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Full-Text Articles in Law
Legitimacy And Agency Implementation Of Title Ix, Samuel R. Bagenstos
Legitimacy And Agency Implementation Of Title Ix, Samuel R. Bagenstos
Articles
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination by programs receiving federal education funding. Primary responsibility for administering that statute lies in the Office for Civil Rights of the Department of Education (OCR). Because Title IX involves a subject that remains highly controversial in our polity (sex roles and interactions among the sexes more generally), and because it targets a highly sensitive area (education), OCR’s administration of the statute has long drawn criticism. The critics have not merely noted disagreements with the legal and policy decisions of the agency, however. Rather, they have attacked the agency’s decisions …
Title Ix & Menstruation, Margaret E. Johnson, Emily Gold Waldman, Bridget J. Crawford
Title Ix & Menstruation, Margaret E. Johnson, Emily Gold Waldman, Bridget J. Crawford
Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications
“Oh no. Could I borrow a tampon or pad?” These (or similar) words are familiar to almost everyone who has ever had a period. Even for adults, menstruation can at times be a challenge. For some schoolchildren, it can be an insurmountable obstacle to receiving an education. Students are subject to constant observation by classmates and teachers; they may not have autonomous access to a bathroom during the school day; or they may not be able to afford menstrual products. They may experience menstruation-related peer harassment, restrictive school policies, a lack of access to menstrual products, and inadequate menstruation-related education. …
Good Initiative, Bad Judgement: The Unintended Consequences Of Title Ix's Proportionality Standard On Ncaa Men's Gymnastics And The Transgender Athlete, Jeffrey Shearer
Good Initiative, Bad Judgement: The Unintended Consequences Of Title Ix's Proportionality Standard On Ncaa Men's Gymnastics And The Transgender Athlete, Jeffrey Shearer
Pace Intellectual Property, Sports & Entertainment Law Forum
Title IX fails to provide the tools or guidelines necessary to equalize opportunities for all student athletes in the collegiate setting despite the government’s continuous effort to explain the law. This failure is because judicial precedent has largely developed around the binary proportionality test of compliance. Title IX was originally intended to equalize educational opportunities for male and female students in order to remedy past discrimination in our society. However, the application of Title IX has frequently created fewer opportunities in athletics due to the unintended relationship between the proportionality standard and the social phenomenon that is the commercialization of …
This Is What Democracy Looks Like: Title Ix And The Legitimacy Of The Administrative State, Samuel R. Bagentos
This Is What Democracy Looks Like: Title Ix And The Legitimacy Of The Administrative State, Samuel R. Bagentos
Michigan Law Review
Review of R. Shep Melnick's The Transformation of Title IX: Regulating Gender Equality in Education.
Legitimacy And Agency Implementation Of Title Ix, Samuel R. Bagenstos
Legitimacy And Agency Implementation Of Title Ix, Samuel R. Bagenstos
Law & Economics Working Papers
Because Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 involves a subject that remains highly controversial in our polity (sex roles and interactions among the sexes more generally), and because it targets a highly sensitive area (education), the administration of that statute by the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights has long drawn criticism. The critics have not merely noted disagreements with the legal and policy decisions of the agency, however. Rather, they have attacked the agency’s decisions for being illegitimate—for reflecting the agency’s improper imposition of value judgments on the statute. Three key applications of Title IX have …
Title Ix And Intercollegiate Athletics: An Analysis Of The Extent To Which Title Ix Has Fulfilled Its Original Promise Of Establishing Gender Equity Between Men And Women In Intercollegiate Athletics, Cara Bradley
Senior Theses and Projects
This thesis examines the extent to which Title IX has fulfilled its original promise of establishing gender equity between men and women in intercollegiate athletics. To evaluate the OCR’s commitment to establishing gender equity in intercollegiate athletics, the evolution of Title IX from 1972-2020 is provided, demonstrating a disconnect between Title IX’s intent in 1972 and how it is interpreted and enforced today by the OCR. The OCR’s Three-Part Test is analyzed by each prong’s ability to establish and measure gender equity, revealing the test’s inconsistency with the core intent of Title IX, as well as the OCR’s nonexistent enforcement …
Suspended For Sexual Misconduct, Now What?--The Sixth Circuit Splits From The Second On A Pleading Standard For Reverse Title Ix Actions, Thomas Campbell
Suspended For Sexual Misconduct, Now What?--The Sixth Circuit Splits From The Second On A Pleading Standard For Reverse Title Ix Actions, Thomas Campbell
SMU Law Review Forum
No abstract provided.
Reproducing Inequality Under Title Ix, Deborah L. Brake, Joanna L. Grossman
Reproducing Inequality Under Title Ix, Deborah L. Brake, Joanna L. Grossman
Articles
This article elaborates on and critiques the law’s separation of pregnancy, with rights grounded in sex equality under Title IX, from reproductive control, which the law treats as a matter of privacy, a species of liberty under the due process clause. While pregnancy is the subject of Title IX protection, reproductive control is parceled off into a separate legal framework grounded in privacy, rather than recognized as a matter that directly implicates educational equality. The law’s division between educational equality and liberty in two non-intersecting sets of legal rights has done no favors to the reproductive rights movement either. By …
#Metoo And Mass Incarceration, Aya Gruber
#Metoo And Mass Incarceration, Aya Gruber
Publications
This Symposium Guest Editor’s Note is an adapted version of the Introduction to The Feminist War on Crime: The Unexpected Role of Women’s Liberation in Mass Incarceration (UC Press 2020). The book examines how American feminists, in the quest to secure women’s protection from domestic violence and rape, often acted as soldiers in the war on crime by emphasizing white female victimhood, expanding the power of police and prosecutors, touting incarceration, and diverting resources toward law enforcement and away from marginalized communities Today, despite deep concerns over racist policing and mass incarceration, many feminists continue to assert that gender crime …
How Much Procedure Is Needed For Agencies To Change “Novel” Regulatory Policies?, Ming Hsu Chen
How Much Procedure Is Needed For Agencies To Change “Novel” Regulatory Policies?, Ming Hsu Chen
Publications
The use of guidance documents in administrative law has long been controversial and considered to be one of the most challenging aspects of administrative law. When an agency uses a guidance document to change or make policy, it need not provide notice to the public or allow comment on the new rule; this makes changes easier and faster and less subject to judicial review. Under the Obama Administration, guidance documents were used to implement policy shifts in many areas of administrative law, including civil rights issues such as transgender inclusion and campus sexual harassment and immigration law issues such as …
Standing In Between Sexual Violence Victims And Access To Justice: The Limits Of Title Ix, Hannah Brenner Johnson
Standing In Between Sexual Violence Victims And Access To Justice: The Limits Of Title Ix, Hannah Brenner Johnson
Faculty Scholarship
Sexual violence proliferates across communities, generally, and is especially prevalent in places like colleges and universities. As quasi-closed systems, colleges and universities are governed by their own internal norms, policies, and federal laws, like Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which address how sex discrimination must be handled in institutions of higher education that are in receipt of federal funds. Title IX focuses on all facets of sex discrimination including reporting, investigation, adjudication, and prevention. When schools are accused of failing to adequately respond to reports of sexual misconduct on their campuses, Title IX has been interpreted by …