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Articles 1 - 8 of 8
Full-Text Articles in Law
Deterrence And Antitrust Punishment: Firms Versus Agents, Keith N. Hylton
Deterrence And Antitrust Punishment: Firms Versus Agents, Keith N. Hylton
Faculty Scholarship
Antitrust enforcement regimes rely on penalties against two groups of actors for deterrence: penalties against the violating firm and penalties against the violating firm's agents. Here, I examine the economics of punishing agents versus firms. My area of application is antitrust, but the argument applies generally to other fields in which the government has the choice of punishing the agent, the firm, or both. This analysis suggests that whenever the firm has an incentive, given existing penalties, to engage in some illegal act that may result in relatively modest punishment for its agents, the firm can almost always induce its …
Is Music The Next Ebooks? An Antitrust Analysis Of Apple's Conduct In The Music Industry, Alexa Klebanow, Tim Wu
Is Music The Next Ebooks? An Antitrust Analysis Of Apple's Conduct In The Music Industry, Alexa Klebanow, Tim Wu
Faculty Scholarship
Over the last twenty years, two waves of technological change have transformed the way people purchase and listen to music. First, digital downloads displaced physical sales of albums. More recently, digital downloads, once the primary way to gain access to digital music, have come to be challenged by streaming services. Apple, a leader in the digital download market with iTunes, has engaged in various strategies to meet the challenge. This Note specifically focuses on two types of conduct: Apple’s pressure on labels to enter into exclusive license agreements, also known as windowing, and Apple’s pressure on the market to abandon …
Competition Policy And Free Trade: Antitrust Provisions In Ptas, Anu Bradford, Tim Büthe
Competition Policy And Free Trade: Antitrust Provisions In Ptas, Anu Bradford, Tim Büthe
Faculty Scholarship
Trade agreements increasingly contain provisions concerning ‘behind-the-border’ barriers to trade, often beyond current World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments (Dur, Baccini and Elsig 2014). Today’s preferential trade agreements (PTAs) may include, for instance, rules regarding ‘technical’ barriers to trade that go beyond the WTO’s Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement), accelerating the replacement of differing national product safety standards with common international standards and thus reducing the trade-inhibiting effect of regulatory measures (Buthe and Mattli 2011; World Trade Organization 2012). Today’s PTAs may also go beyond WTO rules in prohibiting preferences for domestic producers in government procurement (Arrowsmith and …
Antitrust Enforcement Regimes: Fundamental Differences, Keith N. Hylton
Antitrust Enforcement Regimes: Fundamental Differences, Keith N. Hylton
Faculty Scholarship
Since China has modeled its antitrust regime on that of the EU, there are essentially two antitrust regime types: the U.S. and the EU. This chapter is a brief comparative study of the two regimes. I focus on three categories in which fundamental differences are observed: enforcement, legal standards, and procedure. Within each of the three categories, I narrow the focus to a specific illustrative feature. With respect to enforcement, the EU imposes gain-based penalties while the U.S. imposes harm-based penalties. In predation law, the U.S. has a marginal cost standard and the EU has an average cost standard. With …
Does Google Content Degrade Google Search? Experimental Evidence, Michael Luca, Tim Wu, Sebastian Couvidat, Daniel Frank
Does Google Content Degrade Google Search? Experimental Evidence, Michael Luca, Tim Wu, Sebastian Couvidat, Daniel Frank
Faculty Scholarship
While Google is known primarily as a search engine, it has increasingly developed and promoted its own content as an alternative to results from other websites. By prominently displaying Google content in response to search queries, Google is able to use its dominance in search to gain customers for this content. This may reduce consumer welfare if the internal content is inferior to organic search results. In this paper, we provide a legal and empirical analysis of this practice in the domain of online reviews. We first identify the conditions under which universal search would be considered anticompetitive. We then …
From Sunshine To A Common Agent: The Evolving Understanding Of Transparency In The Wto, Petros C. Mavroidis, Robert Wolfe
From Sunshine To A Common Agent: The Evolving Understanding Of Transparency In The Wto, Petros C. Mavroidis, Robert Wolfe
Faculty Scholarship
Transparency obligations have undergone substantial transformations since the inception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 117 1947. From an obligation to publish general laws affecting trade, the system now includes peer review by governments (in the form of monitoring and surveillance) and efforts to inform the public. These accomplishments are remarkable, but much remains to be done. Originally designed for a handful of developed countries, the global trading system now must provide an expanded knowledge base that benefits 160 member states, millions of economic actors, and hundreds of millions of citizens with inadequate resources to acquire …
Markets, Morals, And Limits In The Exchange Of Human Eggs, Kimberly D. Krawiec
Markets, Morals, And Limits In The Exchange Of Human Eggs, Kimberly D. Krawiec
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Patents And Small Participants In The Smartphone Industry, Joel R. Reidenberg, N. Cameron Russell, Maxim Price, Anand Mohand
Patents And Small Participants In The Smartphone Industry, Joel R. Reidenberg, N. Cameron Russell, Maxim Price, Anand Mohand
Faculty Scholarship
For intellectual property law and policy, the impact that patent rights may have on the ability of small companies to compete in the Smartphone market is a critically important issue for continued robust innovation. Open and competitive markets provide vitality for the development of Smartphone technologies. Nevertheless, the impact of patent rights on the smart phone industry is an unexplored area of empirical research. Thus, this Article seeks to show how patent rights affect the ability of small participants to enter, compete, and exit smart phone markets. The study collected and used comprehensive empirical data on patent grants, venture funding, …