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Articles 331 - 360 of 376
Full-Text Articles in Law
Felony Murder And Child Abuse: A Proposal For The New York Legislature, Barry Bendetowies
Felony Murder And Child Abuse: A Proposal For The New York Legislature, Barry Bendetowies
Fordham Urban Law Journal
"Lisa Steinberg's head was hit so hard her injuries matched those of a person who had fallen out of a three-story window. Over the course of three months, investigators believed that Jessica Cortez was beaten numerous times with fists, a ruler, and a belt by her mother's companion who, in addition, sexually abused her. Lisa and Jessica are only two of the many New York City children who have died as a result of child abuse in recent years; at least 126 other children died at the hands of abusive adults in 1988 alone. This alarming and ever increasing statistic …
Charleston Policy: Substance Or Abuse, The , Kimani Paul-Emile
Charleston Policy: Substance Or Abuse, The , Kimani Paul-Emile
Faculty Scholarship
In 1989, the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) adopted a policy that, according to subjective criteria, singled out for drug testing, certain women who sought prenatal care and childbirth services would be tested for prohibited substances. Women who tested positive were arrested, incarcerated and prosecuted for crimes ranging from misdemeanor substance possession to felony substance distribution to a minor. In this Article, the Author argues that by intentionally targeting indigent Black women for prosecution, the MUSC Policy continued the United States legacy of their systematic oppression and resulted in the criminalizing of Black Motherhood.
Her Brother's Keeper: The Prosecutor's Responsibility When Defense Counsel Has A Potential Conflict Of Interest , Bruce A. Green
Her Brother's Keeper: The Prosecutor's Responsibility When Defense Counsel Has A Potential Conflict Of Interest , Bruce A. Green
Faculty Scholarship
What are the responsibilities of a prosecutor when she learns in the course of preparing for trial that defense counsel has a potential conflict of interest? Must the prosecutor alert defense counsel and the trial judge to the problem? May she move to disqualify defense counsel? This Article explores the responsibilities that courts have begun to, and ought to, impose on prosecutors. In large part, the prosecutor's responsibilities are subordinate to those of defense counsel and the trial judge, who have the primary responsibility to ensure that the defendant's right to independent counsel is not unfairly abridged. Therefore, as background …
Blaming The Victim: The Admissibility Of Sexual History In Homicides, Joan L. Brown
Blaming The Victim: The Admissibility Of Sexual History In Homicides, Joan L. Brown
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note analyzes whether legislation analogous to rape-shield statutes should be enacted to limit testimony concerning the prior sexual history of a murder victim. The Note discusses the historical development of rape-shield statutes and the policies underlying their enactment, examines the constitutional of rape-shield statutes, and discusses the rationale behind state court decisions upholding the constitutionality of rape-shield statutes. The Note then considers whether existing law concerning the right of privacy and testimonial privileges may be construed to enable the family members of a murder victim to prevent the exposure of a deceased victim's sexual past. Based upon this analysis, …
Human Biology And Criminal Responsibility: Free Will Of Free Ride ?, Deborah W. Denno
Human Biology And Criminal Responsibility: Free Will Of Free Ride ?, Deborah W. Denno
Faculty Scholarship
This Comment presents three major arguments concerning biological deficiency defenses, using, respectively, a critique of biosocial science research, a statistical model of biological and sociological data, and an examination of theories and philosophies on causation and behavior. First, this Comment argues that there should be no defense to mitigate criminal responsibility except in the less that one percent of cases eligible for the insanity defense. Second, this Comment argues that social science research has not successfully demonstrated sufficiently strong links between biological factors and criminal behavior to warrant major consideration in determining criminal responsibility. Third, this Comment demonstrates that no …
The Unanimous Acquittal Instruction: A Rational Approach To Instructing Jurors On Lesser Included Offenses, David Y. Atlas
The Unanimous Acquittal Instruction: A Rational Approach To Instructing Jurors On Lesser Included Offenses, David Y. Atlas
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note proposes that all courts embrace the unanimous acquittal instruction because it encourages the jury to engage in an effective and conscientious deliberative process. The disagreement instruction not only fosters imprudent decision making, but also invites the jury to abuse its power to render a compromise verdict and thus is a wholly inappropriate method for instructing jurors on their consideration of lesser included offenses. Part II of this Note explores the background of the lesser offense doctrine, the elements of each instruction and the rationale behind recent judicial precedent in this area. Part III sets forth empirical research on …
Partaker Or Prey? Futures Commission Merchants Under Civil Rico And The Commodity Exchange Act, Robert G. Lendino
Partaker Or Prey? Futures Commission Merchants Under Civil Rico And The Commodity Exchange Act, Robert G. Lendino
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) has a civil statutory scheme that broadly allows "any person" to recover damages if he has been injured in his business or property by reason of a defendant's violation of section 1962 the Act. While the statute was aimed at organized crime, it has been used far more against legitimate businesses. Courts continuously wrestle with the broad language of the statute. The author discusses two questions regarding the interpretation of Civil RICO that remain unanswered: whether the same entity can be the "culpable person" and the "enterprise" under Section 1962(a); and if so, …
Self-Love And The Judicial Power To Appoint A Special Prosecutor Symposium On Special Prosecutions And The Role Of The Independent Counsel, James A. Cohen
Self-Love And The Judicial Power To Appoint A Special Prosecutor Symposium On Special Prosecutions And The Role Of The Independent Counsel, James A. Cohen
Faculty Scholarship
Judicial appointment of private attorneys as special prosecutors has occurred and is permitted to occur in a variety of contexts other than when the executive branch is faced with a potential or actual conflict of interest. Until recently, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals and, of course, district courts within the Second Circuit, have interpreted Rule 42(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure to permit judicial appointment of a private attorney to prosecute conduct allegedly violative of a court order as criminal contempt. Courts have been most active in appointing private attorneys as special prosecutors in cases involving counterfeit …
Felony Murder And The Misdemeanor Of Attempted Escape: A Legislative Error In Search Of Correction, Peter J. Mcquillan
Felony Murder And The Misdemeanor Of Attempted Escape: A Legislative Error In Search Of Correction, Peter J. Mcquillan
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This article argues that a legislative reconsideration of the New York felony murder doctrine is timely and essential. The author traces the origins of New York's felony murder statute and recent efforts to limit its scope. The author argues that the felony murder doctrine contravenes the modern philosophy of adjudication based on subjective factors such as mens rea, eroding the link between criminal liability and moral culpability.
New York's System Of Indeterminate Sentencing And Parole: Should It Be Abolished?, Jeanine M. Schupbach
New York's System Of Indeterminate Sentencing And Parole: Should It Be Abolished?, Jeanine M. Schupbach
Fordham Urban Law Journal
New York State's indeterminate sentencing and parole system of 1985 resulted in sentence disparity, uncertain and prolonged prison terms and prisoner unrest rather than in peaceful prison rehabilitation. The length of imprisonment and time of release under an indeterminate sentencing system are dependent upon the prisoner's need for and responsiveness to correctional treatment programs. In response to the problems of indeterminate sentencing, the federal government and several state legislatures abandoned or modified indeterminacy and have adopted a variety of fixed sentencing plans. This Note describes the history and development of the indeterminate sentencing and parole system. It exposes the flaws …
Death After Life: The Future Of New York's Mandatory Death Penalty For Murders Committed By Life-Term Prisoners, Andrea Galbo
Death After Life: The Future Of New York's Mandatory Death Penalty For Murders Committed By Life-Term Prisoners, Andrea Galbo
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note analyzes the relevant Supreme Court death penalty decisions from 1972 to 1985 in order to compare New York's mandatory death statute for life-term prisoners who murder with other state death penalty statutes that have been reviewed by the Supreme Court. After considering both the legal and nonlegal arguments, this Note concludes that there can not and should not be a mandatory death penalty for life-term prisoners who murder in New York. This Note recommends that the New York legislature draft a discretionary death penalty statute for life-term prisoners who murder. A discretionary death penalty statute, which provides for …
Civil Rico: A Call For A Uniform Statute Of Limitations, Michael J. Lane
Civil Rico: A Call For A Uniform Statute Of Limitations, Michael J. Lane
Fordham Urban Law Journal
RICO is a statute, originally developed to thwart organized crime. When read broadly, the statute, however, has been applied to non-organized crime activities. Thus, courts have now started applying four substantive requirements for use of the RICO statute: (1) requiring that the plaintiff must allege that the defendant has connection to organized crime, (2) limiting standing to a particular type of injury, (3) requiring the plaintiff to allege an enterprise distinct from the pattern of racketeering or from the defendant, and (4) permitting only civil RICO claims in instances where the defendant has been previously convicted of the predicate acts …
Executing Youthful Offenders: The Unanswered Question In Eddings V. Oklahoma, Rona L. Just
Executing Youthful Offenders: The Unanswered Question In Eddings V. Oklahoma, Rona L. Just
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The juvenile justice system was created to "treat" and to "rehabilitate" the juvenile offender. But transfers to the adult criminal system allows for juvenile offenders to receive the death penalty for capital crimes. This Note examines the theories of punishment underlying the death penalty, briefly discusses the creation of the juvenile court system and the mechanism of juvenile transfer. This Note then discusses the development of the death penalty by examining Supreme Court cases which have considered state laws challenged under the eighth amendment as forms of cruel and unusual punishment. Supreme Court decisions which have extended constitutional guarantees to …
Juvenile Detention Hearings: A Proposed Model Provision To Limit Discretion During The Preadjudicatory Stage, Carol Bombardi, Carol Bombardi, Carol Bombardi, Carol Bombardi
Juvenile Detention Hearings: A Proposed Model Provision To Limit Discretion During The Preadjudicatory Stage, Carol Bombardi, Carol Bombardi, Carol Bombardi, Carol Bombardi
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note addresses constitutional issues relevant to pretrial detention and identifies problematic aspects in the existing juvenile justice system. It examines state and model provisions regarding the detention of youths prior to trial and concentrates on the inclusion of the detention hearing as an element of detention schemes. This Note proposes a model state provision that utilizes the detention hearing to protect the preadjudicatory rights of juveniles and to reduce the risk that detention will be unnecessarily ordered.
Municipal Tort Liability For Criminal Attacks Against Passengers On Mass Transportation, Robert S. Ondrovic, Robert S. Ondrovic, Robert S. Ondrovic, Robert S. Ondrovic
Municipal Tort Liability For Criminal Attacks Against Passengers On Mass Transportation, Robert S. Ondrovic, Robert S. Ondrovic, Robert S. Ondrovic, Robert S. Ondrovic
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note discusses municipal tort liability for criminal attacks against passengers. The analysis focuses upon the liability of the New York City Transit Authority (TA). Comparisons are made to other mass transit systems in order to examine various theories concerning the duty owed by the municipally-run transit system to its passengers. Recommendations are offered to construct a clear standard of care with corresponding limits on liability. Further, this Note discusses various safety measures and will analyze the issues of whether the TA has assumed a duty to protect its passengers by developing such measures to combat subway crime and the …
Stop And Frisk In New York: Fleeing Suspects And Anonymous Tips, Kenneth M. Dorros, Kenneth M. Doros, Kenneth M. Doros, Kenneth M. Doros
Stop And Frisk In New York: Fleeing Suspects And Anonymous Tips, Kenneth M. Dorros, Kenneth M. Doros, Kenneth M. Doros, Kenneth M. Doros
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note focuses on two areas of uncertainty: the authority to stop and frisk fleeing suspects and the appropriate grounds to stop and frisk a suspect based on an anonymous tip. Four years ago, the ambiguities of a controversial New York Court of Appeals decision threw the lower courts into disarray as the standard of suspicion necessary to justify a police officer's pursuit of a fleeing suspect. This Note attempts to clarify those ambiguities and suggests a more reasonable approach for adoption by the court of appeals. This Note also explores the extent to which an anonymous tip can serve …
Retribution: New York's Answer To The Multiple Felony Offender, Edward P. Abbot
Retribution: New York's Answer To The Multiple Felony Offender, Edward P. Abbot
Fordham Urban Law Journal
On May 31, 1983, Governor Cuomo signed an amendment to the New York Penal Law into effect. This amendment significantly increases the maximum prison term for multiple felony offenders. This amendment is primarily a provision, which stems from a retributivist theory of punishment. The intent of this amendment is twofold: first, to do justice by implementing a punishment more proportionate to the severity of the offender's crime(s) and second, to incapacitate the offender by his extended removal from society. Retribution has been an accepted rationale for imposing punishment and remains so today. Thus, the statute deserves prompt judicial recognition.
The Effect Of External Pressures On Sentencing Judges, Eve Kunen
The Effect Of External Pressures On Sentencing Judges, Eve Kunen
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Aldoupolis v. Commonwealth illustrates three potential types of pressure on a sentencing judge: public opinion, opinions voiced by influential political figures, and opinions expressed by the press. This Comment explores the question of whether a sentencing judge may consider any of these pressures without violating the constitutional principles of procedural due process, the proscription against cruel and unusual punishment, equal protection, double jeopardy, and the common law-statutory proscription against abuse of discretion. Emphasis will be placed on public opinion, which often parallels the voices of those least heard by the criminal justice system: the victims.
Remarks Delivered At The Fordham-Stein Award Ceremony, William H. Webster
Remarks Delivered At The Fordham-Stein Award Ceremony, William H. Webster
Fordham Urban Law Journal
William H. Webster, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, delivered remarks upon presentation of the Fordham-Stein Award on October 28, 1982.
The Expanding Right To Counsel In New York, Debra M. Zverins
The Expanding Right To Counsel In New York, Debra M. Zverins
Fordham Urban Law Journal
A series of recent New York Court of Appeals decisions have upheld the right of a criminal suspect to have the assistance of an attorney at every stage of legal proceedings against him. This approach is considered by some to be problematic, imposing onerous burdens on police which impede effective law enforcement. This Note discusses the criminal defendant's pre-trial right to counsel in New York. Section II outlines the historical development of this fundamental right. Judicial expansions of the pre-trial right to counsel, including the People v. Bartolomeo decision, are analyzed in Section III with a view toward their effect …
Probable Cause Based On Inaccurate Computer Information: Taking Judicial Notice Of Ncic Operating Policies And Procedures, Patrick Hand
Probable Cause Based On Inaccurate Computer Information: Taking Judicial Notice Of Ncic Operating Policies And Procedures, Patrick Hand
Fordham Urban Law Journal
The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) is the most comprehensive computerized system for storing criminal justice information. It is managed by the FBI, but is used at the federal, state, and local level as an investigative tool. The use of computerized criminal information has raised questions in cases where an arrest was made relying on computer information which later proved to have been inaccurate. This Note discusses the fourth amendment implications of arrest based on inaccurate computer information and articulates the circumstances under which such an arrest should be upheld. NCIC safeguards are discussed and it is recommended that the …
Conjugal Violence: The Law Of Force And The Force Of Law , Maria Marcus
Conjugal Violence: The Law Of Force And The Force Of Law , Maria Marcus
Faculty Scholarship
The Article concludes that neither the impartial mission of the rule of law nor the neatly tooled goal of individual justice has been served by the governmental response to conjugal violence, and suggests the elements from which a valid approach may be constructed.
Criminal Discovery In New York: The Effect Of The New Article 240 , Thomas N. Kendris
Criminal Discovery In New York: The Effect Of The New Article 240 , Thomas N. Kendris
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Despite the many persuasive reasons for criminal discovery, its development in New York took place in a gradual, ad hoc manner. This led the New York State Legislature to enact the original article 240 in the Criminal Procedure Act (CPL) in 1971 which provided the courts with a consistent framework to discovery and significantly expanded an accused rights to evidence. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the original article 240, some significant problems that arose under it, and how the new enacted article 240 attempted to address the problems. The author then argues that the new statute could have …
Proposal For Determinate Sentencing In New York: The Effect On An Offender's Due Process Rights, John D. Winter
Proposal For Determinate Sentencing In New York: The Effect On An Offender's Due Process Rights, John D. Winter
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This Note examines the differences between indeterminate sentencing, the goal of which is rehabilitative, and determinate sentencing. It looks at the constitutional and procedural safeguards due to prisoners at sentencing. Finally, the Note looks at legislation introduced in New York and its proposals for changing the sentencing procedures.
Prisoners' Rights To Physical And Mental Health Care: A Modern Expansion Of The Eight Amendment's Cruel And Unusual Punishment Clause , Stuart Klein
Prisoners' Rights To Physical And Mental Health Care: A Modern Expansion Of The Eight Amendment's Cruel And Unusual Punishment Clause , Stuart Klein
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This article addresses the need for appropriate mental health care in the prison system. Applying the eighth amendment's cruel and unusual punishment clause, the article outlines the current system for medical care and psychological programs within jails and prisons. Focusing on the deficiencies of medical care, the article proposes adding support to the modernization of mental health care by recognizing that the eighth amendment applies not just to the terms of imprisonment but to the availability of care.
Entrapment Versus Due Process: A Solution To The Problem Of The Criminal Conviction Obtained By Law Enforcement Misconduct , Peter O'Connor
Entrapment Versus Due Process: A Solution To The Problem Of The Criminal Conviction Obtained By Law Enforcement Misconduct , Peter O'Connor
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This article contrasts the different approaches to dealing with entrapment: the due process rubric of the New York Court of Appeals and the predisposition framework set forth by the United States Supreme Court. The New York Court of Appeals reliance on government lawlessness rather than the Supreme Court's plurality focus on fourth and fifth amendment violations may cause less uncertainty and provide a better guidepost moving forward.
Closure Orders: Safeguard Of Fair Trial Or Prior Restraint, John G. Luboja
Closure Orders: Safeguard Of Fair Trial Or Prior Restraint, John G. Luboja
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This note addresses the competing constitutional guarantees of freedom of the press and the right to a fair trial by one's peers. Examining New York's ruling in Gannett, the note traces the history of each right and explores the need for each to be protected. Ultimately, the note cautions a liberal interpretation of the Gannett decision and rather asks the Supreme Court to find a balance between the rights of the accused and the rights of the press.
Constitutional Law- Due Process-Denial Of Inspection Of Personal Institutional File Does Not Violate A Parole Applicant's Right Of Due Process In The Second Circuit, Rabun Huff Bistline
Constitutional Law- Due Process-Denial Of Inspection Of Personal Institutional File Does Not Violate A Parole Applicant's Right Of Due Process In The Second Circuit, Rabun Huff Bistline
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Case note regarding the due process rights for parole applicants. In Williams v. Ward, the second circuit reversed the lower court and acknowledged that at the very least, some due process rights are guaranteed but that the disclosure of the parole file is not constitutionally guaranteed.
Discretionarily Enhanced Sentences Based Upon Suspected Perjury At Trial , Robert M. Wetterer
Discretionarily Enhanced Sentences Based Upon Suspected Perjury At Trial , Robert M. Wetterer
Fordham Urban Law Journal
A judge's discretion is a vital aspect of our judicial system. However, a judge must be cognizant of the impact that his decisions and his beliefs have upon a defendant's constitutional rights. This note addresses the concern of judges enhancing sentencing of defendants convicted of a crime because the judges feel that at trial, the defendant may have committed perjury. Ultimately, it is important that the defendant not be penalized without a proper trial or proceeding to determine whether or not perjury actually occurred. In doing so, rights are protected and justice is served.
Warrantless Arrests In Homes: Another Crisis For The Fourth Amendment , Darren O'Connor
Warrantless Arrests In Homes: Another Crisis For The Fourth Amendment , Darren O'Connor
Fordham Urban Law Journal
This comment addresses the distinction between a forcible entry for an arrest and one for a search. In doing so, the comment looks to the fourth amendment's bifurcated standard for searches and those for arrests. Balancing governmental interests with the privacy rights of individuals, the comment relays that a warrantless entry into the home for an arrest shall only be acceptable given certain exigent circumstances.