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Attorney Fee Arrangements: The U.S. And Western Perspectives, Virginia G. Maurer, Robert E. Thomas, Pamela A. Debooth
Attorney Fee Arrangements: The U.S. And Western Perspectives, Virginia G. Maurer, Robert E. Thomas, Pamela A. Debooth
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
This article develops an analytical framework for viewing the rules on attorney fee arrangements that have been adopted in the United States and in major western European countries. In section II the paper explains the choice of economic agency theory as a starting point for developing this framework. Within the meaning of economic agency, the attorney is a dual agent, with duties to both the client and the judicial system. In section III the paper identifies five interests that form the basis for evaluating fee systems. These interests are derived from applying basic agency theory to the duties of the …
New Transfer Pricing Rules In Brazil, Alexandre Tadeu Seguim
New Transfer Pricing Rules In Brazil, Alexandre Tadeu Seguim
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Through transfer price, the organization aims to evaluate and improve the performance of the related entity. The idea that transfer pricing is a mechanism designed only to avoid taxes is misleading. Actually, to transfer price is a sound and positive way to increase value. The 1979 OECD Report on Transfer Pricing and Multinational Enterprises emphasized that the term is neutral: "the consideration of transfer pricing problems should not be confused with the consideration of problems of tax fraud or tax avoidance, even though transfer pricing policies may be used for such purposes." The 1995 OECD Report went even further by …
Renegotiating Previous Governments' Privatization Deals: The 1997 U.K. Windfall Tax On Utilities And International Law, Thomas W. Waelde, Abba Kolo
Renegotiating Previous Governments' Privatization Deals: The 1997 U.K. Windfall Tax On Utilities And International Law, Thomas W. Waelde, Abba Kolo
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Investment in privatized utilities leads to a very particular form of political risk--the risk that regulatory conditions change and special taxes are imposed, all measures within the sovereign powers of the state. The normal forms of protection against political risk (investment insurance, stabilization clauses, international investment treaties and international arbitration clauses) have not yet caught up with the emergence of new forms of political risk. The 1997 UK windfall tax announced by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in that year's budget speech is a case in point. This issue is not limited purely to the contemporary UK situation, but illustrates …