in an effort to understand the views of others, even if they do not agree with them. Facilitated dialogues among persons with differing perspectives is precisely what is missing from the traditional systems …
Resolving Conflict Together: The Understanding-Based Model Of Mediation, Gary Friedman, Jack Himmelstein
Resolving Conflict Together: The Understanding-Based Model Of Mediation, Gary Friedman, Jack Himmelstein
Journal of Dispute Resolution
The following excerpt is from a book in progress-tentatively titled, Resolving Conflict Together: The Understanding-Based Model of Mediation-that is planned to be published in 2007 by the American Bar Association. In this book, we seek to set out the approach to mediation that we have been developing through our work with the Center for Mediation in Law (the Center). We have termed this approach the "Understanding-Based Model" of mediation. The book develops twelve mediation cases, in which Gary served as mediator and which, with commentary, serve to transmit our approach to mediation. Each case focuses on a different aspect of …
Adding Judicial Mediation To The Debate About Judges Attempting To Settle Cases Assigned To Them For Trial, Peter Robinson
Adding Judicial Mediation To The Debate About Judges Attempting To Settle Cases Assigned To Them For Trial, Peter Robinson
Journal of Dispute Resolution
The article then explores the ramifications of the Uniform Mediation Act's express inapplicability of its confidentiality provisions to a mediation "conducted by a judge who might make a ruling on the case." Finally, the article suggests how the advent of judicial mediation might lead to standards of practice that would clarify the law and resolve the debate about judges conducting either settlement conferences or mediations for cases assigned to them for trial.
Reflections On A Mindful Giant: A Tribute To Len Riskin, Margaret Shaw
Reflections On A Mindful Giant: A Tribute To Len Riskin, Margaret Shaw
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Len Riskin is a man who is usually associated with raisins. This is because he is known for getting you to close your eyes and picture grapes growing on a vine somewhere in South America and after a really, really long time and a really, really long trip for those grapes, you get to take a miniscule bite out of the raisin you have been holding that gradually has become the focus of all of your attention.
After Basic Mindfulness Mediation: External Mindfulness, Emotional Truthfulness, And Lie Detection In Dispute Resolution, Clark Freshman
After Basic Mindfulness Mediation: External Mindfulness, Emotional Truthfulness, And Lie Detection In Dispute Resolution, Clark Freshman
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Some years ago, our mutual friend, Carrie Menkel-Meadow, suggested Len Riskin and I talk about our shared interest in mindfulness meditation and negotiation. At the time, I had students sit quietly, eyes closed, get in touch with what was going on before a negotiation, write it out, and then crumple up the paper. It was a primitive form of meditation and journaling and, as I look back through research, not a very sound theoretical or empirically-supported way to help.' Eventually, mindfulness meditation and practices helped move me from my very primitive attempts at mindfulness to a very rich practice that …
State Legislative Update, Melissa Blair, Michael Benton, Jessica Gunder, David Lefevre
State Legislative Update, Melissa Blair, Michael Benton, Jessica Gunder, David Lefevre
Journal of Dispute Resolution
As of December 1, 2006, twenty-eight states have enacted some type of right to cure legislation. On April, 28, 2006, Georgia, one of the twenty-eight, amended its construction defect dispute resolution procedures to clarify the responsibilities of the parties. Pennsylvania attempted to become the twenty-ninth, the bill having passed both houses of the legislature, but the Governor vetoed the bill on March 17. Right to cure legislation was considered in South Dakota, but it was deferred to the 36th Legislative Day on February 8, 2006.
Mediator As Peacemaker: The Case For Activist Transformative-Narrative Mediation, Christopher Harper
Mediator As Peacemaker: The Case For Activist Transformative-Narrative Mediation, Christopher Harper
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This article proposes an approach to mediation encompassing aspects of both of these takes on mediation, something one might loosely think of as "activist transformative-narrative mediation." Essentially, this approach assumes the aspirations and ideology of Professor Gunning's "activist" take on transformative mediation and achieves those aspirations using techniques from narrative mediation. By employing this approach, mediators can actively assist parties to identify and achieve reconciliation, peace, and justice.
Courts Have The Final Say: Does The Doctrine Of Manifest Disregard Promote Lawful Arbitral Awards Or Disguise Unlawful Judicial Review, Lindsay Biesterfeld
Courts Have The Final Say: Does The Doctrine Of Manifest Disregard Promote Lawful Arbitral Awards Or Disguise Unlawful Judicial Review, Lindsay Biesterfeld
Journal of Dispute Resolution
In exchange for a speedy, economical dispute resolution process, parties that submit to binding arbitration assume the risk that an arbitrator might misapply the law. United States Supreme Court precedent and federal law favor agreements to arbitrate by limiting judicial review of arbitral awards and requiring courts to "rigorously enforce arbitration agreements." These judicial constraints support the arbitral goals of efficiency and finality by reducing the risk that arbitral awards will be vacated on appeal. To balance the risk that arbitrators may abuse this standard of review, courts have supplemented restricted judicial review with a doctrine that allows an arbitral …
Closing The Door, But Opening A Window: The Supreme Court's Reaffirmation Of Applying The Federal Arbitration Act To The States, Caroline Kornelis
Closing The Door, But Opening A Window: The Supreme Court's Reaffirmation Of Applying The Federal Arbitration Act To The States, Caroline Kornelis
Journal of Dispute Resolution
The instant case reinforces two key Supreme Court cases regarding the enforcement of arbitration agreements, and the requirement that when parties disagree about the validity of a contract which contains an arbitration clause, the dispute should go directly to an arbitrator, and not be determined by a court. While this case adds no new law to the arbitration landscape per se, it does reaffirm the Supreme Court's, as well as Congress's, firm stance on promoting arbitration. At first glance, the opinion seems to be a cut and dry reaffirmation of principles that have been present in Unites States Supreme Court …
How Can A Mediator Be Both Impartial And Fair: Why Ethical Standards Of Conduct Create Chaos For Mediators, Susan Nauss Exon
How Can A Mediator Be Both Impartial And Fair: Why Ethical Standards Of Conduct Create Chaos For Mediators, Susan Nauss Exon
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This article focuses on newly developing Standards designed to regulate the mediation industry with respect to civil disputes. The particular focus is on the mediator's requirements of neutrality and impartiality and whether these requirements are impacted by assurances of a fair result and other fairness concepts such as a balanced process and informed decision making. The basic problem is that mediators are guided by Standards and stand-alone definitions of mediation, yet many Standards contain contradictory or vague provisions. Furthermore, the mediator's actual role may be dictated by her own personal style, values, and commercial needs in conjunction with the parties' …
Working With Len, James E. Westbrook
Working With Len, James E. Westbrook
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Len Riskin joined the MU faculty in 1984. Our faculty had voted in response to a recommendation of Dean Dale Whitman to begin a new emphasis on alternative dispute resolution. My recollection is that we had a group of very capable teachers with a traditional bent. On the other hand, they had an open mind about trying something new and they got along with each other very well. The kind of faculty we had and the leadership provided by Len, Dale Whitman and a few faculty members such as Tim Heinsz enabled us to do something that surprised a lot …
Faa Preemption By Choice-Of-Law Provisions: Enforceable Or Unenforceable, Ross Ball
Faa Preemption By Choice-Of-Law Provisions: Enforceable Or Unenforceable, Ross Ball
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Generally, choice-of-law provisions allow corporations that do business in several states or countries to draft their agreements and conduct their business in accordance with the law they choose. When the choice-of-law provision is contained in a contract that does not have an agreement to arbitrate, courts generally have no qualms about enforcing them. However, when the contract does contain an agreement to arbitrate, courts are reluctant to enforce the choice-of-law provision as to the arbitration agreement because the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) governs arbitration agreements. This issue has been the source of much confusion and litigation in the field of …
No Do-Overs For Parties Who Agree To Limit Review Of An Arbitrator's Decision, Patrick Gill
No Do-Overs For Parties Who Agree To Limit Review Of An Arbitrator's Decision, Patrick Gill
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Under the FAA, review of arbitration awards is limited to specific circumstances. However, in many instances, these default rules can be modified by contractual provisions including increasing or decreasing the level of review of arbitration awards. Although a broader scope of review is contrary to the main purposes of arbitration, courts have held that a contractual provision expanding judicial review is permissible. Furthermore, in some limited circumstances, courts have held that a contractual limitation on judicial review is permitted by the FAA where the restriction is clearly manifested in the contract and the process will not become unfair as a …
What We Know And What We Should Know About American Trial Trends, Margo Schlanger
What We Know And What We Should Know About American Trial Trends, Margo Schlanger
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This brief essay first summarizes some of that knowledge-in particular, the chief features we know about the shrinking civil trial docket in federal district courts. Next, it proposes four areas of future investigation necessary to understand the contours of the trend and to assess its causes. Then, I bring together the causal hypotheses that have already been proposed, none of which has yet been securely tested. Finally, in an appended bibliography, I list data sources, reports, and scholarly analyses that will be useful to those doing future work.
When We Hold No Truths To Be Self-Evident: Truth, Belief, Trust, And The Decline In Trials, Lisa Blomgren Bingham
When We Hold No Truths To Be Self-Evident: Truth, Belief, Trust, And The Decline In Trials, Lisa Blomgren Bingham
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This article will explore the relationship between the "vanishing trial" and the changing ways in which we think about truth. First, it briefly overviews how we think about knowing what is true: epistemology and this history of philosophy. Second, it looks to the philosophy of science and history of social science for new theories and methods about how we ascertain and construct meaning and what we believe to be real and true. Third, it examines our changing relation to information in the face of the "information explosion": information is the evidence upon which we reach a conclusion about what is …
When Confidentiality Is Not Essential To Mediation And Competing Interests Necessitate Disclosure, Patrick Gill
When Confidentiality Is Not Essential To Mediation And Competing Interests Necessitate Disclosure, Patrick Gill
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Mediation is a process where a neutral intervener helps disputing parties develop a mutually beneficial resolution. Confidentiality is an established element of mediation. In general, confidentiality furthers the ability of the parties to seek mutually beneficial outcomes to disputes that would otherwise customarily produce a win/lose result. Confidentiality encourages parties to explore their underlying interests, without fear of the repercussions of revealing such information. Arguments are asserted that mediation will not succeed without the assurance that communications will be protected by a confidentiality privilege. The Uniform Mediation Act (UMA) has attempted to clarify the various confidentiality protections afforded by individual …
How Far Is Too Far: Reexamining The Continuing Extension Of Arbitral Immunity To Arbitral Organizations, Elizabeth Wilhelmi
How Far Is Too Far: Reexamining The Continuing Extension Of Arbitral Immunity To Arbitral Organizations, Elizabeth Wilhelmi
Journal of Dispute Resolution
The protection of arbitration proceedings from judicial inquiry is restricted not only by the limited grounds for vacatur, but also by the application of arbitral immunity, a protection derived from the judicial immunity applied to judges. This immunity strengthens the finality of arbitration by restricting judicial review of decisions protected by arbitral immunity, but at the same time, it raises the question of whether courts should give arbitration the same broad immunity that protects judges. Despite the differences between arbitration and the judicial system, the courts have applied arbitral immunity to the arbitrator's acts in the same way as they …
Introduction To Vanishing Trial Symposium, John Lande
Introduction To Vanishing Trial Symposium, John Lande
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This symposium in the Journal of Dispute Resolution takes the next step. It includes some analysis of trial court phenomena in the U.S. and expands the focus with greater emphasis on (1) investigation of trial trends outside U.S. courts, (2) explanations of the causes of changing trial patterns, (3) speculations about possible effects of changing litigation patterns, and (4) recommendations to improve the operation of the legal system.
Vanishing Trials: An English Perspective, Robert Dingwall, Emilie Cloatre
Vanishing Trials: An English Perspective, Robert Dingwall, Emilie Cloatre
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This paper reviews the recent history of civil litigation in England and Wales. While previous work by Professor Kritzer has shown an absolute decline in trials over the last fifty years, with some fluctuation around this trend, this comment suggests that this may now have bottomed out. Given the evidence of a simultaneous, and continuing, decline in the number of claims filed, it may even be the case that trials are, at least temporarily, playing a larger part in the civil justice system than they have for many years. In contrast to the experience in the U.S., these changes seem …
Not Quite A World Without Trials: Why International Dispute Resolution Is Increasingly Judicialized, Andrea Kupfer Schneider
Not Quite A World Without Trials: Why International Dispute Resolution Is Increasingly Judicialized, Andrea Kupfer Schneider
Journal of Dispute Resolution
The focus of this brief essay is to first outline some of the factors leading to increasing judicialization on the international level where public disputes (disputes between countries) are increasingly resolved by a neutral third party. In some cases, this increased judicialization includes arbitration (which we might put under the category of ADR in the U.S.). However, the use of arbitration at the international level is not ADR as we would define it in the U.S., since the important element at the international level is that the decision-making power is handed over to a third party-whether we call that a …
Designer Trials, Elizabeth Thornburg
Designer Trials, Elizabeth Thornburg
Journal of Dispute Resolution
This article is a thought experiment, or maybe a nightmare, about the intersection of freedom of contract and the trials that have not vanished. Could contracting parties effectively agree in advance of a dispute that any litigation of the case will comply with certain rules? Would such an agreement be enforced even in a contract of adhesion? If so, parties with sufficient bargaining leverage could design away many of the characteristics of litigation that they find unappealing without the need to resort to private processes. The result: a designer trial with the procedural deck stacked in favor of the party …
Reconciling Professional Legal Education With The Evolving (Trial-Less) Reality Of Legal Practice, Julie Macfarlane, John Manwaring
Reconciling Professional Legal Education With The Evolving (Trial-Less) Reality Of Legal Practice, Julie Macfarlane, John Manwaring
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Our focus in this paper is the impact of these trends on legal education, especially professional legal education. What is undeniable is that lawyers (and judges) are more and more involved in legal tasks which are not related to trials. This does not necessarily mean that the practice of law is focused exclusively on settlement activities, although such activities are increasingly important. Pre-trial processes and procedures including motions, discovery and mandatory settlement conferences take up more time than ever before. Lawyers are playing a different role, offering different kinds of service to their clients, and performing different tasks
Parties To International Commercial Arbitration Agreements Beware: Bankruptcy Trumps Supreme Court Precedent Favoring Arbitration Of International Disputes, Lindsay Biesterfeld
Parties To International Commercial Arbitration Agreements Beware: Bankruptcy Trumps Supreme Court Precedent Favoring Arbitration Of International Disputes, Lindsay Biesterfeld
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Phillips v. Congelton (In re White Mountain Mining Co.), presents a heightened version of the conflict between the general policy favoring enforcement of arbitration agreements and the policy favoring resolution of bankruptcy-related claims in the bankruptcy court proceedings as the case involves a dispute over the enforcement of an international agreement to arbitrate a claim that is a "core" bankruptcy proceeding. In Phillips, the Fourth Circuit analyzed the underlying purposes of both the bankruptcy code and the federal arbitration statutes, and resolved the conflicting purposes of the two by giving greater deference to the policy favoring resolution of bankruptcy-related claims …
World Without Trials, A, Marc Galanter
World Without Trials, A, Marc Galanter
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Imagine some friendly visitors to America-from Europe or Asia or even from Mars-who are seeking to comprehend the American legal system. Our Martian visitors would have seen A Civil Action and The Runaway Jury at the Red Canal multiplex and surely they have seen syndicated episodes of the ubiquitous Law and Order. Upon arrival they turn on the TV news in their hotel room and scan the newspaper slipped under the door and find both saturated with accounts of square-jawed wife murderers, egomaniacal corporate executives, and freakish entertainers on trial. Unsurprisingly, our visitors readily conclude that the trial is the …
Vanishing Or Increasing Trials In The Netherlands, Carolien Klein Haarhuis, Bert Niemeijer
Vanishing Or Increasing Trials In The Netherlands, Carolien Klein Haarhuis, Bert Niemeijer
Journal of Dispute Resolution
In this article, we will address the question of whether something like vanishing trials exists in the Netherlands. This could be the case, as some of the causes of the decline in the number of trials advanced by Galanter are also observed in the Netherlands. ADR is gaining popularity, the costs of court procedures are on the rise, and there clearly exists a development toward "managerial justice."
Worlds In A Small Room, Christopher Honeyman
Worlds In A Small Room, Christopher Honeyman
Journal of Dispute Resolution
In the lead article of this symposium, Marc Galanter points out that steeply declining trial rates hold true across a variety of trial genres, including state and federal courts, criminal and civil matters, and even federal administrative agencies' own trial equivalents. This brief essay will explore a new setting in which to examine Galanter's thesis.