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Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering Commons

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2011

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Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering

Review Of Package Warning Labels And Their Effect On Consumer Behaviour With Insights To Future Anticounterfeit Strategy Of Label And Communication Systems, John Spink, Jay Singh, S. Paul Singh Dec 2011

Review Of Package Warning Labels And Their Effect On Consumer Behaviour With Insights To Future Anticounterfeit Strategy Of Label And Communication Systems, John Spink, Jay Singh, S. Paul Singh

Industrial Technology and Packaging

This paper investigates and reviews literature regarding a range of topics important to the research question – the themes apply across all the topics. The topics include label and package warnings, including tamperevident features, to review their effect on the consumer behaviour of changing usage or purchase decisions. This information was then applied to gain insight into anticounterfeit product/package efforts. Based on this research, it appears that there is value for brand marketers to enhance their anticounterfeit efforts and consumer confidence by utilizing warning labels and information labels on their labels or packages. Currently, consumer perception of a domestic counterfeit …


Simulation-Based Optimisation Model For The Lean Assessment In Sme: A Case Study, Amr Arisha, Amr Mahfouz, John Shea Dec 2011

Simulation-Based Optimisation Model For The Lean Assessment In Sme: A Case Study, Amr Arisha, Amr Mahfouz, John Shea

Conference papers

Due to their space limitation and small production scale, small and medium enterprises (SME) are vulner-able to rapid changes. Lean principles are considered as effective improvement approach to eliminate sys-tem’s waste and inefficiencies. Although much of the academic materials have addressed the lean practic-es into large, global companies, they can still be adjusted to SMEs. Risks are usually associated with lean implementation process due to the drastic required changes in business policies and operations. Simulation can be successfully used to predict the impact of the proposed changes ahead of the implementation which helps to mitigate risks. Integrating simulation with optimization …


Acuta Enews December 2011, Vol 40, No. 12 Dec 2011

Acuta Enews December 2011, Vol 40, No. 12

ACUTA Newsletters

In This lssue

Nominate a Colleague for ACUTA Ruth A. Michalecki Leadership Award

From ACUTA Headquarters: What's New?................ Corinne Hoch, Executive Director

Coping with the Next Ethernet, IEEE 802.3ba ......Gary Audin, Delphi, lnc.

View 6 Sessions from the Fall Seminar

Helping Young Professionals Get Professional Development....... Jana McDonald, Texas A&M

lnfo Links ............ Randy Hayes, Univ. of Northern lowa

Member Benefit of the Month: Free Webinars

Committee Corner

Board Report......... Riny Ledgerwood, SDSU

Thanks to our 201 1 Exhibitors

Welcome New Members

Check lt Out: Press Releases...Job Postings...RFls/RFPs...Special Deals!...Corporate Webinars


Ethnic Difference In Healthcare Delivery, Benny Mathew Varghese Dec 2011

Ethnic Difference In Healthcare Delivery, Benny Mathew Varghese

Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Quality in healthcare is a very important aspect; this is obtained when there is proper care provided to the patients without any discrimination. The healthcare system in the US can be improved in the fields of patient’s care, the amount of money spent and proper advice, if proper responsibilities are taken. Quality has been improving over the years, but the median by which there is an increase is too small. The other main factor is access to the healthcare system, which has over the year, has not progressed. Studies in healthcare quality should be conducted on a regular base, so …


Economic Analysis Of Continuous Monitoring Of Commercial Truck Tire Pressure Using Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (Tpms) And Rfid Technologies., Afolabi A. Ogunwemimo Dec 2011

Economic Analysis Of Continuous Monitoring Of Commercial Truck Tire Pressure Using Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (Tpms) And Rfid Technologies., Afolabi A. Ogunwemimo

Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The trucking industry is a major contributor to the US economy. By providing the essential services of transportation and distribution needed in today’s dynamic industry, the transportation industry has evolved into an integral player in various supply chains. The trucking industry is the largest transportation provider for other industries and employs 10.1 million workers in the United States (ATA, 2003).

This research is an analysis of the economic impact of maintaining proper air pressure in the tires of commercial trucks. Various studies have been carried out on understanding the relationship between tire pressure and fuel consumption (National Research Council, 2006). …


Electronic Monitoring Of Hand Hygiene Compliance In An Inpatient Hospital Setting, Christopher M. Masek Nov 2011

Electronic Monitoring Of Hand Hygiene Compliance In An Inpatient Hospital Setting, Christopher M. Masek

Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Proper hand hygiene is known to reduce hospital acquired infections. Currently the most widely accepted method used to measure hand hygiene compliance is through direct observation. This method often provides data that may not accurately represent true hand hygiene compliance due to such factors such as the Hawthorne Effect. Perhaps a better approach is to use counting devices to capture hand hygiene opportunities and activities. This thesis focuses on the measurement of hand hygiene activities of all individuals that either work or visit an inpatient medical ward including healthcare workers, patients and visitors at the patient’s bedside for non-isolation patients. …


Acuta Enews November 2011, Vol 40, No. 11 Nov 2011

Acuta Enews November 2011, Vol 40, No. 11

ACUTA Newsletters

ln This lssue

From the President: Higher Ed lT services Trending ......Joe Harrington, Boston College

Testing EAS System Nationwide

lnstitutional Excellence Award 2012: Dead time November 11

Nominate Now for 2012-2013 Board of Directors

FREE ACUTA Webinar: DAS Deployment, Options, Contracts, and Regulation

Cellular signal Boosters............ J.G. Harrington, Dow Lohnes, PLLC

Cell Phone Recycling.................Chris lrion, e-Cycle

lnfo Links ........... Randy Hayes, Univ. of Northern lowa

Committee Corner

Recharge at the Kiosk

Board Report.......... Riny Ledgewood, SDSU

Member Benefit of the Month: Member Logos

Thanks to Exhibitors and Sponsors at Fall Seminar

A University in your pocket: Education and Mobile Devices …


A Pomdp Model For Guiding Taxi Cruising In A Congested Urban City, Lucas Agussurja, Hoong Chuin Lau Nov 2011

A Pomdp Model For Guiding Taxi Cruising In A Congested Urban City, Lucas Agussurja, Hoong Chuin Lau

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

We consider a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) model for improving a taxi agent cruising decision in a congested urban city. Using real-world data provided by a large taxi company in Singapore as a guide, we derive the state transition function of the POMDP. Specifically, we model the cruising behavior of the drivers as continuous-time Markov chains. We then apply dynamic programming algorithm for finding the optimal policy of the driver agent. Using a simulation, we show that this policy is significantly better than a greedy policy in congested road network.


A Study Of Solder Joint Failure Criteria, Jianbiao Pan, Julie Silk Oct 2011

A Study Of Solder Joint Failure Criteria, Jianbiao Pan, Julie Silk

Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

One of the challenges in an experimental study of solder joint reliability is to determine when cracks occur in a solder joint or when a solder joint fails. Cracks in a real solder joint are difficult to identify using an X-Ray system. Cross-sectioning and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a destructive method. A common non-destructive test method is to monitor resistance increase in a solder joint or a daisy-chain. However, no scientific research has been done in establishing the relationship between the crack area of an interconnection and the change in resistance of the interconnection. This paper proposes a method …


Effect Of Gold Content On The Reliability Of Snagcu Solder Joints, Jianbiao Pan, J. Silk, M. Powers, P. Hyland Oct 2011

Effect Of Gold Content On The Reliability Of Snagcu Solder Joints, Jianbiao Pan, J. Silk, M. Powers, P. Hyland

Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Electroplated Ni/Au over Cu is a popular metallization for printed circuit board finish as well as for component leads, especially wire-bondable high-frequency packages, where the gold thickness requirement for wire bonding is high. The general understanding is that less than 3 wt% of Au is acceptable in SnPb solder joints. However, little is known about the effect of Au content on the reliability of SnAgCu solder joints. The purpose of this paper is to determine the acceptable level of Au in SAC305 solder joints. Three different package platforms with different Au thicknesses were assembled on boards with two different Au …


Revised Reference Curves For Bone Mineral Content And Areal Bone Mineral Density According To Age And Sex For Black And Non-Black Children: Results Of The Bone Mineral Density In Childhood Study, Babette S. Zemel, Heidi J. Kalkwarf, Vicente Gilsanz, Joan M. Lappe, Sharon Oberfield, John A. Shepherd, Margaret M. Frederick, Xangke Huang, Ming Lu, Soroosh Mahboubi, Thomas N. Hangartner, Karen K. Winer Oct 2011

Revised Reference Curves For Bone Mineral Content And Areal Bone Mineral Density According To Age And Sex For Black And Non-Black Children: Results Of The Bone Mineral Density In Childhood Study, Babette S. Zemel, Heidi J. Kalkwarf, Vicente Gilsanz, Joan M. Lappe, Sharon Oberfield, John A. Shepherd, Margaret M. Frederick, Xangke Huang, Ming Lu, Soroosh Mahboubi, Thomas N. Hangartner, Karen K. Winer

Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering Faculty Publications

Context: Deficits in bone acquisition during growth may increase fracture risk. Assessment of bone health during childhood requires appropriate reference values relative to age, sex, and population ancestry to identify bone deficits.

Objective: The objective of this study was to provide revised and extended reference curves for bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in children.

Design: The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study was a multicenter longitudinal study with annual assessments for up to 7 yr.

Setting: The study was conducted at five clinical centers in the United States.

Participants: Two thousand fourteen healthy children (992 …


Acuta Enews October 2011, Vol 40, No. 10 Oct 2011

Acuta Enews October 2011, Vol 40, No. 10

ACUTA Newsletters

ln This lssue

Nominate Now for 2012-2013 Board of Directors

Corinne Hoch Named Executive Director

Define Your Expectations to Vendors ......Ron Walczak, Walczak Technology Consultants

Additional Guidance on Taxation of Employer-Provided Cell Phones.......Michael Hepburn, Dow Lohnes

Institutional Excellence Award 2012

From ACUTA Headquarters: Looking Back to the Future.......... Corinne Hoch, Executive Director

Board Report.......... Riny Ledgerwood, SDSU

lnfo Links .,......... .. Randy Hoyes, Univ. of Northern lowa

Committee Corner

Get Your Logos Here!

Documenting the Worth of an lT Degree

Member Benefit of the Month: ACUTA Community

Welcome New Members

Check lt Out: Press Releases...Job Postings...RFls/RFPs...Special Deals!...Corporate Webinars


Supply Chain And Logistics Technology Investment In Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises, Edward Sweeney Oct 2011

Supply Chain And Logistics Technology Investment In Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises, Edward Sweeney

Practitioner Journals

No abstract provided.


Selection Of Temperature Measuring Sensors Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Shadi Mohammad Al-B'Ool Oct 2011

Selection Of Temperature Measuring Sensors Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Shadi Mohammad Al-B'Ool

Systems Science and Industrial Engineering Faculty Scholarship

This study presents an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to objectively select the best temperature sensor from among different alternative sensors in a certain industrial application. The underlying decision method based on AHP methodology, ranks temperature sensors with different features with a score resulting from the synthesis of relative preferences of each alternative with respect to the others at different levels considering independent evaluation criteria and sub-criteria. At each level, relative preferences of each candidate alternative with respect to the upper immediate level are calculated from pair-wise comparisons among the candidate alternative sensors with respect to a selected application. Pair-wise …


Selection Of Temperature Measuring Sensors Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Tarek Al-Hawari, Shadi Mohammad Al-B'Ool, Amer Momani Oct 2011

Selection Of Temperature Measuring Sensors Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Tarek Al-Hawari, Shadi Mohammad Al-B'Ool, Amer Momani

Systems Science and Industrial Engineering Student Scholarship

This study presents an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to objectively select the best temperature sensor from among different alternative sensors in a certain industrial application. The underlying decision method based on AHP methodology, ranks temperature sensors with different features with a score resulting from the synthesis of relative preferences of each alternative with respect to the others at different levels considering independent evaluation criteria and sub-criteria. At each level, relative preferences of each candidate alternative with respect to the upper immediate level are calculated from pairwise comparisons among the candidate alternative sensors with respect to a selected application. Pair-wise …


Allocating Resources In Multiagent Flowshops With Adaptive Auctions, Hoong Chuin Lau, Zhengyi Zhao, Sam Shuzhi Ge, Thong Heng Lee Oct 2011

Allocating Resources In Multiagent Flowshops With Adaptive Auctions, Hoong Chuin Lau, Zhengyi Zhao, Sam Shuzhi Ge, Thong Heng Lee

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

In this paper, we consider the problem of allocating machine resources among multiple agents, each of which is responsible to solve a flowshop scheduling problem. We present an iterated combinatorial auction mechanism in which bid generation is performed within each agent, while a price adjustment procedure is performed by a centralized auctioneer. While this approach is fairly well-studied in the literature, our primary innovation is in an adaptive price adjustment procedure, utilizing variable step-size inspired by adaptive PID-control theory coupled with utility pricing inspired by classical microeconomics. We compare with the conventional price adjustment scheme proposed in Fisher (1985), and …


Reducing Selection Bias In Case-Control Studies From Rare Disease Registries, J. Alexander Cole, John S. Taylor, Thomas N. Hangartner, Neal J. Weinreb, Pramod K. Mistry, Aneal Khan Sep 2011

Reducing Selection Bias In Case-Control Studies From Rare Disease Registries, J. Alexander Cole, John S. Taylor, Thomas N. Hangartner, Neal J. Weinreb, Pramod K. Mistry, Aneal Khan

Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering Faculty Publications

Background: In clinical research of rare diseases, where small patient numbers and disease heterogeneity limit study design options, registries are a valuable resource for demographic and outcome information. However, in contrast to prospective, randomized clinical trials, the observational design of registries is prone to introduce selection bias and negatively impact the validity of data analyses. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the utility of case-control matching and the risk-set method in order to control bias in data from a rare disease registry. Data from the International Collaborative Gaucher Group (ICGG) Gaucher Registry were used as an example.

Methods: …


Acuta Enews September 2011, Vol 40, No. 9 Sep 2011

Acuta Enews September 2011, Vol 40, No. 9

ACUTA Newsletters

ln This lssue

Hurricane lrene Takes Top Priority for Some

From the President: ACUTA: A Career Development Program Joe Harrington, Boston College

To Attract Top lT Talent, Understand Graduates' Needs

You Don't Have to Be Young to Be "Young"............. Emily Harris, Vassar College

Add Names from Your Campus to Your ACUTA Roster

Freed-Hardeman Students Develop iPhone App

Announcing member Benefit of the Month

lnfo Links ..........Randy Hayes, Univ. of Northern lowa

Retirement

Committee Corner

ACUTA Fall Seminar in Boston

ACUTA Webinar: Transitioning to lPv6 on Your Campus

Board Report..................Riny Ledgerwood, San Diego state univ

Welcome New Members

Check lt Out: …


A Review Of Parallel Operation Of Active Power Filters In The Distributed Generation System, Shafiuzzaman Khan Khadem, Malabika Basu, Michael Conlon Sep 2011

A Review Of Parallel Operation Of Active Power Filters In The Distributed Generation System, Shafiuzzaman Khan Khadem, Malabika Basu, Michael Conlon

Conference papers

In this paper a technical review of parallel operation of Active Power Filter (APF) for harmonic power compensation in distributed generation (DG) network has been presented. Controlling methods and connection topologies with their pros and cons are described. Recent improvements in controlling and future trends for the application of APFs in distributed mode are also identified.


Effect Of Processing, Packaging And Vibration Treatment On The Sensory Quality Of Fresh-Cut Apple Slices, M. Siddiq, J. B. Harte, S. P. Singh, A. A. Khan, K. D. Dolan, Koushik Saha Aug 2011

Effect Of Processing, Packaging And Vibration Treatment On The Sensory Quality Of Fresh-Cut Apple Slices, M. Siddiq, J. B. Harte, S. P. Singh, A. A. Khan, K. D. Dolan, Koushik Saha

Industrial Technology and Packaging

Fresh-cut fruit industry has seen tremendous growth in recent years. The present study was designed with the objective of studying the sensory quality of fresh-cut apple slices that were treated with different antibrowning agents, packed in three types of packaging materials and subjected to vibration treatment to simulate commercial transportation. The slices were treated with two commercial antibrowning agents [NatureSeal (Mantrose-Haeuser Co., Inc., Westport, CT, USA) and Ever-Fresh (Kraft Foods, Inc., Rye Brook, NY, USA)] at 5% (w/v) application rate. The treated slices were packaged in 5 oz polystyrene rigid container, 2 lb polyethylene bag or 2 oz polyethylene bag. …


Acuta Enews August 2011, Vol 40, No. 8 Aug 2011

Acuta Enews August 2011, Vol 40, No. 8

ACUTA Newsletters

ln This lssue

From ACUTA Headquarters.......... Corinne Hoch, lnterim Executive Director

Hosted/Cloud Provider Checklist .Gary Audin, Delphi, lnc.

ACUTA Webinar: Transitioning to lPv6 on Your Campus

Connecting in the Digital Age............. . Buck Bayliff, PCR

Campus Tech a Top Factor in College Selection and Perceived Career Success

lnfo Links ........... .. Randy Hayes, Univ. of Northern lowa

View 8 Sessions from the Summer Seminar at Your Desktop

Come to Boston!

Board Report......... Riny Ledgerwood, SDSU

Welcome New Members

Check lt Out: press Releases...Job Postings.,.RFls/RFPs...Special Deals!...Corporate Webinars


Influence Of Process Parameters On Health Outcome, Vijaya K. Musunuru Aug 2011

Influence Of Process Parameters On Health Outcome, Vijaya K. Musunuru

Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

In the recent years, healthcare organizations have realized that quality in providing service is critical for their survival in this competitive world. This increased attention to service quality has forced many health care providers to reevaluate their systems to stay in business. The main purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis “Process Quality predicts the Product quality (patient satisfaction) in the healthcare domain”. The objective of this study was three- fold. The first objective is to analyze historical data both on patient satisfaction and on provider attributes to yield process parameters for a particular area in a hospital. …


Bring Your Own Water Treatment System: United States Patent, Evan A. Thomas, Maximilian Gold Aug 2011

Bring Your Own Water Treatment System: United States Patent, Evan A. Thomas, Maximilian Gold

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

A method and apparatus for filtering a fluid is presented. In one embodiment, the apparatus converts contaminated water into water having a lower turbidity and bacterial contamination level than the contaminated water. The apparatus includes a settling unit for at least partially settling a portion of the water; a filter unit having a filtration media; wherein the filtration media comprises sand, anthracite coal, burnt rice husks, diatomaceous earth, gravel, pumice gravel, or combinations thereof; a sanitation unit; wherein the sanitation unit is an ultraviolet disinfection unit; a backwash unit; wherein the settling unit is in fluid communications with the filter …


Supply Chain Management: Scm Key To Competitiveness, Edward Sweeney Aug 2011

Supply Chain Management: Scm Key To Competitiveness, Edward Sweeney

Practitioner Journals

Any meaningful attempt to eliminate waste and improve cost competitiveness in the Irish packaging sector must have a strong focus on how the supply chain is designed and managed.


Taxisim: A Multiagent Simulation Platform For Evaluating Taxi Fleet Operations, Shih-Fen Cheng, Thi Duong Nguyen Aug 2011

Taxisim: A Multiagent Simulation Platform For Evaluating Taxi Fleet Operations, Shih-Fen Cheng, Thi Duong Nguyen

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Taxi service is an important mode of public transportation in most metropolitan areas since it provides door-to-door convenience in the public domain. Unfortunately, despite all the convenience taxis bring, taxi fleets are also extremely inefficient to the point that over 50% of its operation time could be spent in idling state. Improving taxi fleet operation is an extremely challenging problem, not just because of its scale, but also due to fact that taxi drivers are self-interested agents that cannot be controlled centrally. To facilitate the study of such complex and decentralized system, we propose to construct a multiagent simulation platform …


Investigation Of Rfid Readability For License Plates In Static And Motion Testing, Srinivasan Venkatesan Jul 2011

Investigation Of Rfid Readability For License Plates In Static And Motion Testing, Srinivasan Venkatesan

Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The most important function of RFID in vehicle tracking is to store information concerning tagged elements in order to improve the overall performance of movable asset management. There is a need to discover an RFID system for the tracking of vehicles, as existing vehicle tracking systems are undependable. Experiments were performed with SIRIT, SAVI, and RF code RFID systems under differing conditions, attaching the tag to the license plate instead of the windshield. Different spacers were also tested to reduce the effect of metal surfaces on RFID signals.

Preliminary experiments were performed before stationary and motion testing in order to …


Integration Of A Real Option Of An Environmental Project, Qi Yang Jul 2011

Integration Of A Real Option Of An Environmental Project, Qi Yang

Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

This thesis explores a problem of how to evaluate environmental projects under the Carbon Cap-and-Trade Scheme (CCTS) from the perspective of an individual firm. The focus is the integration of a real option approach for project investment timing and financial carbon option approach for carbon credit management. The real option is for a mid or long term decision on when to invest on the environmental project, and the financial option is for a supplementary decision to hedge short-term residue risks. Two uncertainties (the carbon price and carbon credit demand) are considered, and their changes are represented by a lattice of …


A Digital Hydraulic Valve, Actuated Using A Piezoelectric Linear Motor, Brian C. Bevill Jul 2011

A Digital Hydraulic Valve, Actuated Using A Piezoelectric Linear Motor, Brian C. Bevill

Purdue Polytechnic Directed Projects

Proportional control in hydraulics is widely utilized. The most widely used current types of proportional valves utilize solenoid technology. While this technology has been around for decades and has been proven an effective means of control, there is always a demand for improved performance of advancing technologies. Integrating piezoelectric devices as a means to control hydraulic systems helps advance control for hydraulic systems.

Piezoelectric stack devices have been used to control hydraulic systems with success. Advantages of these stacks include being relatively small with a high power to weight ratio, using less energy than solenoid operations, and being fast acting. …


Effect Of Horizontal Offset On Vertical Compression Strength Of Stacked Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes, Jay Singh, S. Paul Singh, Koushik Saha Jul 2011

Effect Of Horizontal Offset On Vertical Compression Strength Of Stacked Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes, Jay Singh, S. Paul Singh, Koushik Saha

Industrial Technology and Packaging

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of horizontal offset on the compression strength of stacked box configurations. Four different boxes of varying sizes and similar board combinations, made from similar flute but different manufacturers were studied. The single box compression strength for each type of box was determined to represent as the control for this study. The compression strength of control boxes were compared to overall strength of a three-high stack and in three different offset configurations. In addition a set of perfectly aligned boxes were compared to overall strength of a three-high stack and in …


Effect Of Palletized Box Offset On Compression Strength Of Unitized And Stacked Empty Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes, S. Paul Singh, Jay Singh, Koushik Saha Jul 2011

Effect Of Palletized Box Offset On Compression Strength Of Unitized And Stacked Empty Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes, S. Paul Singh, Jay Singh, Koushik Saha

Industrial Technology and Packaging

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pallet type, tie-sheet and stack configuration on compression strength of a palletized load of boxes. Four boxes made from similar board grade and different dimensions were selected for this study. The column stack configuration which represented the control was compared with the 3 stack configurations either on a CHEP® or GMA pallet. The unitized load either had a tie-sheet in between layers or no tie-sheet between layers of boxes on the respective pallets, for compression strength comparison with the control unitized load represented by a column stack configuration. This …