Law Commons^™

France's Organisme De Défense Et De Gestion: A Model For Farmer Collective Action Through Standard Development And Brand Management, Christopher J. Bardenhagen, Philip H. Howard, Marie-Odile Noziéres-Petit

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Quality-based food production, often with a regional dimension, can provide farmers with new, value added markets. It can also provide consumers with access to place based high-quality products, and may benefit local economies through increased commerce. French Organismes de Défense et de Gestion (ODGs) illustrate a mode of quality-based agri-food business organization. ODGs focus on the development of production standards, as well as management of the intellectual property related to those standards. This mode, which is commonly used in Europe, has not often been used in the United States, despite its potential for regional food system development. The ODG mode …

Farmer Cooperatives "Take Cover": The Capper-Volstead Exemption Is Under Siege, Donald M. Barnes, Jay L. Levine

Arkansas Law Review

"When tillage begins, other arts follow. The farmers, therefore, are the founders of human civilization." There can be little dispute that food production is of vital interest to any nation’s security and economy. For this reason, the United States Congress, like many other legislatures around the world, has accorded special treatment to the agricultural industry, and particularly to farmers. One example of this special treatment is the Capper-Volstead Act, which provides farmers with immunity from antitrust liability for joint conduct undertaken by and through an “association” of producers.

Tribal Sovereign Immunity As A Defense At The Patent Trial And Appeal Board? Or A Violation Of U.S. Antitrust Laws?, Samantha Roth

Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review

This Comment will address two primary issues. First, it will analyze the basis of sovereign immunity rights of tribes, with a focus on the relationship between intellectual property rights and sovereignty. Second, it will discuss whether this arrangement violates the antitrust laws of the United States. This Comment concludes that even if a claim of tribal sovereign immunity is legitimate, it is likely that such an arrangement still violates the relevant antitrust claims.

Agribusiness And Antitrust: The Bayer-Monsanto Merger, Its Legality, And Its Effect On The United States And European Union, Aleah Douglas

Global Business Law Review

This note examines the current and historical antitrust laws of the United States and the European Union as they relate to the currently pending merger between Bayer and Monsanto. It focuses alternatively on the legality of the merger under modern antitrust laws and the impact such a deal could have on the agribusiness industry in both Europe and the United States. Ultimately, the note argues that the Bayer-Monsanto merger is illegal and should be blocked by the proper authorities in the United States and the European Union.

The Proper Reach Of Territorial Jurisdiction: A Case Study Of Divergent Attitudes, Robert Y. Jennings

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Intersection Between The Patent System And Antitrust Laws: Patents Speeding, Antitrust Yielding, Innovation Bleeding!, Stijepko Tokic

Akron Intellectual Property Journal

In this article, I explain the interaction between the two laws and describe the ways in which these two extremely important areas of government regulation are and are not in tension. I argue that the conflict between the two laws is overstated, but the proper balance is far from being found. The reason for that is a notion that the current state of the patent system is more of a hindrance than a spur to innovation and competition due to overprotection and broadening of patent rights, lowering of standards to grant patents, chronic inefficiency of the Patent and Trademark Office …

The Antitrust Laws And The Health Industry, Robert P. Borsody

Akron Law Review

"The health industry is one of the largest and fastest growing sectors of the nation's economy, yet in the past, trade regulation cases arising in this area have been disproportionately few. Today this is changing. The courts and regulatory agencies have increasingly held the attitude that if physicians and health care providers wish to reap the benefits of commercial activity they must bear the burden of competition, including trade regulation."

The Validity Of Vertical Restraints Under U.S. And E.E.C. Antitrust Laws, Cataldo L. Cammarata

Akron Law Review

The major issues in vertical restraints involve questions of agency, resale price maintenance and territorial and customer limitations. Both the United States and the European Economic Community utilize antitrust law to regulate vertical restraints and the undesirable effects flowing therefrom. This article will assess the posture taken by antitrust law vis-a-vis vertical restraints in the United States and the Common Market and will examine the extent to which a restraint in the distribution field will be considered valid by the two systems

The Newspaper Preservation Act: Why It Fails To Preserve Newspapers, John P. Patkus

Akron Law Review

Regardless of this elaborate mechanism set up to save failing newspapers, there has been an alarming number of failures of big city papers in recent years: Washington, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Buffalo lost newspapers since the middle of 1981 and became one-newspaper towns. In light of this apparent failure of the NPA to achieve its stated purpose of "maintaining a newspaper press editorially and reportorially independent and competitive in all parts of the United States," this article attempts to answer two questions: How has the NPA been dealt with by the courts, and how effective has the NPA been in practice?

Shifting Sentiments Toward Antitrust Enforcement: The Impact Upon Antitrust Enforcement In Licensing Of Patented Technology Arrangements Containing Tying Agreements, Michael L. Jordan

Akron Law Review

Nothing so drastic as the repeal of the antitrust laws has occurred. However, considerable leeway exists for changing attitudes to alter judicial interpretation and government enforcement of the relevant statutes. This comment scrutinizes one antitrust issue with potential international significance: tying arrangements in licensing of patented technology. This comment also analyzes the impact of changing attitudes on antitrust law enforcement in this area.

Can The Tiger Sit Down With The Dragon? An Assessment Of Chinese And Indian Antitrust Laws, R. Matthew Short

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Professional Activities And The Antitrust Laws, Joseph P. Bauer

Joseph P. Bauer

No abstract provided.

Reflections On The Manifold Means Of Enforcing The Antitrust Laws: Too Much, Too Little, Or Just Right?, Joseph P. Bauer

Joseph P. Bauer

Lately, much attention has been given to the scope of the antitrust laws. This discussion has two overlapping components: (1) consideration of the substantive doctrines specifying the behavioral or structural changes that are or are not unlawful and the appropriate methodology; and (2) analysis for making those determinations with attention given to the appropriate vehicles for enforcing the antitrust laws. Some argue that the antitrust laws proscribe activities that are either pro-competitive or at worst benign. Further, they assert that the multiplicity of antitrust enforcers and enforcement devices has resulted in undue burdens, including excessive cost, time delay, and forestalling …

What Consensus? Ideology, Politics And Elections Still Matter, Steven C. Salop

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

This article, which was prepared for an ABA Antitrust Section Panel, discusses the role of ideology and politics in antitrust enforcement and the impact of elections in the last twenty year on enforcement and policy at the federal antitrust agencies. The article explains the differences in antitrust ideologies and their impact on policy preferences. The article then uses a database of civil non-merger complaints by the DOJ and FTC over the last three Presidential administrations to analyze changes in the number, type and other characteristics of antitrust enforcement. It also discusses change in vertical merger enforcement and other antirust policies …

The Real Estate Brokerage Industry And Antitrust Implications, Lynn H. Mack, Valerie A. Moore

Pepperdine Law Review

No abstract provided.

International Antitrust Cooperation And The Preference For Nonbinding Regimes, Anu Bradford

Faculty Scholarship

Today, multinational corporations operate in increasingly international markets, yet antitrust laws regulating their competitive conduct remain national. Thus, corporations are subject to divergent antitrust regimes across the various jurisdictions in which they operate. This increases transaction costs, causes unnecessary delays, and raises the likelihood of conflicting decisions. The risks inherent in multi-jurisdictional regulatory review were prominently illustrated in the proposed GE/Honeywell acquisition, which failed following the European Union’s (“EU”) decision to prohibit the transaction despite its earlier approval in the United States. Inconsistent remedies imposed on Microsoft following parallel investigations by both the U.S. and EU authorities serve as another …

Introduction To Global Issues In Antitrust And Competition Law, Daniel A. Crane

Other Publications

This volume is a global reader. It presents materials and cases on the global issues of antitrust and competition policy. It may be used on its own or to supplement domestic antitrust casebooks.

It might seem strange to consider the treatment of global issues as a supplement to antitrust casebooks, for, in one important sense, antitrust is global. Markets commonly cross national boundaries. Mergers are as likely as not to combine firms from different nations and in any event to affect markets in many nations. Acts and conspiracies in New York, Washington, Tokyo, Zurich, Frankfurt, Johannesburg, Beijing, Delhi, or Sao …

Reflections On The Manifold Means Of Enforcing The Antitrust Laws: Too Much, Too Little, Or Just Right?, Joseph P. Bauer

Journal Articles

Lately, much attention has been given to the scope of the antitrust laws. This discussion has two overlapping components: (1) consideration of the substantive doctrines specifying the behavioral or structural changes that are or are not unlawful and the appropriate methodology; and (2) analysis for making those determinations with attention given to the appropriate vehicles for enforcing the antitrust laws. Some argue that the antitrust laws proscribe activities that are either pro-competitive or at worst benign. Further, they assert that the multiplicity of antitrust enforcers and enforcement devices has resulted in undue burdens, including excessive cost, time delay, and forestalling …

Avoiding Impotence: Rethinking The Standards For Applying State Antitrust Laws To Interstate Commerce, David W. Lamb

Vanderbilt Law Review

State antitrust laws are broadly constructed. With sweeping, general terms, often mirroring the language of the federal anti- trust laws, most state antitrust statutes manifest a legislative design to prevent-and to punish a variety of commercial activities that are anticompetitive in purpose or effect. These statutes, in conjunction with consumer protection statutes, constitute the primary vehicles through which state authorities protect consumers from harmful, anticompetitive behavior. Of course, despite the importance of state antitrust laws in preserving a competitive marketplace, the Constitution confines their reach. Through the Commerce Clause, the Constitution vests in Congress the exclusive power to regulate interstate …

Department Of Justice Antitrust Enforcement, 1955-1997: An Empirical Study, Kenneth G. Dau-Schmidt, Joseph C. Gallo, Joseph L. Craycraft, Charles J. Parker

Articles by Maurer Faculty

This is an empirical study of Department of Justice (DOJ) enforcement of the antitrust laws. Its purpose is fourfold:

1.To update Posner's study "A Statistical Study of Antitrust Enforcement" (Posner, 1970, pp. 365-419).

2.To provide consistent and comparable measures of antitrust enforcement effort by the Department of Justice.

3.To report these measurements in a concise and systematic way in order to encourage empirical studies of antitrust issues.

4.To explore some implications for antitrust issues.

The purpose is to present the overall historical record of DOJ antitrust activity as well as some patterns in that history. More detailed analysis is left …

The N.F.L.'S Final Victory Over Smith V. Pro-Football, Inc.: Single Entity - Interleague Economic Analysis, Terrance Ahern

Cleveland State Law Review

The financial expansion of the N.F.L. has been accompanied by the promulgation of league rules to ensure league stability. These rules include several player service market restraints, which have been adopted by the N.F.L. to ensure competitive equality between the franchises. This note analyzes the validity of these restraints under the Sherman Antitrust Act in light of the recent decision of the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals in Smith v. Pro Football, Inc. and presents a new approach to the economic structure of the N.F.L. which may validate the current restraints.

The N.F.L.'S Final Victory Over Smith V. Pro-Football, Inc.: Single Entity - Interleague Economic Analysis, Terrance Ahern

Cleveland State Law Review

The financial expansion of the N.F.L. has been accompanied by the promulgation of league rules to ensure league stability. These rules include several player service market restraints, which have been adopted by the N.F.L. to ensure competitive equality between the franchises. This note analyzes the validity of these restraints under the Sherman Antitrust Act in light of the recent decision of the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals in Smith v. Pro Football, Inc. and presents a new approach to the economic structure of the N.F.L. which may validate the current restraints.

A Practitioner's Guide To The Maryland Antitrust Act, William L. Reynolds, James D. Wright

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

The Legality Of The Rozelle Rule And Related Practices In The National Football League, Donald Novick

Fordham Urban Law Journal

Traditional rules designed to control player movement within the National Football League (NFL) have recently been challenged in two federal district courts. In Kapp v. NFL Judge Sweigert concluded that these rules constitute a violation of the antitrust laws. In Mackey v. NFL Judge Larson held that the Rozelle Rule is in violation of the antitrust laws. A prospective NFL player must sign a contract that contains an option clause which gives the employing team the right to renew a player's contract for one year beyond the time stipulated in the contract, at a compensation rate of 90% of the …

Professional Activities And The Antitrust Laws, Joseph P. Bauer

Journal Articles

Few subjects in international law raise such incorrigible conflicts of interest as the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the antitrust context. As one commentator asked with respect to a U.S. court's assertion of jurisdiction over British defendants, "[h]ow could American law, how could an American judgment applying American law possibly vary the rights and obligations created by an English contract to be performed outside the United States?" Indeed, international law is based on the notion that a state occupies a definite territory, within which it normally exercises exclusive jurisdiction.

Yet this traditional doctrine of "territorial jurisdiction" has slowly given way …

Motives Of Non-Profit Organizations And The Antitrust Laws, Frank J. Nawalanic

Cleveland State Law Review

Non-profit status has traditionally been delegated and regulated by state law. It is becoming increasingly clear that state law is expanding the types of organization allowed non-profit status, thus inviting more abuses of the status to exist. This is exemplified by New York's "Not-For-Profit Corporation Law" and recent indications by Pennsylvania and California legislators of their contemplation of enacting similar statutes. It is with this understanding that the applicability of the antitrust laws to non-profit corporations will be considered.

Investigation And Discovery In State Antitrust, Bernie R. Burrus

Michigan Legal Studies Series

Monograph submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the S.J.D. degree at the University of Michigan Law School.

Legislation, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

In United States v. Philadelphia Nat'l Bank,' the Supreme Court enjoined a proposed merger of the second and third largest commercial banks in Philadelphia. The Court held, inter alia, that section 7 of the Clayton Act 2 applied to bank mergers, and that the merger in question might substantially lessen competition. Central to the reasoning of the majority was the premise that an unchecked trend toward concentration of market power in commercial banking is contrary to the public interest in maintaining competition among existing commercial banks. Since commercial banking had traditionally been considered exempt from section 7 prosecution, the cry …

The Effect Of White Motor Co. On Exclusive Selling Arrangements, Jack R. Hlustik

Vanderbilt Law Review

At present, the status of exclusive selling arrangements with territorial and/or customer limitations is unsettled. Since these arrangements are not illegal per se, a full trial is necessary to adjudge their validity. Future courts, enlightened by the arguments of lawyers, the analyses of commentators, and the testimony of numerous expert witnesses, will be in a better position to formulate policies and establish guidelines in this area. Legislative proposals may be submitted to Congress to eliminate this uncertainty. Hasty legislation in this area would be unwise, however, for legislative experience in this area, like judicial experience, is limited.

Jurisdiction In International Application Of United States Antitrust Laws, Hiroshi Fukuda

Cleveland State Law Review

However, the trend to apply United States antitrust laws to international trade agreements has given rise to another important question, namely the jurisdictional problem of antitrust laws. Many people, both in this country and abroad, criticized this trend as an abuse of power and invasion of foreign sovereignty. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to analyze the underlying theories of jurisdiction with respect to antitrust laws and to discover the existing jurisdictional limitations imposed by the courts on themselves.