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Civil Rights and Discrimination
Richmond Crusade for Voters; civil rights movement; Voting Rights Act of 1965; white resistance; majority-minority districts; reapportionment revolution; black governance; black-majority council; unintended consequences
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The Dream Is Lost, Julian Maxwell Hayter
The Dream Is Lost, Julian Maxwell Hayter
Civil Rights
Once the capital of the Confederacy and the industrial hub of slave-based tobacco production, Richmond, Virginia has been largely overlooked in the context of twentieth century urban and political history. By the early 1960s, the city served as an important center for integrated politics, as African Americans fought for fair representation and mobilized voters in order to overcome discriminatory policies. Richmond's African Americans struggled to serve their growing communities in the face of unyielding discrimination. Yet, due to their dedication to strengthening the Voting Rights Act of 1965, African American politicians held a city council majority by the late 1970s. …