Law Commons^™

Is A Ban On Non-Competes Supported By Empirical Evidence?, Sarah Oh Lam, Thomas Lenard, Scott Wallsten

Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law

The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has proposed a rule to declare virtually all non-compete agreements unfair methods of competition under Section 5 of the FTC Act and therefore, illegal. However, the empirical literature on non-compete agreements cited by the FTC in its Notice for Proposed Rulemaking (“NPRM”) shows mixed results on earnings, job creation, firm formation, entrepreneurship, training, investment, and firm value. Evidence in other current studies also does not support an economy-wide ban. The FTC concludes that the proposed rule would yield net benefits even though by its own admission it lacks the information necessary to conduct a …

Reducing Food Scarcity: The Benefits Of Urban Farming, S.A. Claudell, Emilio Mejia

Journal of Nonprofit Innovation

Urban farming can enhance the lives of communities and help reduce food scarcity. This paper presents a conceptual prototype of an efficient urban farming community that can be scaled for a single apartment building or an entire community across all global geoeconomics regions, including densely populated cities and rural, developing towns and communities. When deployed in coordination with smart crop choices, local farm support, and efficient transportation then the result isn’t just sustainability, but also increasing fresh produce accessibility, optimizing nutritional value, eliminating the use of ‘forever chemicals’, reducing transportation costs, and fostering global environmental benefits.

Imagine Doris, who is …

Contract, Status And The Bonds Of Welfare, Kenneth Veitch

Emancipations: A Journal of Critical Social Analysis

This article explores the relationship between contract and status in the context of contemporary social policy. Using examples of contract in the areas of unemployment policy (what is here called the workfare contract) and what has become known as the financialisation of the welfare state (Social Impact Bonds), the article identifies the types of bonds and obligations involved in those contracts and their sources. Drawing critically on Émile Durkheim and Max Weber’s work on the history and pre-history of contract, it is argued that issues of status – the status of the unemployed and capital, amongst others – lie at …

Hidden Contracts, Shmuel I. Becher, Uri Benoliel

BYU Law Review

Transparency is a promising means for enhancing democratic values, countering corruption, and reducing power abuse. Nonetheless, the potential of transparency in the domain of consumer contracts is untapped. This Article suggests utilizing the power of transparency to increase consumer access to justice, better distribute technological gains between businesses and consumers, and deter sellers from breaching their consumer contracts while exploiting consumers’ inferior position.

In doing so, this Article focuses on what we dub “Hidden Contracts.” Part I conceptualizes the idea of hidden contracts. It first defines hidden contracts as consumer form contracts that firms unilaterally modify and subsequently remove from …

Urgensi Perlindungan Data Pribadi Pada Sistem Elektronik Untuk Anak Di Bawah Umur Di Indonesia Serta Perbandingan Regulasi Dengan Uni Eropa (General Data Protection Regulation), Dzikrina Laili Kusumadewi, Akhmad Budi Cahyono

Lex Patrimonium

Childrens are inseparable from using technology. Using this technology also has a negative impact, which is misuse of one's personal data. This threat is quite troublesome, especially for children, in the eyes of the law, that are considered as incompetent individuals. Unfortunately, Regulation Number 27/2022 concerning Personal Data Protection does not regulate and explain in detail the protections that children can get for the security of their personal data. Therefore, this research will discuss child regulations, sanctions, and compensation in protecting personal data; child rights provisions; and the comparison. The aim is to provide an explanation of what provisions have …

Pembatalan Perjanjian Secara Sepihak Akibat Wanprestasi (Studi Putusan-Putusan Pengadilan Dan Perbandingan Di Negara-Negara Civil Law), Indi Millatul Aula, Akhmad Budi Cahyono

Lex Patrimonium

The inclusion of the override clause of Article 1266 of the Indonesian Civil Code in contract raises differences in interpretation and views by legal experts. Basically, there is no explanation regarding this matter in the Indonesian Civil Code, so the main issues discussed in this research are the opinions of legal experts in Indonesia regarding the unilateral termination of contract due to default, and comparing it with the arrangements in Civil Law Countries. This research is a normative juridical research with data collected through library research. This article explains that there are different views among legal experts regarding whether or …

Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Pengumpulan Data Biometrik Melalui Artificial Intelligence Tanpa Persetujuan Pemilik Data (Studi Kasus Clearview Ai Inc. Di Yunani Dan Inggris), Miyuki Fattah Rizki, Abdul Salam

Lex Patrimonium

Usement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) along with biometric data can pose a threat to the personal data protection, especially when there’s a data gathering without the consent of Data Owner. Therefore, this thesis will analyze (1) the biometric data protection in Indonesia, (2) AI legal standing based on Indonesia, Greece, and the United Kingdom legal systems, also (3) the legal liability of gathering biometric data through AI without consent of the Data Owner in Indonesia. This thesis is conducted through a normative juridical method with multiple approaches. The conclusion of the research is (1) provisions of biometric data protection can …

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pembeli Terhadap Gugatan Pembatalan Jual Beli Tanah Oleh Para Ahli Waris Penjual, M Waldi Ali Soraya, Lauditta Humaira ,S.H.,M.Kn.

Lex Patrimonium

In the implementation of the Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement Deed, a dispute may occur. For example, if the land being sold is an inheritance. For example, one of the sellers does not approve of the sale and purchase, or the land is sold by someone who is not an heir. Of course the buyer will be disadvantaged. The aim of the research is to find out the legal provisions governing the unilateral cancellation of the PPJB, to explain the determination of unlawful acts and to analyze the legal protection for buyers in land sale and purchase agreements which are …

Eksekusi Objek Jaminan Fidusia Sebagai Suatu Perbuatan Melawan Hukum: Tinjauan Terhadap Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Medan Nomor 167/Pdt.G/2021/Pn Mdn Dan Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Tanjung Karang Nomor 93/Pdt/2022/Pt Tjk, Rahmandika -, Lauditta Humaira

Lex Patrimonium

The provisions for the execution of fiduciary security objects are regulated in Law Number 42 of 1999 on Fiduciary Security which allows fiduciary obligee to unilaterally execute fiduciary security objects based on the inherent executorial title which means execution can be directly exercised without going through a court and is final and binding on the parties. The Constitutional Court through Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 changed the meaning of the executorial title so that the execution of the fiduciary security certificate must be exercised and apply the same as the execution of a court decision that has permanent legal force, unless there …

Perbandingan Rechtsverwerking Sebagai Doktrin Hukum Di Indonesia Dan Doktrin Estoppel Di Amerika Serikat Pada Bidang Hukum Perjanjian, Joseph Noviandri, Togi Marolop Pangaribuan

Lex Patrimonium

This journal discusses the scope of rechtsverwerking as a doctrine known as the ‘waiver of rights’ doctrine. rechtsverwerking refers to a situation where someone possesses a certain right but does not exercise it within a specific period, which may result in the loss of that right. This concept of waiving rights is widely recognized, As exemplified by Article 32 paragraph (2) of Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 concerning the release of land rights, the application of the rechtsverwerking doctrine should no longer be used as the basis for releasing land rights, as legislation takes precedence over doctrines in the …

Implementasi Doktrin Penyalahgunaan Keadaan (Misbruik Van Omstandigheden) Dalam Perkara Jual Beli Dengan Surat Di Bawah Tangan (Studi Kasus: Putusan Nomor 243/Pdt.G/2020/Pn Mdn Dan Putusan Nomor 101/Pdt/2021/Pt Mdn), Bagas Febrianto, Akhmad Budi Cahyono

Lex Patrimonium

Undue influence (misbruik van omstandigheden) is one of the reasons for the invalidity of an agreement due to a defective will known in Indonesian civil law based on doctrine and jurisprudence. This undue influence is a form of legal protection for weak parties because of the imbalanced position of the parties to the agreement both economically and psychologically. In the case of a sale and purchase agreement, often the parties disagree on the subject matter of the agreement, namely the goods and prices. Moreover, the sale and purchase agreement with privately made letters is certainly very prone to …

Penolakan Kpr Sebagai Syarat Tangguh Pembatalan Ppjb (Studi Kasus: Putusan Nomor 1138/Pdt.G/2020/Pn Sby), Alfin Permana Lutfi, Lauditta Humaira

Lex Patrimonium

This thesis analyzes Decision Number 1138/Pdt.G/2020/PN. Sby regarding the problem of refusing mortgages which resulted in binding agreements in buying and selling houses. The problems to be examined are the legal provisions regarding mortgage approval as a tough condition in the house sale and purchase agreement and the enforceability of PPJB cancellation and exoneration clauses in the construction of civil law in Indonesia with regard to the case in decision number 1138/Pdt.G/2020/PN.Sby. As for the legal provisions regarding KPR approval as a tough condition for PPJB cancellation, they are not clearly regulated in Indonesian laws and regulations. The house sale …

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Atas Tanah Dimana Sertifikat Tanah Berada Dalam Penguasaan Bank (Studi Putusan Nomor 751 Pk/Pdt/2019), Ahmad Raihan Imani Setiawan, Abdul Salam

Lex Patrimonium

The dynamic and evolving nature of the law, which also gives rise to complexities in societal issues, requires legal certainty, especially concerning the legal protection for parties involved in a Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB). The purpose of this paper is to understand the legal position of the buyer based on a PPJB for land and buildings concerning the land that has been used as collateral by the seller to a bank. Additionally, it aims to determine whether the judge’s considerations were appropriate in providing legal protection to the buyer based on the PPJB, as per the verdict Number 751 …

Tanggung Gugat Orang Tua Atas Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Yang Dilakukan Oleh Anak Di Bawah Umur Menurut Kuh Perdata (Studi Perbandingan Dengan Belanda Dan Hukum Perdata Manitoba, British Columbia, Dan Ontario), Clarinta A.P. Lukman, Abdul Salam

Lex Patrimonium

Liability is not limited to acts committed by oneself, but also acts committed by others as regulated in Article 1367 paragraph (2) of the Civil Code or also known as vicarious liability or substitute responsibility. Unlawful acts can basically be committed by anyone, including minors. Therefore, in this research, the author is interested in discussing the liability of parents for unlawful acts committed by minors and its comparison with the Netherlands and Canada, which specifically includes the provinces of Manitoba, British Columbia and Ontario. This discussion is intended to look at the differences and similarities regarding the size of a …

Navigating Unfair Contract Terms: Drawing Insights From Australia In Addressing The Legal Conundrum In Malaysia, Ibtisam@Ilyana Ilias, Norazlina Abdul Aziz, Hariz Sufi Zahari, Helza Nova Lita

International Journal on Consumer Law and Practice

In Malaysia, the regulation of unfair contract terms within business-to-consumer contracts falls under the jurisdiction of Part IIIA of the Consumer Protection Act 1999. This regulatory framework is overseen by the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Living Cost. However, the effectiveness of Part IIIA is hindered by certain gaps, resulting in its infrequent utilization for determining unfair terms in consumer contracts. One of the primary challenges lies in interpreting key terms such as “harsh,” “oppressive,” “unconscionable,” and “adequate justification.” These ambiguities often remain unresolved until legal proceedings take place. Complicating matters, doubts persist regarding the applicability of the Consumer Protection …

Dark Patterns In A Bright World : An Analysis Of The Indian Consumer Legal Architecture, Sandeep Sharma J., Ishita Sharma Dr.

International Journal on Consumer Law and Practice

Dark patterns’ are consumer targeted marketing strategies that capitalize on cognitive biases of consumers’ propelling them to make decisions, contrary to their intended preferences. The term dark patterns coined by user designer Harry Bignull has gained traction recently, due to its correlation with psychological responses that are produced through nudges that are unaligned to the consumers’ original preference. The consumer responses elicited through the use of such dubious nudges have a direct correlation with the way human brain functions. These covert strategies employed by digital marketing platforms capitalize through behavioral science, aimed at their economic growth compromising the consumers’ free, …

Table Of Contents, Seattle University Law Review

Seattle University Law Review

Table of Contents

An Introduction To Personal Growth Bets: Using Contract Law To Lose Weight And Quit Smoking, Max Raskin, Jack Millman

Notre Dame Journal on Emerging Technologies

Self-improvement is hard. Whether losing weight or quitting smoking, individuals have a difficult time honoring their commitments, especially if the only person they are disappointing is themselves. In this Article, we introduce a new legal mechanism for incentivizing personal growth. We describe this mechanism as a personal growth contract, which allows an individual to make an enforceable agreement with either a counterparty or himself with the aim of self-improvement. We propose the use of smart contracts to help execute unilateral personal growth contracts. Our conclusion is that personal growth contracts should be presumptively legal, provided they do not violate some …

Halfway Deals: Or, When Is A Non-Contract A Contract?, David Crump

University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review

No abstract provided.

Federal Data Privacy Regulation: Do Not Expect An American Gdpr, Matt Buckley

DePaul Business & Commercial Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Legal Representation And The Metaverse: The Ethics Of Practicing In Multiple Realities, Madeline Brom

DePaul Business & Commercial Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Badges Of Honor: Professional Conduct, Consumer Protection, And Accolades In Lawyer Advertising, Kiren Dosanjh Zucker, Bruce Zucker

DePaul Business & Commercial Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Ethics At The Speed Of Business, James A. Doppke Jr.

DePaul Business & Commercial Law Journal

This paper discusses several ways in which the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct, and the Illinois Supreme Court Rules, construct barriers that prevent lawyers and businesses from accomplishing reasonable commercial goals. Often, those barriers arise from outdated concepts, or terminology that does not reflect current business realities. The paper argues for the amendment of specific Rules to enhance lawyers’ and businesses’ respective abilities to conduct their affairs more efficiently, without sacrificing public protection in the process.

Welcome Address, Lauren Mckenzie

DePaul Business & Commercial Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Front Matter

DePaul Business & Commercial Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Time's Up: Against Shortening Statutes Of Limitation By Employment Contract, Meredith R. Miller

Villanova Law Review

No abstract provided.

Digital Property Cycles, Joshua Fairfield

Washington and Lee Law Review

The present downturn in non-fungible token (“NFT”) markets is no cause for immediate alarm. There have been multiple cycles in both the legal and media focus on digital intangible property, and these cycles will recur. The cycles are easily explainable: demand for intangible property is constant, even increasing. The legal regimes governing ownership of these assets are unstable and poorly suited to satisfying the preferences of buyers and sellers. The combination of demand and poor legal regulation gives rise to the climate of fraud that has come to characterize NFTs, but it has nothing to do with the value of …

Mitigating The Legal Challenges Associated With Blockchain Smart Contracts: The Potential Of Hybrid On-Chain/Off-Chain Contracts, Niloufer Selvadurai

Washington and Lee Law Review

Tantamount with the increasing application of blockchain technologies around the world, the use of blockchain-based smart contracts has rapidly risen. In a “smart contract,” computer protocols automatically facilitate, verify, and enforce arrangements made between parties on a blockchain. Such smart contracts offer a variety of commercial benefits, notably immutability and increased efficiency facilitated by removing the need for a trusted intermediary. However, as discussed in recent legal scholarship, it is difficult for smart contracts to uphold certain fundamental principles of contract law. Translating concepts of individual intention and responsibility into the decentralized space of blockchain is problematic. Aggregating such individual …

The Nil Glass Ceiling, Tan Boston

University of Richmond Law Review

Name, image, and likeness (“NIL”) produced nearly $1 billion in earnings for intercollegiate athletes in its inaugural year. Analysts argue that the shockingly high totals result from disproportionate
institutional support for revenue-generating sports.

Although NIL earnings have soared upwards of eight figures to date, first-year data reveals that significant gender disparities exist. Such disparities raise Title IX concerns, which this Article illustrates using a hypothetical university and NIL collective. As such, this Article reveals how schools can facilitate gender discrimination through NIL collectives, contrary to Title IX. Although plainly applicable to NIL transactions in which schools are involved, Title IX’s …

Executive Order 14036: Promoting Competition?, Holly E. Fredericksen

University of Richmond Law Review

Four million Americans left their jobs in July 2021. By the end of that month, the number of open jobs reached an all-time high: 10.9 million. Employees are walking out the door in record numbers as part of a trend so remarkable, we even gave it a name: the Great Resignation. With 4.3 million Americans quitting their jobs in January 2022 and 11.3 million job openings, the Great Resignation is only gaining momentum and showing no signs of slowing down.

And as a consequence of employees exiting in droves, employers are hurting. According to The Work Institute, turnover costs employers …