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Articles 1 - 30 of 46
Full-Text Articles in Law
Toolkit For The Evaluation Of Crypto Tax Risks (Outline), Vincent Ooi
Toolkit For The Evaluation Of Crypto Tax Risks (Outline), Vincent Ooi
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This Toolkit seeks to provide a practical, structured framework for the identification and assessment of crypto tax risks that can be used by tax administrations. It has three main parts. Firstly, an introduction to the Toolkit and how it should be used. Secondly, a series of questionnaires to complete. Thirdly, a commentary to provide additional context and details on each part of the Toolkit and its application. As tax administrations go through the questionnaires, they can rely on the Commentary to complement their existing knowledge and expertise to accurately identify the crypto tax risks facing their domestic tax systems.
How To Understand China's Approach To Central Bank Digital Currency?, Heng Wang
How To Understand China's Approach To Central Bank Digital Currency?, Heng Wang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
China's central bank digital currency (CBDC), digital yuan or e-CNY, is likely to profoundly affect the international financial system. China's CBDC is fast evolving. Understanding the influencing factors of China's CBDC will likely be crucial to explore its future direction. Major influencing factors include (i) China's perception and conception of regulation and technology, (ii) complementarity between China's preferences and CBDC development, (iii) domestic and international legitimacy, and (iv) institutional development. This paper argues that these influencing factors contribute to China's likely approach of selectively reshaping the international financial system. Given the potential wide-ranging implications of the introduction of CBDC globally, …
The Quincecare Duty In Flux: The Implications For Banks And Digital Asset Platforms, Jason. Teo, Aaron Yoong
The Quincecare Duty In Flux: The Implications For Banks And Digital Asset Platforms, Jason. Teo, Aaron Yoong
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
With the increased sophistication of online payment methods, it is unsurprising that incidents of fraud have become commonplace, with fraudsters often employing innovative means against unsuspecting victims. Users, regulators and industry players in the banking sector are, in many aspects, struggling to keep pace with the continually evolving legal landscape of the fraud space. Similar challenges also begin to arise in the digital asset space for the various platforms engaged (whether for trading or staking). In recent years, a significant question has resurfaced concerning the liability of entities such as banks and digital asset platforms for the losses suffered by …
The Coming Central Bank Digital Currency Revolution And The E-Cny, Heng Wang, Ross Buckley
The Coming Central Bank Digital Currency Revolution And The E-Cny, Heng Wang, Ross Buckley
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The only central bank money individuals and businesses have today is cash. Everything else they use as money is commercial bank promises. Central bank digital currencies (“CBDC”) will likely change all this by putting central bank money into everyone’s hands. China is a front runner in this revolution, and its CBDC, the e-CNY, may well in time profoundly affect the international economic order. This article analyses the major considerations around the e-CNY, its ramifications, in particular for trade, and its possible challenges.
Administrative Concessions And The Efficient Taxation Of Digital Tokens In Singapore, Vincent Ooi
Administrative Concessions And The Efficient Taxation Of Digital Tokens In Singapore, Vincent Ooi
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Tax authorities around the world have stepped-up enforcement activities on the taxation of digital tokens and begun providing more guidance to taxpayers. However, the relative novelty of the field means that there is likely to be considerable uncertainty as to the correct tax treatment, both on the part of taxpayers and tax authorities. This requires both parties to seek tax and legal advice that is often duplicative (in the sense that similar issues tend to keep coming up for different taxpayers) and bear the risk of taking an incorrect legal position. In some cases, the strict tax position under the …
Regulating The Corporate Governance Of State-Owned Enterprises In Investment Arbitration, Mark Mclaughlin
Regulating The Corporate Governance Of State-Owned Enterprises In Investment Arbitration, Mark Mclaughlin
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The renaissance of sovereign investment is one of the defining economic trends of the 21st century. While many states have benefitted, and continue to benefit, from an influx of state-backed foreign investment, this embrace is not without its hesitancies. Host states are particularly concerned that state-owned enterprises (SOE s) pursue non-commercial policy objectives, maintain lower levels of transparency than their private counterparts, and operate with inferior standards of responsible business conduct. In response, domestic regulators have enacted a series of countermeasures for SOE investment, including requirements that such enterprises must invest on a “commercial basis.” However, the regulation of foreign …
Tax Challenges In Debt Financing Involving Digital Tokens, Vincent Ooi
Tax Challenges In Debt Financing Involving Digital Tokens, Vincent Ooi
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
When digital tokens are used in debt finance, one cannot assume that the same orthodox tax treatment will apply. The highly specific nature of tax provisions means that they may apply very differently once digital tokens rather than fiat currency are involved. Through a case study of Singapore law, this article shows that if debt finance transactions involving digital tokens are not carefully structured, there may be severe tax consequences, including the inability to deduct borrowing costs or benefit from common tax incentives, and the possible incurrence of additional tax liabilities. This article submits that, under Singapore tax law, it …
Exploring The Assetisation And Financialisation Of Non-Fungible Tokens: Opportunities And Regulatory Implications, Iris H. Y. Chiu, J.G. Allen
Exploring The Assetisation And Financialisation Of Non-Fungible Tokens: Opportunities And Regulatory Implications, Iris H. Y. Chiu, J.G. Allen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article explores the emerging phenomenon of use cases for Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs) in novel forms of crypto-finance, a stage we call “NFT financialisation”, that can be developed from stages of consumption and commoditisation of NFTs, which are increasingly observed. Despite the emerging contests regarding property rights conferred by NFTs, the needs for commoditisation and financialisation in NFT markets would likely shape the delineation and framing of such rights in order for users to exploit the asset potential of NFTs. We argue that an institutional response is timely and beneficial for NFT financialisation. Financial regulatory governance can provide the institutions …
Decentralized Finance: Implications Of The So-Called Disintermediation Of Financial Services, Nydia Remolina Leon
Decentralized Finance: Implications Of The So-Called Disintermediation Of Financial Services, Nydia Remolina Leon
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Decentralized Finance, known as DeFi, refers to the use of blockchain and digital assets or crypto-assets for the provision of financial services. Under this concept, services such as loans, insurance, crypto-asset exchanges, among others, are offered, are structured based on crypto-assets and through technologically decentralized applications. This chapter discusses the concept of DeFi and how it challenges the traditional market infrastructures of the financial sector, demystifying the idea of absolute decentralization, generally mentioned in the crypto-asset arena, from the perspective of decision-makers and governors of these decentralized applications. Subsequently, the chapter analyses the opportunities and challenges of DeFi for consumers, …
The Anti-Money Laundering Framework For Precious Stones And Metals Dealers In Singapore, Vincent Ooi
The Anti-Money Laundering Framework For Precious Stones And Metals Dealers In Singapore, Vincent Ooi
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Precious stones and metals have commonly been used throughout the world as a conduit for terrorism and money laundering activities. Such illicit use of these assets has called for its much-needed attention from a regulatory perspective. This is particularly relevant in a financial haven such as Singapore. Accordingly, this article seeks to explore how several of the most common trading and investment activities involving precious stones and metals in Singapore are regulated.
The Law Of Central Bank Reserve Creation, Will Bateman, J.G. Allen
The Law Of Central Bank Reserve Creation, Will Bateman, J.G. Allen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article explores legal and constitutional dimensions of central banks’ powers to create money, ‘central bank reserves’, through monetary policy operations. Despite the prominence of monetary authority since the Financial Crisis, the law supporting the creation of central bank reserves is very obscure, as is the role of law in structuring constitutional authority over money. We de-mystify those important matters in three steps. First, we explain, for a legal audience, the role of central bank reserves in the financial system and broader economy. Secondly, we analyse the legal basis for the creation of central bank reserves in three prominent ‘North …
Institutional Investors In China: Corporate Governance And Policy Channeling In The Market Within The State, Lin Lin, Dan W. Puchniak
Institutional Investors In China: Corporate Governance And Policy Channeling In The Market Within The State, Lin Lin, Dan W. Puchniak
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The extraordinary rise of China’s economy has made understanding Chinese corporate governance an issue of global importance. A rich literature has developed analyzing the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP’s) role as China’s largest controlling shareholder and the impact that this has on Chinese corporate governance. However, the CCP’s role as the architect – and direct and indirect controller – of institutional investors in China has been largely overlooked in the comparative corporate law literature.This Article aims to take the first step in filling this gap in the literature by drawing on Chinese sources and fresh hand-collected empirical, interview, and case study …
Making Money From Cryptocurrency? The Taxman May Call On You, Hern Kuan Liu, Vincent Ooi
Making Money From Cryptocurrency? The Taxman May Call On You, Hern Kuan Liu, Vincent Ooi
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Miners, forgers, hobbyists, traders – different rules apply. Just don’t assume crypto investment is somehow immune to taxation.
Rebuilding Trust: Regulation Of Financial Advisers In The Uk, Weiping He, Han-Wei Liu
Rebuilding Trust: Regulation Of Financial Advisers In The Uk, Weiping He, Han-Wei Liu
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Key pointsThe 2006 UK Retail Distribution Review identified much-needed reforms to the retail investment markets. It suffered chronic problems arising from the provision of conflicted advice by financial advisers to their clients. The global financial crisis (GFC) added intense urgency to the need for reforms.As a result, commission-based charging for financial advisers were banned in 2012, and the requirements under the suitability rule were more sharply defined.This article traces the trajectory of the pre- and post-GFC reforms and the ways in which the judicial interpretations of the legislative reforms played an important role in regulating the retail investment markets.The article …
Theory, Evidence, And Policy On Dual-Class Shares: A Country-Specific Response To A Global Debate, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
Theory, Evidence, And Policy On Dual-Class Shares: A Country-Specific Response To A Global Debate, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Dual-class shares have become one of the most controversial issues in today´s capital markets and corporate governance debates around the world. Namely, it is not clear whether companies should be allowed to go public with dual-class shares and, if so, which restrictions (if any) should be imposed. Three primary regulatory models have been adopted to deal with dual-class shares: (i) prohibitions, existing in countries like the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Colombia, or Argentina; (ii) the permissive model adopted in several jurisdictions, including Canada, Sweden, the Netherlands, and particularly the United States; and (iii) the restrictive approach recently implemented in Hong …
A New Structuring Option For Funds: The Singapore Variable Capital Company, Vincent Ooi
A New Structuring Option For Funds: The Singapore Variable Capital Company, Vincent Ooi
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The Singapore Variable Capital Company (“VCC”) offers a new structuring option for funds. This article considers the features of the VCC in terms of structure, operational aspects and commercial considerations, against the backdrop of similar structures in the BVI and Labuan. It submits that, with statutory modifications, opportunities exist to use the VCC for insurance, captive insurance and family offices.
Regulating Financial Advisers In The Uk: Lessons For Australia, Weiping He, Han-Wei Liu
Regulating Financial Advisers In The Uk: Lessons For Australia, Weiping He, Han-Wei Liu
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Prompted by the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the Australian government introduced the Future of Financial Advice reforms in 2013. It aimed to improve the quality of financial advice by virtue of a best interests duty and a ban on conflicted remuneration, inter alia. Despite the reforms, public trust in financial advisers remains unacceptably low. Adviser misconduct, driven by conflicted selfinterest, remains prevalent. By contrast, there is relatively greater trust in financial advisers in the United Kingdom (‘UK’). This article focuses on how the UK regulates financial advisers, where the best interests duty and suitability rule also apply. The analysis that …
Disruptive Technologies And Digital Transformation Of The Financial Services Industry In Singapore: Regulatory Framework And Challenges Ahead, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
Disruptive Technologies And Digital Transformation Of The Financial Services Industry In Singapore: Regulatory Framework And Challenges Ahead, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This paper seeks to provide a general overview of the impact of new technologies in the financial services industry in Singapore. For that purpose, it starts by emphasizing that technology has always played an important role in the financial industry. However, new disruptive technologies, as well as the increasing use of data in the financial services industry, have created new challenges and opportunities for the financial sector. While Singapore has managed to address these challenges by adopting one of the quickest and most innovative and comprehensive responses probably observed internationally, financial markets –and particularly the fintech industry– are constantly evolving. …
The Future Of Reorganization Procedures In The Era Of Pre-Insolvency Law, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
The Future Of Reorganization Procedures In The Era Of Pre-Insolvency Law, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Several countries and regions around the world, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, are amending their restructuring framework to implement a pre-insolvency mechanism that includes most of the features that exist in the US Chapter 11 reorganization procedure. However, unlike what happens in the United States, where unsuccessful reorganizations lead to Chapter 7 liquidations, companies using this ‘de facto Chapter 11’ (DFCH11) are still allowed to use formal reorganization procedures. This article argues that, while the rise of the DFCH11 is not necessarily undesirable provided that various protections are put in place, jurisdictions implementing this restructuring tool …
The Promises And Perils Of Insurtech, Lin Lin, Christopher C. H. Chen
The Promises And Perils Of Insurtech, Lin Lin, Christopher C. H. Chen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
The insurance sector, in riding the wave of the FinTech phenomenon, has been rapidly expanding, with a slew of firms having emerged to provide so-called “InsurTech” services. These services incorporate concepts such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, digitalisation and the sharing economy to various aspects of the insurance industry. This profusion of technology brings with it the promise of various benefits including increasing efficiency and lowering costs for not only insurers and intermediaries, but also businesses or consumers as end-users of insurance. However, the development of InsurTech comes with corresponding risks and regulatory concerns not currently accounted for by the traditional …
The Tax Treatment Of Haircuts In Financial Reorganizations, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez, Vincent Ooi
The Tax Treatment Of Haircuts In Financial Reorganizations, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez, Vincent Ooi
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Over the past few years, Singapore has implemented various ambitious insolvency reforms aimed at making the country an international hub for debt restructuring. This article argues that while Singapore has put in place one of the most sophisticated restructuring frameworks in the world, some tax reforms might be useful to maximise the potential of this new restructuring framework. Namely, it will be pointed out that the tax treatment of debt forgiveness granted by creditors in corporate reorganisation (‘haircuts’) should be reviewed. Under the current legislation, these haircuts may be treated as taxable income. As a result, financially distressed debtors may …
Singapore’S Puzzling Embrace Of Shareholder Stewardship: A Successful Secret, Dan W. Puchniak, Samantha S. Tang
Singapore’S Puzzling Embrace Of Shareholder Stewardship: A Successful Secret, Dan W. Puchniak, Samantha S. Tang
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In the wake of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the UK created the first stewardship code which was designed to transform its rationally passive institutional investors into actively engaged shareholders. In the UK corporate governance context, this idea made sense. Institutional investors collectively own a sizable majority of the shares in most of the UK’s listed companies. In turn, if the UK stewardship code could incentivize them to effectively monitor management – to act as “good shareholder stewards” – the managerial short-termism and excessive risk-taking, which were identified as contributors to the GFC, could be avoided.The UK’s idea to adopt …
In Whose Best Interests? Regulating Financial Advisers, The Royal Commission, And The Dilemma Of Reform, Han-Wei Liu, Toan Le, Weiping He, Michael Duffy
In Whose Best Interests? Regulating Financial Advisers, The Royal Commission, And The Dilemma Of Reform, Han-Wei Liu, Toan Le, Weiping He, Michael Duffy
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Following the Future of Financial Advice reforms, the ‘suitability’ and ‘appropriateness’ focus for financial advice has been relocated and supplemented by a ‘best interests’ focus in s 961B of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Yet, as the Australian Government’s Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry has pointed out, structural issues may often work against best interests being paramount. Further, moves to make the statutory obligation replicate a fiduciary obligation have been resisted in the consultative process that developed s 961B and related obligation sections and any replication is far from clear. Another key issue …
Theory, Evidence And Policy On Dual-Class Shares: A Country-Specific Response To A Global Debate, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
Theory, Evidence And Policy On Dual-Class Shares: A Country-Specific Response To A Global Debate, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Dual-class shares have become one of the most controversial issues in today´s capital markets and corporate governance debates around the world. Namely, it is not clear whether companies should be allowed to go public with dual-class shares and, if so, which restrictions (if any) should be imposed. Three primary regulatory models have been adopted to deal with dual-class shares: (i) prohibitions, existing in countries like the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Colombia, or Argentina; (ii) the permissive model adopted in several jurisdictions, including Canada, Sweden, the Netherlands, and particularly the United States; and (iii) the restrictive approach recently implemented in Hong …
Public And Private Enforcement Of Corporate And Securities Laws: An Empirical Comparison Of Hong Kong And Singapore, Wai Yee Wan, Christopher C. H. Chen, Say H. Goo
Public And Private Enforcement Of Corporate And Securities Laws: An Empirical Comparison Of Hong Kong And Singapore, Wai Yee Wan, Christopher C. H. Chen, Say H. Goo
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Current scholarship emphasises the correlation between enforcement of corporate and securities laws and strong capital markets. Yet, the issue of how private and public enforcement may achieve the objectives of compensation and optimal deterrence remains controversial. While enforcement strategies have been studied extensively in the US and the UK, comparatively less attention is placed on Asia, where concentrated shareholdings are the norm. This study fills the gap by focusing on Hong Kong and Singapore, two leading international financial centres in Asia. Post Asian financial crisis of 1997, Hong Kong and Singapore have changed their laws to strengthen the private enforcement …
The Future Of Reorganization Procedures In The Era Of Pre-Insolvency Law, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
The Future Of Reorganization Procedures In The Era Of Pre-Insolvency Law, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Several countries and regions around the world, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the European Union are amending their restructuring framework to implement a pre-insolvency mechanism that looks like a US Chapter 11 reorganization. However, unlike what happens in the United States, where unsuccessful reorganizations lead to Chapter 7 liquidations, companies using this ‘de facto Chapter 11’ (DFCH11) are still allowed to use the formal reorganization procedures existing in their insolvency jurisdictions if the DFCH11 fails.
Transplanting Chapter 11 Of The Us Bankruptcy Code Into Singapore's Restructuring And Insolvency Laws: Opportunities And Challenges, Gerald Mccormack, Wai Yee Wan
Transplanting Chapter 11 Of The Us Bankruptcy Code Into Singapore's Restructuring And Insolvency Laws: Opportunities And Challenges, Gerald Mccormack, Wai Yee Wan
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In 2017, Singapore introduced wide-ranging reformsto its insolvency and restructuring laws with a view to enhancing itsattractiveness as an international centre for debt restructuring. Central tothese reforms is the transplantation (with modification) of certain provisionsfrom Chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code including the automatic moratorium, cross-creditorcram-down, rescue financing and pre-packs. Drawing upon the US experience andsimilar reform proposals in the EU (including the UK), we critically evaluate theimpact of the new Singapore law. We argue that there remain challenges inensuring that the transplantation works well and highlight the possibleunintended consequences of such transplantation.
Dual-Class Shares In Singapore – Where Ideology Meets Pragmatism, Pey Woan Lee
Dual-Class Shares In Singapore – Where Ideology Meets Pragmatism, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article seeks to understand the rationale for and potential implications of the introduction of dual class shares (DCS) in Singapore. It does so by first considering the theoretical as well as evidential arguments for and against the use of DCS, followed by a survey on the reception (or otherwise) of such structures in four common law jurisdictions with vibrant capital markets, viz., Canada, the United States, United Kingdom and Hong Kong. It observes that the chief argument cited by business founders to justify the use of DCS structures is the desire to enhance a firm’s long-term profitability by shielding …
Unravelling Civil Conspiracy, Pey Woan Lee
Unravelling Civil Conspiracy, Pey Woan Lee
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article seeks to understand civil conspiracy through the lens of its historical rationale. It identifies that purpose to be the protection of public interests as the tort was originally fashioned as an extension of criminal conspiracy to counter serious social ills. For lawful means conspiracy, this rationale is exemplified by the requirement for improper or illegitimate motive whilst “unlawful means” serves the same function in the context of unlawful means conspiracy. Counter-intuitively, understanding the tort in this way provides a means of restricting the tort and reigning in its “revolutionary” tendencies. Recognising the tort’s policy-based foundation would, it is …
Enforcing Town Councils’ Duties Of Financial Prudence: Problems Addressed By The Town Councils (Amendment) Act 2017, Benjamin Joshua Ong
Enforcing Town Councils’ Duties Of Financial Prudence: Problems Addressed By The Town Councils (Amendment) Act 2017, Benjamin Joshua Ong
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article discusses the means by which a TownCouncil’s statutory duties, particularly its duties of financial prudence, maybe enforced. It studies the law as it was prior to 2017 and reveals variousconceptual and practical problems, the result of which was that it was possiblefor a Town Council to fail to perform its statutory duties and face onlyminimal consequences. This article willprovide a background to some of the new statutory procedures introduced in the2017 amendments to the Town Councils Act, which solve the problems from whichthe previous law suffered. It is hoped that this will shed light on the historyof the …