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Full-Text Articles in Education

Initial Findings On Student Progress And Satisfaction In A New Model Of Hyperflexible Online Delivery For University Students, Colin Beer, Kate Ames, Noal Atkinson, Damien Clark, Peter Hosie Mar 2024

Initial Findings On Student Progress And Satisfaction In A New Model Of Hyperflexible Online Delivery For University Students, Colin Beer, Kate Ames, Noal Atkinson, Damien Clark, Peter Hosie

Journal of Global Education and Research

University degrees are usually delivered in defined sessions —by term, semester, or in week-based blocks— whereby students are required to complete their studies by the due date. Term or session-based schedules that require students to complete the study within set timeframes are, however, potentially restrictive. Temporal challenges associated with work and life can impede progress and add to the specific problem of student attrition in online learning. As universities seek to deliver innovative options for their students, increased attention is being paid to alternate models of delivery. This paper reports on the development of a hyperflexible online Master of Business …


Global Learning: Definition, Assessment, And Approaches, Jiangyuan Zhou Dec 2022

Global Learning: Definition, Assessment, And Approaches, Jiangyuan Zhou

Journal of Global Education and Research

Global learning has become a fundamental aspect of international education. Yet, a clear understanding of global learning and how to develop it remain unclear. Using the dynamic systems approach, this paper analyzed the reasons, methods, and knowledge, skills, and attitudes(KSA) of global learning in higher education. Global learning is the higher education institutions’ critical response to globalization. It is the essential learning outcome of comprehensive internationalization of curriculum requiring students to develop KSA about the external world and their internal selves in their daily lives across local and global communities. With survey results from 142 undergraduate students in one U.S. …


Foreign Language Education Perception Of Tourist-Guidance Students As A Factor In Intercultural Communication, Bekir Esitti Oct 2022

Foreign Language Education Perception Of Tourist-Guidance Students As A Factor In Intercultural Communication, Bekir Esitti

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

Tourist guidance higher education is designed to provide a variety of intercultural knowledge and experiences for students. Intercultural communication covers tourists from different cultures interacting with their guides, sending and receiving messages to each other, creating meaning and making meanings common. In this context, the ease of communication provided by the proficiency obtained through foreign language education is essential for tourist guidance students who are candidate guides to overcome the intercultural communication problems they will encounter in the profession. In the study, open-ended questions about intercultural communication experiences and the relationship between foreign language education and intercultural communication were asked …


Development And Initial Validation Of The Parent And Family Engagement In Higher Education Measure, Michelle R. Mcnulty Apr 2022

Development And Initial Validation Of The Parent And Family Engagement In Higher Education Measure, Michelle R. Mcnulty

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Throughout the history of higher education in the United States, parents and family members of college students have often found themselves as obsolete to the postsecondary experience. Minimal research has been dedicated to understanding the experience of parents and family members of college students until the millennial generation began their collegiate years (Harper et al., 2012; Wartman & Savage, 2008). In consideration of a new generation of college students (i.e., Gen Z) and the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic, it is crucial to illuminate the complexities of parent and family engagement in higher education and the needs of …


Meditation And Mindfulness Practice: Mitigating Burnout And Promoting Wellbeing Among Faculty, Billy E. Thomas Jr. Mar 2022

Meditation And Mindfulness Practice: Mitigating Burnout And Promoting Wellbeing Among Faculty, Billy E. Thomas Jr.

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this autoethnography was to explore meditation and mindfulness to mitigate burnout and promote wellbeing among faculty. I explored how meditation and mindfulness shaped me personally and professionally as an educator. I explored the methods I used to promote my own wellbeing and to deal with my experiences of burnout, anxiety, and depression. Self Determination Theory and Flow helped to inform this autoethnography, as well as mindfulness and meditation as tools for promoting faculty wellbeing. By telling my personal and professional story and how I have benefited from meditation and mindfulness practices, I hope to provide a road …


Why Study Abroad: Differences In Motivation Between Us And International Students, Phillip Haisley, Catherine Grandorff, Osasohan Agbonlahor, Sylvia L. Mendez, Mandy Hansen Dec 2021

Why Study Abroad: Differences In Motivation Between Us And International Students, Phillip Haisley, Catherine Grandorff, Osasohan Agbonlahor, Sylvia L. Mendez, Mandy Hansen

Journal of Global Education and Research

Globally, collegiate students possess distinct drives, opportunities, and constraints that influence their choices regarding if, when, and where to study abroad. This research explored the study abroad motivations of US students who were studying in other countries as well as international students who were studying in the US. Data was collected using a cross-sectional survey constructed from pre-existing study abroad motivation instruments. Human capital theory and the push-pull model of international education flow were used as the theoretical frameworks grounding this study’s survey. A principal components analysis helped determine the most parsimonious number of latent motivation constructs in the survey. …


Retaining And Supporting Graduate Racially Minoritized Students: A Critical Analysis, Patricia Y. Gills Sep 2021

Retaining And Supporting Graduate Racially Minoritized Students: A Critical Analysis, Patricia Y. Gills

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study aimed to critique the racial status quo of a school psychology graduate training program by gaining the perspectives of former and current racially minoritized students from the program. Additionally, this study aimed to utilize this information to provide implications for how to dismantle the racist and oppressive structures within the school psychology program. This study also aimed to analyze the success of research recommendations in helping racially minoritized students defeat the systemic barriers to completing a school psychology program. I conducted one-hour, semi-structured interviews of eight school psychology graduate racially minoritized students from the school psychology program. I …


Learning Efl Online Through Blogger And Flipgrid In Higher Education: A Collaborative Project In Times Of Pandemic, Montserrat Iglesias Aug 2021

Learning Efl Online Through Blogger And Flipgrid In Higher Education: A Collaborative Project In Times Of Pandemic, Montserrat Iglesias

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

A methodological online approach for learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in a higher education context is presented in this paper. The pedagogical experience is described and examined following a mixed-methods approach based on bibliometric analysis, content analysis, and categorization. The participants were a group of undergraduate students (n=17) at CETT Barcelona School of Tourism, Hospitality and Gastronomy, from the University of Barcelona (Spain), who had to switch to virtual learning due to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown. They were required to work on a collaborative project arranged in four stages using a …


Indigenous Women In Science: A Proposed Framework For Leadership, Knowledge, Innovation, And Complexity, Tracy Woodroffe, Ruth Wallace, Kathy Guthadjaka, Johanna Funk, Elaine L. Maypilama, Sarah Ireland, Renee Adair, Robyn Ober, Samantha Armstrong, Anne Lowell, Kellie Pollard Aug 2021

Indigenous Women In Science: A Proposed Framework For Leadership, Knowledge, Innovation, And Complexity, Tracy Woodroffe, Ruth Wallace, Kathy Guthadjaka, Johanna Funk, Elaine L. Maypilama, Sarah Ireland, Renee Adair, Robyn Ober, Samantha Armstrong, Anne Lowell, Kellie Pollard

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

Indigenous engagement in tertiary education has been contentious in Australia for many years. This was brought sharply into focus with the 2012 review into higher education, which highlighted a lack of parity for Indigenous Australians. One of the solutions to a lack of parity in participation could be the concept of a dual academy. A dual academy approach to higher education would incorporate both Indigenous and Western knowledge systems equally. Conversations and thinking about Indigenous participation and engagement in higher education led to an opportunity to coordinate a series of workshops. These workshops, conducted in Darwin, Alice Springs, and Galiwin’ku …


Higher Education Financing Analysis Based On The Examples Of Selected Countries, Hilal Celik, Hasan Arslan Aug 2021

Higher Education Financing Analysis Based On The Examples Of Selected Countries, Hilal Celik, Hasan Arslan

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

Higher education institutions are seen as the center of scientific activities. Thanks to these institutions, which fulfill the task of conducting scientific and technical research by following the developments of the era, countries develop and have a say in the world. Undoubtedly, it is very important that higher education, which has such a valuable place, is adequately financed. With the globalization, countries that increase their scientific studies by developing higher education finance methods will be at the forefront of foreign competition. In this research, based on selected country examples, current issues in higher education financing will be discussed and suggestions …


“We Have To Get More Teachers To Help Our Kids”: Recruitment And Retention Strategies For Teacher Education Programs To Increase The Number Of Indigenous Teachers In Canada And Abroad, Laura Landertinger, Danielle Tessaro, Jean-Paul Restoule Jun 2021

“We Have To Get More Teachers To Help Our Kids”: Recruitment And Retention Strategies For Teacher Education Programs To Increase The Number Of Indigenous Teachers In Canada And Abroad, Laura Landertinger, Danielle Tessaro, Jean-Paul Restoule

Journal of Global Education and Research

This paper discusses the findings of a research study that gathered and analyzed recruitment and retention strategies employed by 50 teacher education programs (TEPs) in Canada, the United States, New Zealand, and Australia to increase the number of Indigenous teachers. It discusses several recruitment and retention strategies that were found to be successful in this regard, highlighting the importance of facilitating access, eliminating financial barriers, and offering Indigenous-centric programs.


Research At The Royal University Of Bhutan And Ways Forward, Deki C. Gyamtso, Kezang Sherab, T. W. Maxwell Dec 2020

Research At The Royal University Of Bhutan And Ways Forward, Deki C. Gyamtso, Kezang Sherab, T. W. Maxwell

Journal of Global Education and Research

The Royal University of Bhutan (RUB) was formed by an amalgamation of teaching institutions in 2003. RUB policy requires research; however, studies have shown that RUB faculty are variable in their response to the requirement to add research to their workload. While improvements have been made, challenges to research output have been identified. This article sets out recent developments in research at RUB. Data were gathered through an online survey of RUB faculty (n = 206) and semi-structured interviews with the college Presidents (n = 5) and Deans of Research and Industrial Linkages (n = 8). Findings show …


Support For Teacher Candidates And The Edtpa, Dia Gary, Dylan Thomas, Joseph Miller Dec 2020

Support For Teacher Candidates And The Edtpa, Dia Gary, Dylan Thomas, Joseph Miller

Journal of Global Education and Research

Equipping new teachers in today’s society is a noble and challenging task. Of late, many additional licensing standards for teachers create additional responsibilities for universities that provide pedagogy, knowledge, and content for teacher candidates. Identification of best practices that support teacher candidates on the Educative Teacher Performance Assessment (edTPA) is of interest to many teacher education programs. The purpose of this research was to analyze whether incorporating a mock edTPA had beneficial results on the passage of the edTPA. This study spanned fourteen ten-week quarters and included 688 teacher candidates who were preparing to become certificated teachers at a university …


Civic Engagement Amid Civil Unrest: Haitian Social Scientists Working At Home, Nadège Nau Aug 2020

Civic Engagement Amid Civil Unrest: Haitian Social Scientists Working At Home, Nadège Nau

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Unlike many of the autoethnographic accounts in world anthropologies discourse, this study employs critical educational ethnography to both address the geopolitics of Haitian anthropology while also spotlighting an understudied group: university faculty. This study addresses: What are the conditions of academic labor for anthropology professors working in Haiti? Moreover, what is the price of being an anthropology professor at the School of Ethnology at the State University of Haiti (UEH), and how do professors add meaningful value to their labor through sacrifice, ingenuity, and civic engagement? Despite professors’ work-related challenges and Haiti’s severe “brain drain” levels, for many professors, their …


Temporal Discounting And The Assessment And Treatment Of Academic Procrastination, Anthony Concepcion Jul 2020

Temporal Discounting And The Assessment And Treatment Of Academic Procrastination, Anthony Concepcion

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Many individuals engage in procrastination at some point in their lifetime. Although procrastination is usually not detrimental, for college students, academic procrastination is correlated with adverse health effects (e.g., anxiety, depression, sleep hygiene) and poor academic performance (Akinsola, et al., 2007; Ferrari, et al., 1995). Furthermore, the prevalence of academic procrastination is high with reports of up to 95% of college students engaging in detrimental amounts of procrastination (Hussain & Sultan, 2010). Notably, students enrolled in online courses are likely to be at greater risk to experience adverse consequences associated with procrastination (Elvers, et al, 2003). Previous studies have focused …


A Policy Analysis Of Performance-Based Funding In The State University System Of Florida, Monika Alesnik Jun 2020

A Policy Analysis Of Performance-Based Funding In The State University System Of Florida, Monika Alesnik

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Performance-based funding in the State University System of Florida is the principle legislative based funding method for the states 12 public universities. The system and the policy is governed by the Florida Board of Governors. However, Florida’s legislative branch has ultimate authority in regards to the policy. There is a gap of knowledge on the critical factors which led to the development, implementation and adoption of this policy. Data were collected using primary and secondary document analysis as well as through interviews with individuals in the following groups: elected officials, higher education leaders, staff, financial or policy influencers and other …


Managing At The Intersection: The Negotiations Of Racialized Role Strain Of Black Mid-Level Student Affairs Administrators At Predominantly White Institutions, David Frank Hibbler Jr. Apr 2020

Managing At The Intersection: The Negotiations Of Racialized Role Strain Of Black Mid-Level Student Affairs Administrators At Predominantly White Institutions, David Frank Hibbler Jr.

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this qualitative interview study was to identify the unique stressors Black mid-level student affairs administrators encounter, how they cope with such stressors, and the perceived consequences of these encounters and coping mechanisms. Data for this qualitative interview study was collected from face-to-face interviews with eight Black mid-level student affairs administrators at predominantly White institutions in the U.S, and from and an optional diary entry. Findings revealed that participants experienced racialized role strain as a result of interactions with White peers and supervisors, same-race peers, and navigating campus climate. Specifically, the Black mid-level participants experienced strain in their …


Voices Of Success: Exploring Black Male Students’ Perspectives On Their Academic Success, Carmen Goldsmith Mar 2020

Voices Of Success: Exploring Black Male Students’ Perspectives On Their Academic Success, Carmen Goldsmith

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Higher education enables individuals to be prepared to make an impact in the global society through enhanced skills and the ability to understand their community and the world in which they reside. According to EVERFI (2019), studies showed that diversity in education, specifically on college campuses, improve a student’s intellectual engagement, motivation, citizenship, and cultural engagement, while enhancing their critical thinking, problem-solving, and writing skills. It is advantageous for students to work with people from other races, ethnicities, and varying socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. These differences prepare students to succeed in a diverse world and broaden their understanding and awareness …


Performance Based Funding And The Florida State University System: An Exploratory Analysis, Laura A. Hoffman Feb 2020

Performance Based Funding And The Florida State University System: An Exploratory Analysis, Laura A. Hoffman

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Higher education funding models based on performance have seen a resurgence over the last decade. These models, known as performance-based funding (PBF) 2.0, hold institutions accountable to outcome metrics such retention and graduation rates through the incentive of increased funding and the threat of funding cuts. This quantitative, exploratory study examined data from the Florida State University System (FLSUS) coincident to the years prior to and after the implementation of the Florida PBF policy. The primary purpose of the study was to examine what changes, if any, occurred regarding student access to or success within the FLSUS coincident to PBF …


Race(Ing) Towards Legal Literacy For (Im)Migration Amidst Covid-19, Patriann Smith, S. Joel Warrican Jan 2020

Race(Ing) Towards Legal Literacy For (Im)Migration Amidst Covid-19, Patriann Smith, S. Joel Warrican

Teaching and Learning Faculty Publications

Historically and contemporarily, immigration laws have disproportionately affected immigrant faculty and students of color because they often inadvertently function as racial policy. (Critical) legal literacy enacted via a bottom-up approach can help to address such laws. Higher education institutions, organizations, labor unions and associations are uniquely positioned to use critical legal literacy as a tool of advocacy for immigrant faculty and students of color amidst the adverse effects of COVID-19.


Life After Graduation: Current Seniors' Perceptions Of Alumni Engagement And Their Expectations Of The Institution Once They Graduate, Jessica Burns Fugate Nov 2019

Life After Graduation: Current Seniors' Perceptions Of Alumni Engagement And Their Expectations Of The Institution Once They Graduate, Jessica Burns Fugate

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Alumni participation in the life of an institution is more important now than ever before as state and federal funding continue to shrink and alumni are called on for financial support and to serve as resources for current students. Institutional leaders are hard-pressed to bring in external revenue to bridge the gap as budgets shrink to successfully balance operational costs (Barr & McClellan, 2011), which is done mostly through fundraising efforts targeted toward parents of students, alumni and often current students before they graduate to establish a culture of philanthropy. This need for external revenue increases the necessity for engaged …


Students' Perceptions On Alternative Break Experiences And Selecting An Academic Major In A Four-Year College, Bianny Fernández Collado Oct 2019

Students' Perceptions On Alternative Break Experiences And Selecting An Academic Major In A Four-Year College, Bianny Fernández Collado

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Research shows that 50-80% of college students are exploratory/undecided or appear as declared and will change their major at least once. Although higher education institutions have developed and implemented several initiatives to assist students with selecting an academic major, students are struggling to reach this milestone. According to Gebhard (2015), real-world and experiential opportunities successfully prepare students to select an academic major. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative exploratory study is to describe in-depth a phenomenon: how a service-based experience, offered through an Alternative Breaks (aB) program may prepare student participants for the selection of an academic major. The study …


Are We At A Watershed Moment For The Quantitative Literacy Movement?: Review Of Shifting Context, Stable Core: Advancing Quantitative Literacy In Higher Education, By Luke Tunstall, Gizem Karaali, And Victor Piercey, Eds., Maura Mast Jul 2019

Are We At A Watershed Moment For The Quantitative Literacy Movement?: Review Of Shifting Context, Stable Core: Advancing Quantitative Literacy In Higher Education, By Luke Tunstall, Gizem Karaali, And Victor Piercey, Eds., Maura Mast

Numeracy

Luke Tunstall, Gizem Karaali, and Victor Piercey, eds. 2019. Shifting Concepts, Stable Core: Advancing Quantitative Literacy in Higher Education. Math Notes 88. (Mathematics Association of America, MAA Press). Print ISBN 978-0-88385-198-2. Electronic ISBN 978-1-61444-324-7.

The thematic approach of the edited MAA Notes volume Shifting Contexts, Stable Core: Advancing Quantitative Literacy in Higher Education is that the “construct” of quantitative literacy is now fairly stable, but the contexts in which quantitative literacy is taught (and practiced) continue to change. Several chapters give the reader much to consider regarding what constitutes the foundation of this stable core and, relatedly, how quantitative …


Introducing Maa Notes #88: Shifting Contexts, Stable Core: Advancing Quantitative Literacy In Higher Education, Samuel L. Tunstall, Gizem Karaali, Victor Piercey Jul 2019

Introducing Maa Notes #88: Shifting Contexts, Stable Core: Advancing Quantitative Literacy In Higher Education, Samuel L. Tunstall, Gizem Karaali, Victor Piercey

Numeracy

Tunstall, Samuel, Gizem Karaali, and Victor Piercey, eds. 2019. Shifting Contexts, Stable Core: Advancing Quantitative Literacy in Higher Education (Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America) 258 pp. ISBN 978-1614443247.

This brief essay introduces readers to Shifting Contexts, Stable Core: Advancing Quantitative Literacy in Higher Education, a new edited volume published by the Mathematical Association of America. We begin by describing the story behind the volume, and then outline its four major parts: "A Bird’s Eye View," "Curriculum for Quantitative Literacy," "Quantitative Literacy in an Institutional Context," and "Perspectives from the Quantitative Literacy Community." We end with an excerpt from …


Paired Measures Of Competence And Confidence Illuminate Impacts Of Privilege On College Students, Rachel M. Watson, Edward Nuhfer, Kali Nicholas Moon, Steven Fleisher, Paul Walter, Karl Wirth, Christopher Cogan, Ami Wangeline, Eric Gaze Jul 2019

Paired Measures Of Competence And Confidence Illuminate Impacts Of Privilege On College Students, Rachel M. Watson, Edward Nuhfer, Kali Nicholas Moon, Steven Fleisher, Paul Walter, Karl Wirth, Christopher Cogan, Ami Wangeline, Eric Gaze

Numeracy

We seek to understand how the experiences of groups that differ in gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation produce college-level educational performances that differ from the experiences of the dominant majority group. We employ two datasets: a National Database of 24,701 participants and a Paired-Measures Database with 3,323 participants. Both datasets provide demographic information, socioeconomic conditions of status as first-generation student, English as a first language, and interest in majoring in science, and competency scores on understanding science as a way of knowing obtained from the Science Literacy Concept Inventory. The Paired-Measures Database includes additional self-assessed competence ratings that enabled quantifying …


The Effects Of Writing Proficiency On Cognitive Skills Development Among International Students, Christie Curtis Jun 2019

The Effects Of Writing Proficiency On Cognitive Skills Development Among International Students, Christie Curtis

Journal of Global Education and Research

Utilizing data from the 2012 University of California Undergraduate Experience Survey (UCUES), the following question was addressed: What are the direct and indirect effects of writing proficiency on cognitive development among international students? Because many international students have chosen to study in the United States to improve their academic achievement, the higher education community has needed greater understanding of those factors which contribute significantly to the success and satisfaction of international students. Writing proficiency is one such factor, and the findings of this research study have suggested the importance of providing support and designing programs for improved writing skills.


Epistemological Developmental Level And Critical Skill Thinking Level In Undergraduate University Students, Monnie Huston Wertz Apr 2019

Epistemological Developmental Level And Critical Skill Thinking Level In Undergraduate University Students, Monnie Huston Wertz

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Epistemological development and its relationship to critical thinking has been postulated in educational psychology since the 1970’s. By empirically examining epistemological development in relationship to thinking critically, a richer understanding of overall student development and instructional needs could be achieved. By taking into account a student’s epistemological development, issues unique to these stages could inform how to most effectively work with students to promote critical thinking development.

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential relationship between collegiate epistemological development and critical thinking skills by examining differences in critical thinking skills at different levels of epistemological development. The …


An Uncommon Textbook: Review Of Common Sense Mathematics By Ethan Bolker And Maura Mast, Bernard Madison Jan 2019

An Uncommon Textbook: Review Of Common Sense Mathematics By Ethan Bolker And Maura Mast, Bernard Madison

Numeracy

Ethan D. Bolker and Maura B. Mast. 2016. Common Sense Mathematics.(Washington DC.: Mathematics Association of America) ISBN-13: 978-1-93951-210-9.

Common Sense Mathematics is an integrative quantitative reasoning (QR) textbook that is built around scores of exercises derived from authentic circumstances from public media and other public sources. The exercises elicit responses from students requiring extensive communication and analyses and distinguish the book from ones typically encountered in a mathematics or science course. Responses to exercises often require one-half page or more of writing and can occupy considerable class time in discussion. The book has material for a one- or two-semester …


An Analysis Of The Self-Perceptions Of Women Leaders In Higher Education, Angela Mclendon Nov 2018

An Analysis Of The Self-Perceptions Of Women Leaders In Higher Education, Angela Mclendon

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to (a) investigate perceptions of women administrators in higher education as they relate to their positions and (b) learn more about women’s perceptions as they relate to gender in leadership in higher education. and (c) determine where we need to go from here in terms of improvement. Investigating these issues in the 21st century will give us a current temperature and a snapshot of where we are and where we need to go from here as it relates to women leaders in higher education.

The focus of this study was women who are administrators …


Examining The Relationship Between A Co-Curricular Service-Learning Experience And Moral Competence, Jamie Burns Burriss Oct 2018

Examining The Relationship Between A Co-Curricular Service-Learning Experience And Moral Competence, Jamie Burns Burriss

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Short-term service-learning experiences such as alternative breaks are increasing in popularity due to the focus on service in higher education and the institution’s responsibility to ensure students are graduating with the skills needed to succeed in an increasingly competitive, global economy and contribute to a democratic society as citizens who address societal needs. To meet this demand, colleges and universities continue to explore ways to increase civic engagement in the form of curricular and co-curricular programs. Additionally, faculty and administrators in higher education are intensely seeking a revitalization of the public purposes of higher education, which include educating for moral …