Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Publication
- File Type
Articles 1 - 14 of 14
Full-Text Articles in Law
Myth: Hard Work And Credentials Determine Employment Opportunities
Myth: Hard Work And Credentials Determine Employment Opportunities
Alev Dudek
Disqualifiying Universality Under The Americans With Disabilities Act Amendments Act, Michelle Travis
Disqualifiying Universality Under The Americans With Disabilities Act Amendments Act, Michelle Travis
Michelle A. Travis
This Article reveals a new resistance strategy to disability rights in the workplace. The initial backlash against the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) targeted protected class status by characterizing the ADA's accommodation mandate as special treatment that benefitted the disabled at the expense of the nondisabled workforce. As a result, federal courts treated the ADA as a welfare statute rather than a civil rights law, which resulted in the Supreme Court dramatically narrowing the definition of disability. Congress responded with sweeping amendments in 2008 to expand the class of individuals with disabilities who are entitled to accommodations and …
Sexual Harassment And Disparate Impact: Should Non-Targeted Workplace Sexual Conduct Be Actionable Under Title Vii?, Kelly Cahill Timmons
Sexual Harassment And Disparate Impact: Should Non-Targeted Workplace Sexual Conduct Be Actionable Under Title Vii?, Kelly Cahill Timmons
Kelly Cahill Timmons
No abstract provided.
Cracks In The Shield: The Necessity Of The Employment Non-Discrimination Act, James N. Bolotin
Cracks In The Shield: The Necessity Of The Employment Non-Discrimination Act, James N. Bolotin
James N Bolotin
This paper argues that legislation protecting homosexuals from employment discrimination is necessary, despite hopeful arguments that the text of Title VII should or can already protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation. The paper discusses how the precedent of the federal courts has gone too far in the wrong direction to believe that they will fix this interpretation problem on their own. Furthermore, it posits that the passage of ENDA or similar legislation will successfully lessen the prevalence of this type of discrimination.
Part I considers the history of Title VII’s “because of sex” protection. This includes a short discussion …
Discrimination Cases In The Supreme Court’S 1998 Term, Eileen Kaufman
Discrimination Cases In The Supreme Court’S 1998 Term, Eileen Kaufman
Eileen Kaufman
In the Supreme Court's 1997 Term, the Supreme Court had decided a record number of statutory discrimination cases. However, that record was exceeded in the Supreme Court's 1998 Term with the Court addressing issues arising under Title VII, which covers discrimination in employment; Title IX, which covers discrimination in schools; and most significantly, the Americans with Disabilities Act, which prohibits discrimination based on disability. Overall, the term scored significant victories for employers who were given considerable latitude to set their own physical characteristic standards and who were, to a large extent, immunized from liability for punitive damages. There was an …
Utilizing Credit Reports For Employment Purposes: Casting A Wider Net Into The Ocean Of Employment Practices Results In Unintended Yet Much Needed Outcomes, David D. Schein, James D. Phillips
Utilizing Credit Reports For Employment Purposes: Casting A Wider Net Into The Ocean Of Employment Practices Results In Unintended Yet Much Needed Outcomes, David D. Schein, James D. Phillips
David D. Schein
In our previous article, “Holding Credit Reporting Agencies Accountable: How the Financial Crisis May be Contributing to Improving Accuracy in Credit Reporting”[1] we reviewed the legal history of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) and its amendments, and the Federal case law by circuit. We suggested that the ability of consumers to ensure the accuracy and security of their credit reports might lead to an expansion of the litigation surrounding accurate credit reporting. This article takes the discussion further by exploring the ever-expanding use of credit reports in the employment law arena. We review the state legislation limiting the use …
Privacy As A Tool For Antidiscrimination, Jessica Roberts
Privacy As A Tool For Antidiscrimination, Jessica Roberts
Jessica L. Roberts
Traditionally, laws that protect privacy and laws that prohibit discrimination have been considered distinct kinds of legal protections. This Essay challenges that binary on both practical and theoretical grounds. Using the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) as a case study, it argues that lawmakers can use privacy law to further antidiscrimination goals. GINA, which prohibits genetic-information discrimination in health insurance and employment, does more than simply outlaw discriminatory conduct. It also prohibits employers from requiring—or even requesting—their employees’ genetic information. While GINA’s privacy and antidiscrimination protections have previously been viewed as discrete, this Essay reads them in concert, arguing that …
Disparate Impact Is Not Unconstitutional, Michael Evan Gold
Disparate Impact Is Not Unconstitutional, Michael Evan Gold
Michael Evan Gold
[Excerpt] In Ricci v. DeStefano, the "New Haven Firefighters" case, whitefirefighters and one Hispanic firefighter sued the city of New Haven, Connecticut and city officials under Title VII. The plaintiffs claimed the city had committed intentional discrimination or disparate treatment against them when the city disregarded the results of promotion examinations that had an adverse effect on black and Hispanic applicants. The Supreme Court sustained the claim. In his concurring opinion, Justice Scalia invited attorneys in subsequent cases to consider arguing that the disparate impact theory of employment discrimination is unconstitutional. He reasoned as follows: • The Constitution prohibits the …
Last Hired, First Fired Layoffs And Title Vii, James S. Rogers
Last Hired, First Fired Layoffs And Title Vii, James S. Rogers
James S. Rogers
No abstract provided.
Fairness And Finality: Third-Party Challenges To Employment Discrimination Consent Decrees After The 1991 Civil Rights Act, Marjorie A. Silver
Fairness And Finality: Third-Party Challenges To Employment Discrimination Consent Decrees After The 1991 Civil Rights Act, Marjorie A. Silver
Marjorie A. Silver
In this Article, Professor Silver examines Section 108 of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which limits challenges to employment practices taken pursuant to employment discrimination consent decreea The Article traces the development of the impermissible collateral attack doctrine, that doctrine's demise in Martin v. Wilks, and Congress' response to Martin as embodied in Section 108. Professor Silver also suggests ways in which Section 108 should be administered to comply with the Due Process Clause and argues for specific additional federal legislation to protect non-litigants or potential third-party challengers as well as to foster the utility and finality of legitimate …
Biological Metaphors For Whiteness: Beyond Merit And Malice, Brant T. Lee
Biological Metaphors For Whiteness: Beyond Merit And Malice, Brant T. Lee
Brant T. Lee
The problem of persistent racial inequality is grounded in a failure of imagination. The general mainstream conception is that unfair racial inequality occurs only when there is intentional racism. Absent conscious racial malice, no racism is seen to exist. The only generally available alternative explanation for racial inequality is the meritocratic system. Viewing the distribution of resources as a product of a generally fair meritocratic system provides a defense against any charge of racism, and justifies the status quo.
But in economics, business, computer science, and even biology, observers of complexity are coming to understand how dominant systems can prevail …
Situation, Frames, And Stereotypes: Cognitive Barriers On The Road To Nondiscrimination, Marybeth Herald
Situation, Frames, And Stereotypes: Cognitive Barriers On The Road To Nondiscrimination, Marybeth Herald
Marybeth Herald
The psychological literature enhances our understanding of discrimination. This essay discusses three examples of how that literature can contribute to limiting destructive gender bias in the workplace, in private interactions, and in the courtroom. First, situational pressures have a powerful influence on our actions and must be taken into account in combating employment discrimination. A workplace designed for traditional male needs (limited parenting and home responsibilities) will continue to pressure females out of the workplace or childbearing despite formal equality rules. Second, the use of the term “disorder” as a frame for describing persons with an intersex condition may not …
Disparate Impact Under The Age Discrimination In Employment Act Of 1967, Michael Evan Gold
Disparate Impact Under The Age Discrimination In Employment Act Of 1967, Michael Evan Gold
Michael Evan Gold
No abstract provided.
Mega-Cases, Diversity, And The Elusive Goal Of Workplace Reform, Nancy Levit
Mega-Cases, Diversity, And The Elusive Goal Of Workplace Reform, Nancy Levit
Nancy Levit
Employment discrimination class action suits are part of a new wave of structural reform litigation. Like their predecessors - the school desegregation cases in the 1950s, the housing and voting inequalities cases in the 1960s, prison conditions suits in the 1970s, and environmental lawsuits since then - these are systemic challenges to major institutions affecting large segments of the public. This article explores the effectiveness of various employment discrimination remedies in reforming workplace cultures, promoting corporate accountability, and implementing real diversity.
Reviewing the architecture and aftermath of consent decrees in five major employment discrimination cases - the cases against Shoney's, …