Law Commons^™

Neutrality And Outer Space, Wolff Heintschel Von Heinegg

International Law Studies

This article discusses the law of neutrality as it pertains to belligerent operations in and through outer space as well as belligerent outer space operations involving the territory and national airspace of neutral States. As far as the latter is concerned, the traditional law of neutrality is fully applicable. Accordingly, international law prohibits belligerents from launching space objects from neutral territory or through neutral national airspace. While neutral States may not provide belligerents with outer space assets or the use of communications infrastructure located in their territories, they are not obliged to prevent their nationals from providing any of the …

The Bankruptcy Of Airlines As Lessee In Finance Leasing Based On Cape Town Convention 2001 And Harmonization With The Bankruptcy And Suspension Of Payment Act Number 37 Years 2004, Shafira Hijriya

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

By the development of the airlines industry in Indonesia today, international lease finance from all around the world (lessor) puthigher trustto airline business in Indonesia. In reality many airlines company (lessee) is bankrupt, because of the inability to pay his debt to the lessor. Based on the Irrevocable Deregistration and Export Request Authorization (IDERA) in the Cape Town Convention, if the airlines company had been bankrupt and could not pay the debt of finance leasing, the aircrafts must bereturned to the finance leasing. In contrary, there is disparities with Bankruptcy and Suspension of Payments Act No.7/2004 in Indonesia, so we …

Evolution Of Uas Policy In The Wake Of Taylor V. Huerta, Ryan J. Wallace, Jon M. Loffi

International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace

The U.S. Court of Appeals recently ruled that the Federal Aviation Administration exceeded their statutory authority in requiring model aircraft and hobbyist UAS operators to register their aircraft in a national database. The ruling represents a significant blow to the agency’s credibility in leading UAS integration into the National Airspace System. The paper points to several possible outcomes of the Taylor v. Huerta decision and its impact on the FAA’s ability to continue to lead change in the burgeoning UAS field.

Space Weapons And The Law, Bill Boothby

International Law Studies

Outer space is of vital importance for numerous civilian and military functions in the modern world. The idea of a space weapon involves something used, intended or designed for employment in, to or from outer space to cause injury or damage to the enemy during an armed conflict. Non-injurious, non-damaging space activities that adversely affect enemy military operations or capacity, though not involving the use of weapons, will nevertheless be methods of warfare. Article III of the Outer Space Treaty makes it clear that international law, including weapons law, applies in outer space. Accordingly, the superfluous injury/unnecessary suffering and indiscriminate …

Aviation Legal Issues In Indonesia And Thailand: Towards Better Passengers’ Rights In Asean, Ridha Aditya Nugraha, Lalin Kovudhikulrungsri

Indonesia Law Review

The aviation business in the ASEAN region has shown significant growth during the last decade. With the enactment of ASEAN Open Skies, there is no doubt that intra-ASEAN flights will continue to increase rapidly with Indonesia and Thailand experiencing significant effects from such development. Considering current rapid market capitalization, there is an urgency to establish equilibrium between commercial and passengers’ rights. Flight delays, cancellations, and denied boarding, either on domestic or international flights, are the main airline passengers’ rights issues that are always relevant and must be kept up-to-date with recent developments. In the context of the so-called integrated ASEAN …

Air Traffic Control: How Mexican Cartels Are Utilizing Drones To Traffic Narcotics Into The United States, Britton Shields

Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs

No abstract provided.

Norwegian Airlines International's Violation Of The Us/Eu Open Skies Agreement, Tinesha Zandamela

Brigham Young University Prelaw Review

Outsourcing labor has become an increasing concern in the United States as unemployment rates have been volatile for the past ten years. Because of this, the US and the EU created the Open Skies Agreement, with the hope of increasing the amount of jobs in the airline industry by putting a ban on outsourcing cheap labor. However, this agreement now has the potential to be undermined by the US Department of Transportation's decision to allow Norwegian Airline International (NAI) to reap the benefits of this agreement, while simultaneously breaking the outlined code of conduct regarding labor. The US Dep't of …

Legal Challenges Facing Unmanned Aerial Systems And Commercial Agriculture, Peggy Kirk Hall, Rusty Rumley

University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review

No abstract provided.

Keep Out! The Efficacy Of Trespass, Nuisance And Privacy Torts As Applied To Drones, Hillary B. Farber

Georgia State University Law Review

A few years ago one might have seen a small object flying overhead without any idea what it could be. Today, it is fairly commonplace to see drones flying around our neighborhood skies. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) predicts there will be seven million drones populating our skies by 2020. In 2015 hobbyists, recreational users, and commercial businesses purchased unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly referred to as drones, in record-breaking numbers. Estimates reveal that over 4.3 million drones were sold worldwide in 2015. Trade industry experts predicted that more than 2.8 million drones would be sold in the U.S. in 2016 …

Aviation Law-Personal Injury-The Warsaw Convention, As Modified By The Montreal Agreement, Does Comprehend, And Thus Supplies The Exclusive Relief For, Mental And Psychosomatic Injuries., Lee C. Mundell

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.

Flying Under The Radar: Low-Altitude Local Drone Use And The Reentry Of Property Rights, Kenneth Maher

Duke Law & Technology Review

The characteristics and capabilities of civilian drones have proliferated in recent years, giving rise to a burgeoning industry. The popular media and academic literature have predominantly focused on privacy concerns, devoting considerably less attention to the regulatory challenges created by the new technology. Congress instructed the FAA to integrate drones into the National Airspace System in 2012, but rulemaking delays and a moratorium on commercial uses hampered the industry and withheld benefits from the public. Final regulations are now in place, but the new rules revive legal uncertainty over the constitutional limits of federal authority and the ambiguous vertical bounds …

Waste In Space: Remediating Space Debris Through The Doctrine Of Abandonment And The Law Of Capture, Emily M. Nevala

American University Law Review

With the growing commercialization of outer space, the threat of damage to satellites from detritus hurtling through space could prevent the continued installation of satellites. The cure for this issue cannot simply come from mitigation efforts; governments and organizations involved in spacefaring activities must participate in active remediation measures. International space agency guidelines and U.S. statutes and regulations are productive preventative measures against further accumulation of debris. In addition, a number of organizations are working on new technology to actively reduce orbital debris. These active processes for culling debris from orbit are essential for the reduction of debris buildup.

One …

Finding The Balance Between Price And Protection: Establishing A Surface-To-Air Fire Risk-Reduction Training Policy For Air-Carrier Pilots, Earl W. Burress Jr., Ph.D.

Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research

Currently, U.S. air carriers do not provide equipment or training necessary to mitigate the risk posed by surface-to-air fire (SAFIRE) threats. These threats consist of self-guided weapons (infrared shoulder-fired surface-to-air missiles), manually-aimed threats (small arms, recoilless grenade launchers, rockets, and light anti-aircraft artillery), and hand-held lasers. Technological solutions to counter infrared shoulder-fired missiles have been explored, but were rejected due to prohibitive equipment and maintenance costs. A lower cost option, providing air-carrier pilots with SAFIRE risk-reduction training, has not been formally addressed by the air-carrier industry or the U.S. federal government. This effort will use a business concept, the Cost-Benefit …

Wisconsin Patent Acquisition In The Final Frontier: Creating A Void, Nicholas J. Thibodeau

Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review

In early 2006, the Wisconsin Legislature passed 2005 Wisconsin Act 335, creating the Wisconsin Aerospace Authority (WAA). Unique to this particular act is the enumeration of the power to acquire intellectual property by the WAA. While granting them the power to acquire intellectual property is not unique, there is an interesting problem with that acquisition: the Act does not conform to the Parker Doctrine, and thus allows the WAA to be subject to antitrust litigation in its intellectual property acquisition under the proper circumstances. Specifically, the Act allows the WAA to enter into exclusive contracts that allow the WAA to …

Arkansas Airspace Ownership And The Challenge Of Drones, Lindsey P. Gustafson

University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review

No abstract provided.

Uas: Understanding The Airspace Of States, Stephen Migala

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

On August 29, 2016, regulations issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) went into effect that, for the first time in history, apply only to airspace below 500 feet. At the same time, in response to concerns over privacy and security, and the FAA’s delay in issuing these regulations, several states passed their own laws restricting drones. Simply put, these laws are on a collision course. The majority of commentators believe these state laws will be federally preempted, but they are most likely wrong. Very little attention has been paid to the strong argument that the FAA may not have …

Commercialization Of Space Activities— The Laws And Implications, Eng Teong See

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

According to an estimate by the Satellite Industry Association, the global space industry grew from $104 billion in 2004 to about $322.7 billion in 2014. The figures encompass both satellite and non-satellite aspects of the space industry. The industry grew by another four percent in the years 2014 to 2015 to an estimated global industry revenue of $335.3 billion. With more commercialization of outer space activities, the figures are expected to continue to grow at an exponential rate. More and more States and private actors are keen on the lucrative space business, not to mention space resources. With more private …

Disassembling Assembler Liability: Are Oems Strictly Liable For Pma Parts In Aviation Cases?, Kevin M. Smith, Erik H. Beard

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

Mixed-Motive Mix-Up—Non-Prevailing Party Attorney’S Fees Under Texas Antidiscrimination Law “Up In The Air” After Fifth Circuit’S Peterson V. Bell Helicopter, Alexander P. Cohen

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

The Warsaw Convention: When Falling Is Not An “Accident”, Courtney Luster

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

Faa Waiver-Of-Sanctions Defense—Boeta Clouds The Clearing Horizons Of Inadvertent Acts, Catherine Parsley

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

Extraterritorial Jurisdiction—Warning: Second Circuit Breaks With Supreme Court Trend For Stricter Presumption Against Extraterritoriality, Alexandra R. Rahn

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

Ordering The Cosmos: Private Law And Celestial Property Rights, Alexander W. Salter

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

The Spurring Private Aerospace Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship Act of 2015 (SPACE Act) aims to promote wealth creation by guaranteeing protection of U.S. citizens’ property rights to celestial resources. But there are serious concerns that government protection of space property claims are incompatible with international law. This article proposes a purely private legal system for space commerce as an alternative to government-defined and enforced property rights. Economic theory shows how property rights and rules for adjudicating disputes can be self-enforcing. Economic history shows that such a system has worked well for centuries in international trade. A private legal commercial order for …

Small Satellite Legal Issues, Paul B. Larsen

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

De Facto Amendment Of A Faa Regulation By Non-Regulatory Interpretation: Unintended Consequences Of Faa Suggestions On How To Comply With The Flight Review Requirement, Michael L. Shakman

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

Competition And Subsidies In Air Transport Liberalization— The Uae-North America Dispute, Rachid Tiroual

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

Subsidy allegations against the three major Middle-Eastern carriers—Emirates Airlines, Etihad Airways, and Qatar Airways—have been brought by the three major U.S. carriers—American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and United Airlines. The latter claim that the Gulf trio receives letters of credit and subsidies from their governments. They claim also that their rivals take passengers and revenues from U.S. carriers and force them to reduce, terminate, or forego services on international routes. This article rationalizes the ongoing debate without arguing whether the subsidy allegations are founded or not. It seeks to understand the basic rationale behind any findings and conclusions drawn by …

Exploring Airline Contracts Of Carriage And European Union Flight Delay Compensation Regulation 261 (Eu 261)— A Bumpy But Navigable Ride, Richard Ritorto, Stephan A. Fisher

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

When passengers book flights on commercial airlines, they enter into contracts of carriage with the airline. This article will first examine the nature, scope, and enforceability of contract of carriage provisions involving domestic flights, followed by an examination of cases addressing the enforceability in the United States of a pro-consumer European Union (EU) regulation concerning compensation for flight cancellation, denied boarding, and delay.

Flying While Intoxicated: Options For Pilots, Airlines, And The Faa In Dealing With Alcohol Issues, Catherine Parsley

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

Air Traffic Control In The United States: Is Privatization The Path Back To The Top?, Lindsey Rattikin

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

No abstract provided.

The Rise Of The Drones: Framework And Governance— Why Risk It!, Sarah J. Fox Dr

Journal of Air Law and Commerce

Some seventy-one years ago, it was found that drones could play a role within our society. While the military was quick to realize this and develop the technology, it is only recently that the civilian application is being explored en masse. That said, given this prediction and the military direction, legislators find themselves now unprepared for the civilian use and market potential. However, this is not an unprecedented situation; the civil aviation (manned) market has often shown an inability to work together, be prepared, and cooperate. As a consequence, there has been fragmentation and, arguably, casualties associated with such lethargy. …