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Articles 1 - 30 of 307
Full-Text Articles in Law
Educating Deal Lawyers For The Digital Age, Heather Hughes
Educating Deal Lawyers For The Digital Age, Heather Hughes
Fordham Law Review
Courses and programs that address law and emerging technologies are proliferating in U.S. law schools. Technology-related issues pervade the curriculum. This Essay presents two instances in which new technologies present challenges for deal lawyers. It explores how exposing students to closing opinions practice can prepare them to engage these challenges. Both examples involve common commercial contexts and lessons relevant to students of business associations and of the Uniform Commercial Code. The first, which deals with enforceability opinion letters, presents technical legal difficulties arising from recent developments in law and technology. The second, involving complex doctrines at the heart of financial …
A Major Question For The Sec: Analyzing Constitutional Limits On Regulatory Authority, Matthew Diller, Meredith Berger, Samuel W. Buell, John M. Golden, Suzanne Ashley, Coy Garrison, Aaron Saiger, Suman Naishadham, Mary Jo White
A Major Question For The Sec: Analyzing Constitutional Limits On Regulatory Authority, Matthew Diller, Meredith Berger, Samuel W. Buell, John M. Golden, Suzanne Ashley, Coy Garrison, Aaron Saiger, Suman Naishadham, Mary Jo White
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
No abstract provided.
Why Do Banks Fail Together? Evidence From Executive Compensation, Deniz Anginer, Jinjing Liu, Cindy A. Schipani, H. Nejat Seyhun
Why Do Banks Fail Together? Evidence From Executive Compensation, Deniz Anginer, Jinjing Liu, Cindy A. Schipani, H. Nejat Seyhun
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Recent bank failures have elicited extensive interest about the causes, focusing on incompetence of bank executives, policymakers, bank regulators and supervisors and even uninsured depositors. Yet, before we can prescribe solutions to bank failures, we need to identify the correct causes of the underlying problems. We argue that the problem is not so much with incompetence of executives, depositors, or regulators per se, but rather with managerial incentives.
We provide both a conceptual basis as well as empirical evidence to show that bank executives have incentives to increase systemic risks in order to maximize the benefits of bank bailouts. Consequently, …
A Bona Fide Dispute: Can Bankrupt Debtors Sell Assets Free And Clear Of Federal Civil Forfeiture Claims?, Joseph Peter Gomez
A Bona Fide Dispute: Can Bankrupt Debtors Sell Assets Free And Clear Of Federal Civil Forfeiture Claims?, Joseph Peter Gomez
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Auctions are wheeling-dealing extravaganzas in which frenzies of bidders fight over shiny objects. What would happen if the government busted down the doors of the auction house, took the shiny objects, and sold them online? An asset sale through section 363(b) of the Bankruptcy Code provides a court-supervised opportunity to maximize economic value for the bankruptcy estate. To sell estate assets, the debtor must either (1) pay off each creditor holding an interest in the assets or (2) strip the creditor’s interest and attach it to the proceeds of the sale. When the government asserts a civil forfeiture claim against …
Loophole Entrepreneurship, Brian M. Sirman
Loophole Entrepreneurship, Brian M. Sirman
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
All entrepreneurs seek favorable legal or regulatory treatment for their businesses. Sometimes this leads an entrepreneur to build a business within a gap in the law—a loophole. In so doing, these “loophole entrepreneurs” may avoid steep regulatory compliance costs that otherwise would beset (or perhaps prohibit) their businesses, thereby gaining advantages over competitors. Despite these benefits, loophole entrepreneurship is fraught with risks. Loopholes, by nature, are fragile, and their contours are often uncertain. Moreover, the stigma of “exploiting a loophole” (which connotes unfairness or deception) can provoke ill will among competitors, policymakers, and the public.
The ranks of loophole entrepreneurs …
Expanding Mfw: Delaware Law Should Offer A Business Judgment Rule Safe Harbor For All Conflicted Controller Transactions, Alex Lindsey
Expanding Mfw: Delaware Law Should Offer A Business Judgment Rule Safe Harbor For All Conflicted Controller Transactions, Alex Lindsey
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
While courts usually defer to a board’s business decisions under the business judgment rule, courts will apply a much less deferential standard of review due to loyalty concerns if a conflicted controller is involved in a business decision such as a merger. However, in Kahn v. M & F Worldwide (“MFW”) when a squeeze out merger was challenged by a minority stockholder, the Delaware Supreme Court reviewed the transaction under the deferential business judgment rule standard because the Court found that the structure of the transaction neutralized the controller loyalty concerns. Building on this reasoning, the Court developed a checklist …
Gamestopped: How Robinhood’S Gamestop Trading Halt Reveals The Complexities Of Retail Investor Protection, Neal F. Newman
Gamestopped: How Robinhood’S Gamestop Trading Halt Reveals The Complexities Of Retail Investor Protection, Neal F. Newman
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Should brokers have the unfettered right to restrict investor trading? GameStop, a brick-and-mortar video game retailer, had been experiencing declining revenues since 2016. However, GameStop saw its share price climb almost 1000 percent in the span of a one- week period from January 21, 2021 to January 27, 2021 due to retail investors buying significant amounts of GameStop shares during that period. Melvin Capital, a hedge fund, ended up losing billions as they were betting that GameStop shares would lose value instead of increase—a practice referred to as short selling. On January 28, 2021, brokers inexplicably halted trading on GameStop …
The Battle With Big Tech: Analyzing Antitrust Enforcement And Proposed Reforms, Youngjae Lee, Morgan Hagenbuch
The Battle With Big Tech: Analyzing Antitrust Enforcement And Proposed Reforms, Youngjae Lee, Morgan Hagenbuch
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
No abstract provided.
Without Reservation: Ensuring Uniform Treatment In Bankruptcy While Keeping In Mind The Interests Of Native American Individuals And Tribes, Connor D. Hicks
Without Reservation: Ensuring Uniform Treatment In Bankruptcy While Keeping In Mind The Interests Of Native American Individuals And Tribes, Connor D. Hicks
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
The Bankruptcy Code (“Code”) exists as a mechanism for good faith debtors to discharge debts and seek a “fresh start” in life and finance. 11 U.S.C. § 106(a) ensures that not only are all debtors treated uniformly, but that all creditors, including governmental creditors which may otherwise enjoy immunity from suit, are equally subject to the jurisdiction of Bankruptcy courts and bound to the provisions of the Code.
However, a recent circuit split has demonstrated one niche yet significant instance in which a debtor may not receive the same treatment as their counterparts. While § 106 contains an express waiver …
The Solution To Shadow Trading Is Not Found In Current Insider Trading Law: A Proposed Amendment To Rule 10b5-2, Jamel Gross-Cassel
The Solution To Shadow Trading Is Not Found In Current Insider Trading Law: A Proposed Amendment To Rule 10b5-2, Jamel Gross-Cassel
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Shadow trading is a lucrative way to exploit a loophole in insider trading law. Insiders abuse this loophole to make six-figure profits and escape liability when done at the right companies. Those who shadow trade use material, nonpublic information to trade not in the securities of their own company, which would be illegal, but in the securities of a closely related company where the information is just as impactful. Efforts to close this loophole rely on the individual insider trading policies of the involved companies. These policies vary in language, making liability for shadow trading dependent on specific language or …
From Tether To Terra: The Current Stablecoin Ecosystem And The Failure Of Regulators, Mary E. Burke
From Tether To Terra: The Current Stablecoin Ecosystem And The Failure Of Regulators, Mary E. Burke
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
The Tether controversy and Terra crash have placed stablecoins in the regulatory spotlight. Stablecoins are often portrayed as posing systemic risks to financial markets, with some pundits labelling them “the villain of the finance world.” Global regulatory bodies, namely the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Bank of International Settlement (BIS), and political leaders, including the Biden Administration, have all called for stablecoin regulation. These officials allege that stablecoins’ structure, combined with their exponential growth, pose a unique risk to global markets. Before the May 2022 Terra crash, government reports superficially treated stablecoins by exclusively focusing on asset-backed coins. Post …
Money Creation And Bank Clearing, Nadav Orian Peer
Money Creation And Bank Clearing, Nadav Orian Peer
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Like many other countries, the U.S. money supply consists primarily of deposits created by private commercial banks. How we understand bank money creation matters enormously. We are currently witnessing a debate between two competing understandings. On the one hand, a long-standing conventional view argues that bank money creation originates in individual market transactions. Based on this understanding, the conventional view narrowly limits the scope of banking regulation to market failure correction. On the other hand, authors in a new legal literature emphasize the public aspects of bank money creation, characterizing it as a “public franchise,” a “public-private partnership,” and part …
Blacking Out Congressional Insider Trading: Overlaying A Corporate Mechanism Upon Members Of Congress And Their Staff To Curtail Illegal Profiting, Nicholas Gervasi
Blacking Out Congressional Insider Trading: Overlaying A Corporate Mechanism Upon Members Of Congress And Their Staff To Curtail Illegal Profiting, Nicholas Gervasi
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Congressional insider trading involves members of Congress or their staff trading on material, nonpublic information attained while executing their official responsibilities. This type of private profit-making, while in a government role, casts doubt on the efficacy and impartiality of lawmakers to regulate companies they hold shares of. Egregious acts of illegal profiting from insider trading based on information entrusted to the government escape prosecution and liability due to fundamental gaps in the common law and the Congress specific statutes lack enforcement. Recent calls on Congress by the public and multiple bipartisan proposed bills in both chambers have begun to address …
Exploring Financial Data Protection And Civil Liberties In An Evolved Digital Age, Amanda Lindner
Exploring Financial Data Protection And Civil Liberties In An Evolved Digital Age, Amanda Lindner
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
There is no comprehensive financial privacy law that can protect consumers from a company’s collection sharing and selling of consumer data. The most recent federal financial privacy law, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”), was enacted by Congress over 20 years ago. Vast technological and financial changes have occurred since 1999, and financial privacy law is due for an upgrade.
As a result, loopholes exist where companies can share financial data without being subject to laws or regulations. Additionally, federal financial privacy related laws provide little to no recourse for consumers to self-remediate with litigation, also known as a private right of …
Peeking Into The House Of Cards: Money Laundering, Luxury Real Estate, And The Necessity Of Data Verification For The Corporate Transparency Act’S Beneficial Ownership Registry, S. Alexandra Bieler
Peeking Into The House Of Cards: Money Laundering, Luxury Real Estate, And The Necessity Of Data Verification For The Corporate Transparency Act’S Beneficial Ownership Registry, S. Alexandra Bieler
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
It is estimated that $800 billion to $2 trillion are laundered globally every year, funding the schemes of bad actors and terrorists alike. These astronomical sums are moved around the world without detection; this is in large part due to the ease with which anonymous shell companies, typically limited liability companies (LLCs), can be created, particularly in the United States. America is one of the most egregious enablers of this practice because most states require little to no information about the person ultimately controlling the entity, known as the “beneficial owner.” Working through an LLC, bad actors often turn to …
The Twenty-First Annual A.A. Sommer, Jr. Lecture On Corporate, Securities & Financial Law At The Fordham Corporate Law Center, Matthew Diller, G. Jeffrey Boujoukos, Ben A. Indek, Allison Herren Lee
The Twenty-First Annual A.A. Sommer, Jr. Lecture On Corporate, Securities & Financial Law At The Fordham Corporate Law Center, Matthew Diller, G. Jeffrey Boujoukos, Ben A. Indek, Allison Herren Lee
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
No abstract provided.
Delaware’S Dominance, Wyoming’S Dare: New Challenge, Same Outcome?, Pierluigi Matera
Delaware’S Dominance, Wyoming’S Dare: New Challenge, Same Outcome?, Pierluigi Matera
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Despite increasing criticism, Delaware’s dominance in corporate law has not experienced a significant decline: as of today, 67.8 percent of Fortune 500 companies are still incorporated in its jurisdiction. Nevada is known as Delaware’s most important competitor, with an aggressive strategy that has overridden the efforts of any other jurisdiction. Yet, its success has been limited to a specific market segment: small firms with low institutional shareholding and high insider ownership.
Scholars suggest several explanations for both the rise and the staying power of Delaware. These explanations are essentially subsumed under the credible commitment theory and the network theory. According …
Direct Liability And Veil-Piercing: When One Door Closes, Another Opens, King Fung Tsang, Katie Ng
Direct Liability And Veil-Piercing: When One Door Closes, Another Opens, King Fung Tsang, Katie Ng
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Piercing the corporate veil has been substantially limited in English law since Prest v. Petrodel. This contraction coincides with the development of the direct liability doctrine which attaches liability directly on the parent company. The authors argue that the shift from using piercing the corporate veil to direct liability is a positive development as it gives English courts a better tool to combat the abuse of separate legal personality. However, compared the English doctrines with their counterparts under the U.S. laws, it is argued that the much broader U.S. piercing doctrine makes the expansion of direct liability doctrine unnecessary in …
Governing Fintech 4.0: Bigtech, Platform Finance, And Sustainable Development, Douglas Arner, Ross Buckley, Kuzi Charamba, Artem Sergeev, Dirk Zetzsche
Governing Fintech 4.0: Bigtech, Platform Finance, And Sustainable Development, Douglas Arner, Ross Buckley, Kuzi Charamba, Artem Sergeev, Dirk Zetzsche
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Over the past 150 years, finance has evolved into one of the world’s most globalized, digitized, and regulated industries. Digitalization has transformed finance, but also enabled new entrants over the past decade in the form of technology companies, especially FinTechs and BigTechs. As a highly digitalized industry, incumbents and new entrants alike are increasingly pursuing similar approaches and models, focusing on the economies of scope and scale typical of finance and the network effects typical of data. Predictably, this has resulted in the emergence of large digital finance platforms. We argue that the combination of digitalization, new entrants (especially BigTechs), …
The Cryptic Nature Of Crypto Digital Assets Regulations: The Ripple Lawsuit And Why The Industry Needs Regulatory Clarity, Jacqueline Hennelly
The Cryptic Nature Of Crypto Digital Assets Regulations: The Ripple Lawsuit And Why The Industry Needs Regulatory Clarity, Jacqueline Hennelly
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
The tension and associated time lag between technology and regulation has been well documented. Paradigmatic of this phenomenon is the global evolution of blockchain technology and digital assets. Digital assets in the blockchain allow users to transact directly without financial intermediaries. However, the regulatory guidelines for the assets, their issuance, and the subsequent transactions are unclear. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has filed an action to apply its existing regulations and the judicial interpretations to Ripple’s issuance of XRP, its token, and Ripple’s control over subsequent user transactions of XRP. This Note uses SEC v. Ripple as a case …
Here To Stay: Wrestling With The Future Of The Quickly Maturing Spac Market, Matthew Diller, Rick Fleming, Stephen Fraidin, Aj Harris, Gregory F. Laufer, Mark Lebovitch, Gregg A. Noel, Hester M. Peirce, Usha R. Rodrigues, Mike Stegemoller, Verity Winship, Douglas Ellenoff
Here To Stay: Wrestling With The Future Of The Quickly Maturing Spac Market, Matthew Diller, Rick Fleming, Stephen Fraidin, Aj Harris, Gregory F. Laufer, Mark Lebovitch, Gregg A. Noel, Hester M. Peirce, Usha R. Rodrigues, Mike Stegemoller, Verity Winship, Douglas Ellenoff
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
No abstract provided.
Does Cryptocurrency Staking Fall Under Sec Jurisdiction?, Nicholas E. Gonzalez
Does Cryptocurrency Staking Fall Under Sec Jurisdiction?, Nicholas E. Gonzalez
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Bitcoin, the first blockchain and cryptocurrency (crypto), launched in 2009 when the Bitcoin network opened to the public. A blockchain is a digital ledger technology where transactions are aggregated and permanently recorded into blocks of information. Maintenance of a blockchain is typically conducted by decentralized managers who own and operate network computers (“Nodes”) and serve the functions normally handled by central intermediaries to validate and confirm transactions. All Nodes follow a blockchain protocol. In Bitcoin’s and most cryptos’ cases, this protocol is known as a Proof- of-Work protocol which requires a large amount of energy consumption. Consequently, Proof-of-Stake protocols (“PoS”) …
Spac The Deck: Why The Control Exerted By Spac Sponsors Subjects De-Spac Transactions To Entire Fairness Review, Aj Harris
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs), otherwise known as blank check companies, are corporations created to raise capital from investors with the express purpose of using such capital to acquire an already existing business. Much like a traditional merger, the transaction between the SPAC and the target company (formally called the “Initial Business Combination” or colloquially the “de- SPAC transaction”) is highly scrutinized in shareholder litigation. However, Delaware courts have not definitively established under which standard these de-SPAC transactions should be reviewed. This Note examines the SPAC structure, evaluates the arguments for the respective standards, and ultimately concludes that Delaware courts …
Riding The Wave: Fairness For Foreign Investors In India’S Impending Insolvency Tsunami, Nicole Mecca
Riding The Wave: Fairness For Foreign Investors In India’S Impending Insolvency Tsunami, Nicole Mecca
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Reminiscent of the warning signs of a tsunami, bankruptcy and insolvency courts across the globe have been eerily calm despite unprecedented conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The full extent of the pandemic’s effect, including a tidal wave of wide-spread corporate and financial sector harm and wide-spread economic distress, remains to be seen. Much like victims of natural disasters, unsuspecting and increasingly delayed courts will find themselves totally overwhelmed. The inconvenience felt by the courts is distinct, however, from potential harm to financial investors. Although investors could also be harmed by these judicial conditions, they knowingly assumed certain financial risk when …
Output Effect Of Private Antitrust Enforcement, Sinchit Lai
Output Effect Of Private Antitrust Enforcement, Sinchit Lai
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
A growing body of literature evaluates the impact of antitrust laws on economic growth. Most of these empirical studies identify a positive impact; however, the existing literature only studies the effect of the existence of antitrust laws, but not their enforcement. To fill this gap in the literature, this Article uses private antitrust case filing numbers to examine the growth effect. Employing U.S. data and, after addressing endogeneity, using a two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression analysis, I identify a negative and robust association between private enforcement and output on a national level in the short run over the period from …
Qui Tam And The Bank Secrecy Act: A Public-Private Enforcement Model To Improve Anti-Money Laundering Efforts, Giovanni Scarcella
Qui Tam And The Bank Secrecy Act: A Public-Private Enforcement Model To Improve Anti-Money Laundering Efforts, Giovanni Scarcella
Fordham Law Review
Cartels, terrorists, fraudsters, and other criminals face a problem: when they receive the proceeds from their illicit activities, how can they get this money into their bank accounts without raising regulatory eyebrows? The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) has established a complex regulatory regime, imposing on banks the duty to assess the risks presented by their clients, to monitor the transactions they process, and to report transactions that contain indicia of money laundering and other criminal activity to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). In response, criminals utilize increasingly sophisticated means to obfuscate the origins of these transactions and disguise their …
Shareholder Primacy And The Moral Obligations Of Directors, Mark J. Loewenstein, Jay Geyer
Shareholder Primacy And The Moral Obligations Of Directors, Mark J. Loewenstein, Jay Geyer
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
One of the most written-about and important topics in corporate law is the fiduciary obligations of corporate directors. Increasingly, critics of American capitalism have urged that corporations, and implicitly, corporate directors, act in a more socially responsible fashion and thus eschew the notion that shareholder primacy is the exclusive guide to a director’s fiduciary duty. Under this view, directors must consider the effect of their actions on “stakeholders” other than shareholders and be guided by morality—doing the right thing—when making business judgments.
When directors move away from shareholder primacy, however, decision-making becomes more difficult and problematic. This article analyzes the …
Bending The Investment Advisers Act's Regulatory Arc, Joseph A. Franco
Bending The Investment Advisers Act's Regulatory Arc, Joseph A. Franco
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
The Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (“IAA”) and its regulatory purview have changed dramatically over the life of the statute. The statute began as a simple registration scheme with barebones conduct integrity prohibitions for wealth managers and purveyors of investment newsletters. Although the statute’s original minimalist cast was deficient, the IAA’s regulatory scope has undergone a fundamental transformation, both in terms of the expanding class of advisers covered by the statute’s substantive provisions and the statute’s expansive structural integrity requirements. Over a span of decades, the IAA’s focus has been reoriented so that it is directed at least as much, …
The Insider Trading Prohibition Act: A Small Step Towards A Codified Insider Trading Law, Kayla Quigley
The Insider Trading Prohibition Act: A Small Step Towards A Codified Insider Trading Law, Kayla Quigley
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
Many have called for reform to insider trading law, as the current judge-made doctrine is ambiguous, complicated, and ultimately permissive of many instances of trading on nonpublic information. Indeed, Congress has attempted several times to pass a uniform insider trading statute. Most recently, in December 2019, the House of Representatives passed the Insider Trading Prohibition Act (“ITPA”). The legislation codifies many current principles of insider trading jurisprudence while also expanding potential insider trading liability. Moreover, it attempts to fix gaps in the law that various cases, such as United States v. Newman, have declined to address.
Among other flaws, …
The Virus, Risk, And Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities: Examining Dodd-Frank’S Impact In The Midst Of A Pandemic, Owen Haney
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law
When lawmakers sought to reshape the financial industry through the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2010, they specifically attacked the “moral hazard” in the asset-backed securities market that they believed was partly responsible for the collapse of global financial markets. Congress identified several practices in asset-backed securitizations that posed a risk to the world economy. In particular, regulators believed that the “originate-to-distribute” model, whereby loan originators—those parties armed with the best knowledge regarding the quality of the loans in the transaction and who consequently set underwriting standards—could sell off the loans without bearing any risk should those borrowers (homeowners …