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Articles 1 - 30 of 35
Full-Text Articles in Law
Toward A Unified Theory Of Access To Local Telephone Systems, Daniel F. Spulber, Christopher S. Yoo
Toward A Unified Theory Of Access To Local Telephone Systems, Daniel F. Spulber, Christopher S. Yoo
All Faculty Scholarship
One of the most distinctive developments in telecommunications policy over the past few decades has been the increasingly broad array of access requirements regulatory authorities have imposed on local telephone providers. In so doing, policymakers did not fully consider whether the justifications for regulating telecommunications remained valid. They also allowed each access regime to be governed by its own pricing methodology and set access prices in a way that treated each network component as if it existed in isolation. The result was a regulatory regime that was internally inconsistent, vulnerable to regulatory arbitrage, and unable to capture the interactions among …
Essential Facilities And Trinko: Should Antitrust And Regulation Be Combined?, Timothy J. Brennan
Essential Facilities And Trinko: Should Antitrust And Regulation Be Combined?, Timothy J. Brennan
Federal Communications Law Journal
"The Enduring Lessons of the Breakup of AT&T: A Twenty-Five Year Retrospective."' Conference held at the University of Pennsylvania Law School on April 18-19, 2008.
The Supreme Court's 2004 decision in Trinko represented a radical change from prior doctrine ensuring that antitrust laws applied in regulated industries. The change resulted from a failure to appreciate that regulation and antitrust can be complements. Regulation can boost the value of antitrust by creating incentives to refuse to deal in order to reap monopoly profit otherwise proscribed by regulation. Ironically, the essential facilities doctrine rejected by the Trinko court and the Trinko decision …
The Enduring Lessons Of The Breakup Of At&T: A Twenty-Five Year Retrospective, Christopher S. Yoo
The Enduring Lessons Of The Breakup Of At&T: A Twenty-Five Year Retrospective, Christopher S. Yoo
All Faculty Scholarship
On April 18-19, 2008, the University of Pennsylvania Law School hosted a landmark conference on “The Enduring Lessons of the Breakup of AT&T: A Twenty-Five Year Retrospective.” This conference was the first major event for Penn’s newly established Center for Technology, Innovation, and Competition, a research institute committed to promoting basic research into foundational frameworks that will shape the way policymakers think about technology-related issues in the future. The breakup of AT&T represents an ideal starting point for reexamining the major themes of telecommunications policy that have emerged over the past quarter century. The conference featured a keynote address by …
The Fundamental Goal Of Antitrust: Protecting Consumers, Not Increasing Efficiency, John B. Kirkwood, Robert H. Lande
The Fundamental Goal Of Antitrust: Protecting Consumers, Not Increasing Efficiency, John B. Kirkwood, Robert H. Lande
All Faculty Scholarship
The conventional wisdom in the antitrust community is that the purpose of the antitrust laws is to promote economic efficiency. That view is incorrect. As this article shows, the fundamental goal of antitrust law is to protect consumers.
This article defines the relevant economic concepts, summarizes the legislative histories, analyzes recent case law in more depth than any prior article, and explores the most likely bases for current popular support of the antitrust laws. All these factors indicate that the ultimate goal of antitrust is not to increase the total wealth of society, but to protect consumers from behavior that …
'Dynamic Competition' Does Not Excuse Monopolization, Jonathan Baker
'Dynamic Competition' Does Not Excuse Monopolization, Jonathan Baker
Articles in Law Reviews & Other Academic Journals
This comment on a forthcoming article by Keith Hylton and David Evans explains why considerations of "dynamic competition" do not argue against antitrust enforcement. While the prospect of achieving monopoly may foster innovation, that observation misleads as to appropriate antitrust policy unless qualified by the observation that the push of competition generally spurs innovation more than the pull of monopoly. Moreover, the longstanding doctrinal rule that mere monopoly pricing is not illegal should not be read as demonstrating that antitrust law values monopolies for their role in promoting innovation.
Schumpeterian Competition And Antitrust, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
Schumpeterian Competition And Antitrust, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
All Faculty Scholarship
Joseph Schumpeter's vision of competition saw it as a destructive process in which effort, assets and fortunes were continuously destroyed by innovation. One possible implication is that antitrust's attention on short-run price and output issues is myopic: what seems at first glance to be a monopolistic exclusionary practice might really be an innovative enterprise with enormous payoffs in the long run. While this may be the case, three qualifications are critical. First, one must not confuse the prospect of innovation with the scope of the intellectual property laws; their excesses and special interest capture cast serious doubt on the proposition …
Why The Filed Rate Doctrine Should Not Imply Blanket Judicial Deference To Regulatory Agencies, Jim Rossi
Why The Filed Rate Doctrine Should Not Imply Blanket Judicial Deference To Regulatory Agencies, Jim Rossi
Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications
The filed rate doctrine is a venerable doctrine of public utility regulation. Federal courts applying the doctrine frequently defer to the regulatory agency and refuse to consider the merits of alleged violations of antitrust, tort or contract claims where resolution would require a departure from a filed rate. For over a century, the filed rate doctrine has served many important purposes. However, with increased attention to market-based approaches to electric power, natural gas and telecommunications regulation, there is reason to question both the doctrine's continued applicability and usefulness. This short essay argues that, as regulators implement competitive markets in utility …
The Walker Process Doctrine: Infringement Lawsuits As Antitrust Violations, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
The Walker Process Doctrine: Infringement Lawsuits As Antitrust Violations, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
All Faculty Scholarship
Antitrust law's Walker Process doctrine permits a patent infringement defendant to show that an improperly maintained infringement action constitutes unlawful monopolization or an unlawful attempt to monopolize. The infringement defendant must show both that the lawsuit is improper, which establishes the conduct portion of the violation and generally satisfies tort law requirements, and also that the structural prerequisites for the monopolization offense are present. The doctrine also applies to non-patent infringement actions and has been applied by the Supreme Court to copyright infringement actions. Walker Process itself somewhat loosely derives from the Supreme Court's Noerr-Pennington line of cases holding that …
Is Europe Unfairly Attacking Another U.S. High Technology Company?, Robert H. Lande
Is Europe Unfairly Attacking Another U.S. High Technology Company?, Robert H. Lande
All Faculty Scholarship
This short piece considers whether the EU antitrust action against Intel constitutes an example of European regulators attacking a successful US company in order to protect a European competitor, or whether it instead is an example of legitimate law enforcement.
World War 4.0: The Intel Antitrust Wars, Robert H. Lande
World War 4.0: The Intel Antitrust Wars, Robert H. Lande
All Faculty Scholarship
This short piece gives an overview of antitrust actions filed around the world against Intel for allegedly undertaking anticompetitive actions in the market for X 86 PC chips.
Unilateral Refusals To Deal, Vertical Integration, And The Essential Facility Doctrine, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
Unilateral Refusals To Deal, Vertical Integration, And The Essential Facility Doctrine, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
All Faculty Scholarship
Where it applies, the essential facility doctrine requires a monopolist to share its "essential facility." Since the only qualifying exclusionary practice is the refusal to share the facility itself, the doctrine comes about as close as antitrust ever does to condemning "no fault" monopolization. There is no independent justification for an essential facility doctrine separate and apart from general Section 2 doctrine governing the vertically integrated monopolist's refusal to deal. In its Trinko decision the Supreme Court placed that doctrine about where it should be. The Court did not categorically reject all unilateral refusal to deal claims, but it placed …
The Antitrust Standard For Unlawful Exclusionary Conduct, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
The Antitrust Standard For Unlawful Exclusionary Conduct, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
All Faculty Scholarship
This essay considers the general definition of unlawful exclusionary practices under Section 2 of the Sherman Act as acts that: (1) are reasonably capable of creating, enlarging or prolonging monopoly power by impairing the opportunities of rivals; and (2) that either (2a) do not benefit consumers at all, or (2b) are unnecessary for the particular consumer benefits claimed for them, or (2c) produce harms disproportionate to any resulting benefits. An important purpose of this progression of queries is to permit the court to avoid balancing, although balancing certainly cannot be avoided in some close cases. The given definition is very …
Patent Deception In Standard Setting: The Case For Antitrust Policy, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
Patent Deception In Standard Setting: The Case For Antitrust Policy, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
All Faculty Scholarship
Many patent applications are rejected upon initial submission, but they are almost never rejected with absolute finality. Further, subsequent to filing its original application a patent applicant might wish to write an application with broader or somewhat different claims, or perhaps add claims that were not made in the original application. Or it may wish to rewrite claims that had been rejected in the original application. A patent "continuation" is an application for additional claims made on a patent that was previously applied for.
Under generally accepted patent practices in the United States, when a subsequent continuation or divisional application …
Taking Certification Seriously – Why There Is No Such Thing As An Adequate Representative In A Securities Fraud Class Action, Richard A. Booth
Taking Certification Seriously – Why There Is No Such Thing As An Adequate Representative In A Securities Fraud Class Action, Richard A. Booth
Working Paper Series
Securities fraud class actions (SFCAs) arising under Rule 10b-5 are well established as a feature of the legal landscape, but they are a vestige of a largely outdated view of investor behavior and preferences. In the 1960s, most investors were undiversified stock pickers. Today, most investors hold stock through well diversified institutions. As a result, most investors are net losers from SFCAs. Moreover, it is arguable that it is irrational for most investors not to be diversified. A passive investor who fails to diversify assumes unnecessary risk for the same expected return that diversified investors enjoy. Given that federal securities …
China’S New Anti-Monopoly Law: Big Trouble In Little China?, Henry C. Cheng
China’S New Anti-Monopoly Law: Big Trouble In Little China?, Henry C. Cheng
Henry C Cheng
China’s New Anti-monopoly Law: Big Trouble in Little China? addresses China’s new Anti-Monopoly Law (“AML”) that became effective in August 2008, specifically the implications of provisions related to China’s state-owned enterprises ("SOEs"). It explores the legislative history of the AML and provides interpretations of the pertinent provisions.
In addition, the article is the first to synthesize competition laws from the U.S. and the European Community in order to apply them in another country. To achieve that, the author embarked on a comprehensive research on the development of competition laws in the US and the EC. There has been no work …
The Microsoft-Yahoo Merger: Yes, Privacy Is An Antitrust Concern, Robert H. Lande
The Microsoft-Yahoo Merger: Yes, Privacy Is An Antitrust Concern, Robert H. Lande
All Faculty Scholarship
Privacy and antitrust? Isn't antitrust only supposed to be concerned with price? Well, no. Antitrust is actually about consumer choice, and price is only one type of choice. The ultimate purpose of the antitrust laws is to help ensure that the free market will bring to consumers everything they want from competition. This starts with competitive prices, of course, but consumers also want an optimal level of variety, innovation, quality, and other forms of non-price competition. Including, in the Google-Doubleclick and Microsoft-Yahoo transactions, privacy protection.
Market Power Without A Large Market Share: The Role Of Imperfect Information And Other “Consumer Protection” Market Failures, Robert H. Lande
Market Power Without A Large Market Share: The Role Of Imperfect Information And Other “Consumer Protection” Market Failures, Robert H. Lande
All Faculty Scholarship
There are two very different sources of market power in antitrust cases. The first is traditional market share-based market power. Market power in antitrust cases also can come from deception, significantly imperfect or asymmetric information, or other types of market failures that usually are associated with consumer protection violations.
When these “consumer protection” market failures are present in antitrust cases, market power can arise even if no firm has a market share large enough for a finding of traditional market share based market power. However, instead of traditional end-use consumers being harmed, the direct victims are businesses.
The “consumer protection” …
Policy And Methods: Choices For Legislatures, James Maxeiner
Policy And Methods: Choices For Legislatures, James Maxeiner
All Faculty Scholarship
The legal methods through which one adopts and implements policy decisions profoundly affect the compatibility of policy implementation with democratic legitimacy and legal certainty of the rule of law. Indeed, the choice of legal methods can be as important as the formulation of the policy itself. While a good choice of methods will not heal a bad policy, it can help assure that a less-than-perfect choice of policy can be more forcefully realized than otherwise, it can also help improve the policy choices made and help protect democratic legitimacy and the rule of law. While deficiencies in legislation or in …
Efficiencies And High Concentration: Heinz Proposes To Acquire Bech-Nut (2001), Jonathan Baker
Efficiencies And High Concentration: Heinz Proposes To Acquire Bech-Nut (2001), Jonathan Baker
Contributions to Books
This chapter discusses the FTC’s court challenge, in 2001, to the proposed merger of two baby food producers, Heinz and Beech-Nut. The chapter describes the economic issues at stake in the litigation, with a particular focus on the possibility that efficiencies could justify a merger in an industry in which post-merger concentration would be high.
Striking A Balance Between Competition Law Enforcement And Patent Policy: A Developing Country's Perspective, Thomas K. Cheng
Striking A Balance Between Competition Law Enforcement And Patent Policy: A Developing Country's Perspective, Thomas K. Cheng
Thomas K. Cheng
This book chapter examines the tension between competition law enforcement and patent policy in developing countries. Based on the framework proposed by Louis Kaplow in an article in the early 1980s, this book chapter suggests how developing countries should balance consumer welfare against the need to provide incentives to innovate. The book chapter argues that the balance depends on the developing country at issue, in particular on that country's capacity to innovate. For those developing countries with little capacity to innovate, this book chapter suggests that the balance should be tilted towards competition law enforcement. The degree of patent protection …
A Tale Of Two Competition Law Regimes--The Telecom-Sector Competition Regulation In Hong Kong And Singapore, Thomas K. Cheng
A Tale Of Two Competition Law Regimes--The Telecom-Sector Competition Regulation In Hong Kong And Singapore, Thomas K. Cheng
Thomas K. Cheng
Competition law has seen very active development in Asia in recent years. Ironically, Hong Kong and Singapore, as two of the freest and most competitive economies in the region, long held a skeptical attitude towards competition law. Singapore enacted its first cross-sector competition law in 2004, some say only due to American pressure. For years, the Hong Kong government defended its sectoral model and insisted that the city had no need for a cross-sector competition law. However, that obstinate attitude shifted in March 2007, when the government announced that Hong Kong would follow Singapore's footsteps. Until the new law is …
Exclusionary Bundled Discounts And The Antitrust Modernization Commission, Erik Hovenkamp, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
Exclusionary Bundled Discounts And The Antitrust Modernization Commission, Erik Hovenkamp, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
All Faculty Scholarship
A bundled discount occurs when a seller charges less for a bundle of goods than for its components when sold separately. A characteristic of such discounting is that a rival who makes only one of the products in the bundle may have to give a larger per item discount in order to compensate the buyer for the foregone discount on goods that the rival does not sell. For example, if I sell A and B and offer a 20% discount only to customers who purchase one A and one B together, a rival in the B market might be able …
The Intellectual Property-Antitrust Interface, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
The Intellectual Property-Antitrust Interface, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
All Faculty Scholarship
This historical overview examines the relationship between antitrust policy and intellectual property in the United States since 1890. Over most of this history, judges imagined far greater conflicts between antitrust policy and intellectual property rights than actually existed, or else relied on sweeping generalizations rather than close analysis. For example, they often assumed that the presence of an intellectual property right led to anticompetitive effects where there was no basis for finding any injury to competition at all. At the other extreme, they often concluded that an intellectual property right immunized seriously anticompetitive conduct even when the intellectual property statute …
The Chicago School's Foundation Is Flawed: Antitrust Protects Consumers, John B. Kirkwood, Robert H. Lande
The Chicago School's Foundation Is Flawed: Antitrust Protects Consumers, John B. Kirkwood, Robert H. Lande
All Faculty Scholarship
Chicago School antitrust policy rests on the premise that the purpose of the antitrust laws is to promote economic efficiency. That foundation is flawed. The fundamental goal of antitrust law is to protect consumers.
This essay defines the relevant economic concepts, summarizes the legislative histories, and analyzes recent case law. All these factors indicate that the ultimate goal of antitrust is not to increase the total wealth of society, but to protect consumers from behavior that deprives them of the benefits of competition and transfers their wealth to firms with market power. When conduct presents a conflict between the welfare …
Cartel Overcharges And Optimal Cartel Fines, John M. Connor, Robert H. Lande
Cartel Overcharges And Optimal Cartel Fines, John M. Connor, Robert H. Lande
All Faculty Scholarship
This Article examines whether the current penalties in the United States Sentencing Guidelines are set at the appropriate levels to deter illegal price fixing cartels optimally. The authors analyze two data sets to determine how high on average cartels raise prices. The first consists of every published scholarly economic study of the effects of cartels on prices in individual cases. The second consists of every final verdict in a U.S. antitrust case in which a neutral finder of fact reported collusive overcharges. They report average overcharges of 49% and 31% for the two data sets, and median overcharges of 25% …
China's Competition Policy Reforms: The Anti-Monopoly Law And Beyond, Bruce M. Owen, Su Sun, Wentong Zheng
China's Competition Policy Reforms: The Anti-Monopoly Law And Beyond, Bruce M. Owen, Su Sun, Wentong Zheng
UF Law Faculty Publications
In August 2007, China adopted the Antimonopoly Law, its first comprehensive antitrust legislation, thirteen years after the drafting of the law began. Such a protracted legislative process is highly unusual in China, and can only be explained by the controversies the law presents. This paper discusses the fundamental issues in China’s economy that give rise to the challenges China faced in the drafting and adoption of the Antimonopoly Law. Those fundamental issues include the role of state-owned enterprises, perceived excessive competition, mergers and acquisitions by foreign companies, administrative monopolies, and the enforcement of the Antimonopoly Law. How China will enforce …
"Perfectly Properly Triable" In The United States: Is Extradition A Real And Significant Threat To Foreign Antitrust Offenders?, Daseul Kim
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
Seeking extradition of foreign officers in charge of foreign corporations for trial in the United States is one of the latest policies that the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ") has adopted to enforce U.S. antitrust laws internationally. As a result, the world has become a much riskier place for foreign officers and executives, who, in the past, could practically ignore U.S. antitrust laws and still hide safely behind the protection of their own countries' borders. The DOJ expects this "real and significant" threat of extradition to incentivize foreign corporate officers to comply with U.S. antitrust laws by altering their conduct, …
Merger To Monopoly To Serve A Single Buyer: Comment, Jonathan Baker
Merger To Monopoly To Serve A Single Buyer: Comment, Jonathan Baker
Articles in Law Reviews & Other Academic Journals
No abstract provided.
Innovation And The Domain Of Competition Policy, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
Innovation And The Domain Of Competition Policy, Herbert J. Hovenkamp
All Faculty Scholarship
Antitrust policy and the IP laws are both concerned with practices that restrain competition unnecessarily by reducing the size of the public domain beyond that which the Constitution contemplates, or as Congress intended for them to be expanded. In fact, antitrust has a dual role as promoter of competition in IP intensive markets. It regulates both restraints on competition and restraints on innovation. The first line protector of the competitive process in innovation is the IP statutes themselves. The Constitutional Mandate to Congress to create intellectual property regimes in order to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts is …
On The Ramifications Of Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. Psks, Inc.: Art Tie-Ins Next Essay , Alan Devlin
On The Ramifications Of Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. Psks, Inc.: Art Tie-Ins Next Essay , Alan Devlin
Cleveland State Law Review
This Essay considers whether the Roberts Court would now overrule the last bastion of the Harvard School-the rule against product tying-if given the opportunity. The economic arguments against per se treatment of tie-ins apply a fortiori to those against resale price maintenance. In addition, applying the line of thought followed by the majority in Leegin leads inexorably to the conclusion that the per se rule proscribing tying arrangements should be similarly overruled. Part II explains the business practice of resale price maintenance and the law's formerly mistaken understanding of its consequences. The Leegin case will then be introduced and compendiously …