Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Walden University (34)
- Wayne State University (7)
- Nova Southeastern University (4)
- Old Dominion University (4)
- University of Texas at El Paso (4)
-
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville (3)
- Bowling Green State University (2)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (2)
- Morehead State University (2)
- The University of San Francisco (2)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (2)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (2)
- East Tennessee State University (1)
- Eastern Illinois University (1)
- Edith Cowan University (1)
- Illinois State University (1)
- Kennesaw State University (1)
- Purdue University (1)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (1)
- University of Denver (1)
- University of Kentucky (1)
- University of New England (1)
- University of New Mexico (1)
- University of South Florida (1)
- University of Southern Maine (1)
- Utah State University (1)
- Western Michigan University (1)
- Western University (1)
- Keyword
-
- Education (10)
- Technology (8)
- Educational technology (7)
- Instructional design (5)
- Collaboration (4)
-
- Curriculum (4)
- Learning (4)
- Online (4)
- Communication (3)
- Education technology (3)
- Flipped classroom (3)
- Instruction (3)
- Professional development (3)
- Social Media (3)
- Active learning (2)
- Blended Learning (2)
- Blended learning (2)
- CALL (2)
- Cognitive load (2)
- Community of Inquiry (2)
- Connectivism (2)
- Critical thinking (2)
- Educational Technology (2)
- Higher Education (2)
- K-12 (2)
- Leadership (2)
- Literacy (2)
- Math (2)
- Mathematics (2)
- Multimedia (2)
- Publication
-
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (34)
- Wayne State University Dissertations (7)
- CCE Theses and Dissertations (4)
- Open Access Theses & Dissertations (4)
- Doctoral Dissertations (3)
-
- STEMPS Theses & Dissertations (3)
- Dissertations (2)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (2)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (2)
- Master of Education in Instructional Design and Technology Plan II Graduate Projects (2)
- Master's Projects and Capstones (2)
- Masters Theses (2)
- Morehead State Theses and Dissertations (2)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (2)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (1)
- All Theses And Dissertations (1)
- Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository (1)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (1)
- KSU Journey Honors College Capstones and Theses (1)
- Muskie School Capstones and Dissertations (1)
- Open Access Dissertations (1)
- Organization, Information and Learning Sciences ETDs (1)
- Teaching & Learning Theses & Dissertations (1)
- Theses and Dissertations (1)
- Theses and Dissertations--Education Sciences (1)
- Theses: Doctorates and Masters (1)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 84
Full-Text Articles in Education
Innovative Techniques For Inspiring Efl Students' Enthusiasm And Participating In English Classroom Activities, Yinghung Natalie Chiang
Innovative Techniques For Inspiring Efl Students' Enthusiasm And Participating In English Classroom Activities, Yinghung Natalie Chiang
Master's Projects and Capstones
Since 1990, the government of Taiwan has sought to position the country as an international economic and trading center. As a result, English became a compulsory subject for Taiwanese students in 2005 (Lu, 2011). The Taiwan Ministry of Education (MOE) is promoting communicative language teaching (CLT) and encouraging learners to develop and increased desire to improve their language skills. However, many Taiwanese English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers still focus on memorization and the grammar translation method (Chung & Huang, 2009). The author discovered two major issues related to English language teaching in Taiwan. The first issue was many Taiwanese …
An Introduction To Service Rifle Shooting, Robert Donoho
An Introduction To Service Rifle Shooting, Robert Donoho
Master of Education in Instructional Design and Technology Plan II Graduate Projects
This project utilized instructional design techniques to develop an online training program to teach gun safety and introduce people to the sport of military rifle shooting, using the AR-15 rifle. The online training course supports the mission of the Civilian Marksmanship Program; to promote marksmanship training and safety to United States citizens. Concerns regarding the efficacy of teaching marksmanship in an online format were identified and addressed. The ADDIE model of instructional design was used to create the three learning modules; Introduction to Service Rifle, the Fundamentals of Marksmanship, and Service Rifle Positions. Participants in the training included U. S. …
A Three-Position Air Rifle Range Officer E-Learning Module, Katherine Harrington
A Three-Position Air Rifle Range Officer E-Learning Module, Katherine Harrington
Master of Education in Instructional Design and Technology Plan II Graduate Projects
This project focused on the rationale and development procedures for a computer-based training module for the purpose of instructing officials on the safe and fair conduct of three-position air rifle competitions. While hundreds of competitions are conducted around the country each year, no training existed for the officials in this specific shooting discipline. This project aimed to establish consistent training so that all competitions are conducted by at least one trained official. The learning module was developed using the analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation (ADDIE) model of instructional systems design. After the course was developed, data was collected to …
Authentic Science In Education: Studies In Course-Based Research At The United States Military Academy, Anthony M. Chase
Authentic Science In Education: Studies In Course-Based Research At The United States Military Academy, Anthony M. Chase
Open Access Dissertations
This dissertation consists of two studies at the United States Military Academy. Both studies involve the use of Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs). These experiences give students the ability to engage in undergraduate research at an early point in their academic career by replacing traditional laboratory activities with semester-long research projects. Both studies show an implementation of this type of instruction from the Center for Authentic Science Practice in Education (CASPiE). Study 1 shows the specific method of implementation at the military academy and explores learning-based outcomes. Primarily the outcome of critical thinking is demonstrated. Critical thinking is a construct …
An Analysis Of Reflective Thinking In Teacher Candidates' Eportfolios, Cristina Salinas-Grandy
An Analysis Of Reflective Thinking In Teacher Candidates' Eportfolios, Cristina Salinas-Grandy
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Preparing the next generation of teachers to prepare students for the 21st Century is a challenging endeavor. Teacher candidates need to possess critical thinking and evidence-based pedagogical skills. It is believed that teacher reflection is the cornerstone to making informed decisions and timely modifications to daily instruction (Cochran-Smith, & Zeichner, K. 2005, Darling-Hammond, L. & Bransford, J., 2005 NBPTS, 2014; Schon, 1987;). What has been less examined is how an ePortfolio can be utilized as a tool to aid in the development of reflection among teacher candidates. This case study significantly contributes to our understanding of how to develop reflective …
The Effect Of Blackboard Tools On The Community Of Inquiry And Learner Satisfaction With Learning Management System-Enabled Courses, Alice Swift
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Online education has increased in popularity throughout higher education in recent decades, with learning management systems (LMSs) now being used by the majority of higher education institutions throughout the United States (Allen, Seaman, Poulin, & Straut, 2016). The Community of Inquiry (CoI) theoretical framework is composed of interrelated cognitive, teaching, and social presences, which make up a deeper learning experience (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2010). This study sought to further the theoretical and practical application of the CoI by evaluating learner satisfaction with LMS-enabled courses in vocational areas of study and additional course delivery formats (online, hybrid, and web-enhanced). Results …
How Do Faculty At The University Of New Mexico Use Humor In Online Teaching, John T. Granato
How Do Faculty At The University Of New Mexico Use Humor In Online Teaching, John T. Granato
Organization, Information and Learning Sciences ETDs
Humor is a ubiquitous experience that facilitates learning, social coordination and wellbeing. This study examined how the faculty at the University of New Mexico used humor in its online courses. The process involved faculty interviews, a focus group of instructional online designers, questionnaires and documentation to collect data, and then used thematic analysis and code development to arrive at its findings. The study found that the humor pedagogy at the University of New Mexico has fallen into disuse for online courses because of (1) a hesitation (fear) to use humor, (2) fear of what students would think, and (3), hesitation …
The Influence Of Multimedia Production Knowledge On The Design Decisions Of The Instructional Designer, Stephen Brent Hoard
The Influence Of Multimedia Production Knowledge On The Design Decisions Of The Instructional Designer, Stephen Brent Hoard
STEMPS Theses & Dissertations
This study explored the interaction of multimedia production competencies of expert and novice instructional designers on the design decisions made during the instructional design process / workflow. This multiple measures study used qualitative survey instruments to access and measure the production competencies of participants, then a design aloud protocol to capture and measure the instructional design decision-making process for those same participants. A follow-on interview after the initial design aloud session was conducted in order to triangulate and confirm any trends or findings uncovered during the earlier design aloud session. Ultimately, the objective of this study was to provide some …
Elaboration And Question Strategy Effect On Learning Outcomes And Cognitive Load, Julie Ann Bridges
Elaboration And Question Strategy Effect On Learning Outcomes And Cognitive Load, Julie Ann Bridges
STEMPS Theses & Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of instructor-created elaborations, learner-created elaborations and adjunct questions on learning outcomes in an asynchronous learning environment, using pre-recorded video. The study also investigated the effects of instructor-created elaborations, learner-created elaborations, or adjunct questions on perceived cognitive load. The effect of learning strategy on quality of elaboration was also investigated. Results showed no significant difference in learning outcomes or cognitive load or quality of elaboration, but a post-hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in intrinsic cognitive load for students who used generative strategies while having no gain in learning outcomes.
Self-Regulation And Cognitive Load As Mediating Factors For Tailored Interactive Multimedia Instruction, Tammy Ann Bankus
Self-Regulation And Cognitive Load As Mediating Factors For Tailored Interactive Multimedia Instruction, Tammy Ann Bankus
Teaching & Learning Theses & Dissertations
The primary purpose of this dissertation was to explore whether self-regulation or cognitive load have mediating effects on both learning experiences and learning effectiveness in tailored versus non-tailored interactive multimedia instructional (IMI) training. Although, there is a plethora of literature looking at the impact of cognitive load in IMI (Clark, 2008; Mayer, 2005; Mayer, 2008; Mayer, Griffith, Jurkowitz, & Rothman, 2008; Sweller, 2011) or looking at self-regulation (Pintrich, 2000a, 2000b; Schunk, Meece, & Pintrich, 2012; Zimmerman et al., 2000) separately, there is limited literature that looks at self-regulation and cognitive load in tailored IMI instruction, and even less literature examining …
The Effects Of Descriptions And Images Of Antecedent Stimuli And Outcomes To Correct Responses In Task Analysis Instruction, Bryan C. Tyner
The Effects Of Descriptions And Images Of Antecedent Stimuli And Outcomes To Correct Responses In Task Analysis Instruction, Bryan C. Tyner
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Task analysis (TA) instruction is commonly used for teaching behavior chains; however, little research informs best practices for TA instruction. Data regarding the effects of instructional variables on responding may enhance TA efficacy and learner performance. Linking TA instruction to the three-term contingency may facilitate the development of control by stimuli that are naturally present while completing complex tasks; therefore, this study employed a two-by-two factorial design to analyze the relative effects of supplementing TA instruction with descriptions and images of: (factor A) antecedent stimuli relevant to each instructed discrete response and (factor B) the outcomes of accurately completing instructed …
Thiscollegestory.Com: How Interactive Writing Media Influenced The Way First-Year Students Made Sense Of Their College Transition, Philip Kreniske
Thiscollegestory.Com: How Interactive Writing Media Influenced The Way First-Year Students Made Sense Of Their College Transition, Philip Kreniske
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Drawing on insights from Bakhtin (1986) that demonstrated the significance of writing as an interaction, and building on recent developments in narrative analysis that offer insights into narrator’s sense making processes (Daiute, 2014; Lucic, 2013); this research explores how freshmen in an educational opportunity program used interactive writing media to make sense of their transition to college. The exploration involved three main questions and each question concerns students’ development over time:
- First, did college students’ writing in two different media (blogs and word-processed text) differ and did these differences change over time?
- Second, how did the narrators and audience interact …
Exploring Student Interaction And Reflection Through The Use Of Digital Backchannel Discussions, Heather J. Donnelly
Exploring Student Interaction And Reflection Through The Use Of Digital Backchannel Discussions, Heather J. Donnelly
Theses and Dissertations
A qualitative multicase study utilizing content analysis and qualitative coding techniques was conducted to explore the influence of the use of digital backchannels on student interaction and reflection during an in-class discussion. Data were collected from six front channel transcripts and twenty backchannel transcripts, which resulted from six backchannel discussions that were conducted in three different teacher education courses. Additional data were gathered from participant interviews of seven students who were enrolled in the participating courses. The outcome of the research indicates two main themes developed in regards to the influence of digital backchannels on student interactivity: (1) The content …
Input Y Fonf En La Adquisición De La Doble Negación En Español Por Angloparlantes, Yolanda Pangtay Chang
Input Y Fonf En La Adquisición De La Doble Negación En Español Por Angloparlantes, Yolanda Pangtay Chang
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Dos factores importantes en la adquisición de una L2: estructura a adquirir y metodología de enseñanza, se estudian en esta tesis. En la negación en español L2, el cambio de la forma del inglés a una forma en principio más sencilla, puede necesitar reestructuración. El segundo factor, la metodología utilizada en su enseñanza, puede variar de manera importante de una clase a otra. Por lo tanto, surgen los siguientes cuestionamientos:
1) ¿Existe la reestructura de la L1 a la L2?
2) ¿Qué tipo de metodología ayuda a la reestructuración?
3) Si hay reestructuración, ¿es ésta permanente o no?
Para el …
Development And Initial Validation Of A Flipped Classroom Adoption Inventory In Higher Education, Taotao Long
Development And Initial Validation Of A Flipped Classroom Adoption Inventory In Higher Education, Taotao Long
Doctoral Dissertations
The purpose of this study is to develop and initially validate an inventory to learn about the critical variables involved in a higher education instructor’s decision to adopt a flipped classroom instructional model. A flipped classroom is an instructional model in which students’ learning is divided into two phases, the self-directed pre-class learning phase and the in-class student-centered active learning phase. Both phases are typically technology-enhanced. This study addresses a gap in the recent research regarding the identification and assessment of the critical variables that are related to a higher education instructor’s decision to adopt a flipped classroom instructional model. …
Technology-Based Family Education In Asl/English Bilingual Schools For The Deaf, Myriah L. Dixon
Technology-Based Family Education In Asl/English Bilingual Schools For The Deaf, Myriah L. Dixon
All Theses And Dissertations
More research on how ASL/English bilingual schools for the deaf educate hearing families to apply bilingual education methodology at home is warranted. Given the rising use of technology in schools, its role within these family education programs was the primary focus. Thirty-two participants from 22 different schools completed an online, researcher-developed survey. Follow-up, online interviews were conducted with 7 participants, and artifacts were collected from 10 schools. Qualitative and quantitative descriptions express the study’s results based on technology used as an informational and influential tool, counseling and coping tool, diversity tool, and program evaluation tool. Schools are using multiple forms …
Ireach Blended Learning Model And Reading Lexile Growth Of Freshmen In Maryville City Schools, Whitney Ann Schmidt
Ireach Blended Learning Model And Reading Lexile Growth Of Freshmen In Maryville City Schools, Whitney Ann Schmidt
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Maryville City School system has implemented the first year of the iReach blended learning model for which all students in the school district have access to either a laptop or an iPad to support their learning every day. The availability of research on the impact of iReach is limited because the blended learning instructional model is relatively new and has not yet been subjected to numerous research studies. The purpose of this ex post facto quasi-experimental quantitative study was to compare student reading Lexile growth data collected through the use of the Reading Comprehension Assessment before and after iReach …
Preparing For 1:1 Technology: Impact On Collaboration, Instruction, And Student Learning, Pamela R. Schwallier
Preparing For 1:1 Technology: Impact On Collaboration, Instruction, And Student Learning, Pamela R. Schwallier
Masters Theses
The purpose of this action research project was to examine how the preparation of a 1:1 technology initiative, through professional development and early access to devices, in secondary (6-12) schools affected personal computing skills of teachers as well as collaboration, instruction, and student learning. This study takes place at West Ottawa Public Schools where district educators received personal Chromebooks and had ongoing professional development throughout the 2015-2016 school year to prepare specifically for the successful adoption of the 1:1 technology model in the 2017-2018 school year. The district is able to provide personal Chromebooks for all students entering grades 7-12 …
Educational Technology And Innovation Capacity In Arkansas Public Schools, Allie Nicole Taylor
Educational Technology And Innovation Capacity In Arkansas Public Schools, Allie Nicole Taylor
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
We all have high hopes for our educational system. As they stress the need for 21st century learning, governments recognize the importance of innovation and creativity in schools and invest resources to develop learning environments that foster these qualities. This thesis adapts Crosling, Nair, and Vaithilingam’s (2015) model to provide a framework for studying factors that contribute to a creative learning ecosystem (intellectual capital development, 21st century literacies, climate for innovation, and integrity of the system), the quality of the educational system, and the system’s innovation capacity. A survey of 126 Arkansas high school teachers, indicates that two variables, student’s …
Multimedia Design, Learning Effectiveness, And Student Perceptions Of Instructor Credibility And Immediacy, Miguel Ramlatchan
Multimedia Design, Learning Effectiveness, And Student Perceptions Of Instructor Credibility And Immediacy, Miguel Ramlatchan
STEMPS Theses & Dissertations
Online learning and the use of multimedia is a quickly growing element of higher education. This experimental research study examines five common audio and video presentation designs to inform evidence-based practices that can be applied by instructional designers as they develop content for online learners. Specifically, this experiment compares instructor-only, slides-only, dual-windows, video-switching, and superimposed-slides multimedia designs in terms of learning effectiveness, perceived instructor credibility, instructor immediacy, and cognitive load created by each design. This study included a diverse sample of adult learners who were randomly assigned to treatment groups. A total of 171 participants completed the study and responded …
Use Of A Game-Based App As A Learning Tool For Students With Mathematics Learning Disabilities To Increase Fraction Knowledge/Skill, Orhan Simsek
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a game-based app (Motion Math: Fraction) to help students with Mathematics Learning Disabilities (MLD) to gain fraction skills including comparison, estimation, and word problem solving in an after school program. The researcher used multiple baseline design by extending with follow-up phase to determine whether students retained the knowledge they learned while engaging with the app. Even though six students participated to the study, the researcher withdrew two of them and analyzed data came from four students. The result o the study showed that all of the students …
Modernizing The Integrated Approach: A Dynamic Teaching Method Using Podcasts And Multimedia Content, Justin T. Hughes
Modernizing The Integrated Approach: A Dynamic Teaching Method Using Podcasts And Multimedia Content, Justin T. Hughes
Master's Projects and Capstones
This project explores ways to create a curriculum in which multimedia and technology such as podcasts, streaming video, and online articles are utilized effectively in order to develop academic skills for adult international students, specifically those with the goal of attending an American university. Through this integrated approach that combines all of the essential language skills (listening, reading, speaking, and writing), students will build confidence and thus become empowered and individualized learners. They will be able to attain mastery of an essential academic skill set that will assist them in attaining their goals in many different realms.
This project engages …
The Effectiveness Of Digital Leadership At K-12 Schools In Mississippi Regarding Communication And Collaboration During Ccrs Implementation, Lin Zhong
Dissertations
Successful CCRS implementation requires educators to communicate and collaborate at the local, state, and national level. Technology plays an important role in successful CCRS implementation. This study aims to investigate how digital leadership improves communication and collaboration at K-12 schools in Mississippi regarding implementation of CCRS as well as the effectiveness of different ways of supporting communication and collaboration regarding CCRS implementation. Mixed-method was chosen to investigate the research questions. Ten public school principals from two school districts were interviewed and observed at qualitative stage and two hundred fifty-four public schools teachers participated in the survey at quantitative stage. Interviews …
College Student Engagement Patterns In Small Group Learning Activities Conducted In Courses Organized Using A Flipped Learning Instructional Pedagogy, John Creighton Cummins
College Student Engagement Patterns In Small Group Learning Activities Conducted In Courses Organized Using A Flipped Learning Instructional Pedagogy, John Creighton Cummins
Doctoral Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine student engagement patterns in smallgroup learning activities conducted in courses organized using a Flipped Learning Instructional Pedagogy (FLIP) at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville (UTK). A literature search on FLIP revealed no papers that examined student engagement at a fine-grained level. Classrooms were examined using an observational tool developed specifically for the examination of fine-grained student engagement. In order to observe overt engagement patterns of students during active learning in small groups, an observation tool was designed by combining an engagement framework with an in-class activity inventory.The Complex Level of Overt …
The Discursive Construction Of Language Teaching And Learning In Multiuser Virtual Environments, Douglas W. Canfield
The Discursive Construction Of Language Teaching And Learning In Multiuser Virtual Environments, Douglas W. Canfield
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation seeks to broaden how researchers within computer-assisted language learning (CALL) make sense of and examine psychological and power constructs at play in language courses conducted in 3D multiuser virtual environments. 18 students and 2 teachers in 8 formal English as a Second Language (ESL) classes in the 3D multiuser virtual environment of Second Life participated in a discourse analysis study to explore the theoretical and analytic ways in which critical discursive psychology could function to explore how teaching and learning are performed as interactional events in a community of language teachers and learners in Second Life by investigating …
Not Created Equal: The Effectiveness Of Two Types Of Educational Computer Games, Timothy Brent Dedeaux
Not Created Equal: The Effectiveness Of Two Types Of Educational Computer Games, Timothy Brent Dedeaux
Dissertations
The purpose of the study is to compare two types of educational video games based on Malone’s (1984) theory of challenge, curiosity, and fantasy. The participants were 136 students from a community college in the southeastern United States. The study used a quantitative approach with participants randomly divided into two groups, one playing each of the two games. Participants were given a brief introduction to a list of French phrases and words, took a pre-test, played the selected game, and then took a post-test to assess content knowledge gain. Brockmyer et al.’s (2009) Game Engagement Questionnaire was used to assess …
Epistemic Beliefs Of Middle And High School Students In A Problem-Based, Scientific Inquiry Unit: An Exploratory, Mixed Methods Study, Jiangyue Gu
All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023
Epistemic beliefs are individuals’ beliefs about the nature of knowledge, how knowledge is constructed, and how knowledge can be justified. This study employed a mixed-methods approach to examine: (a) middle and high school students’ self-reported epistemic beliefs (quantitative) and epistemic beliefs revealed from practice (qualitative) during a problem-based, scientific inquiry unit, (b) How do middle and high school students’ epistemic beliefs contribute to the construction of students’ problem solving processes, and (c) how and why do students’ epistemic beliefs change by engaging in PBL.
Twenty-one middle and high school students participated in a summer science class to investigate local water …
Grant Writing In Higher Education, Amos Bean
Grant Writing In Higher Education, Amos Bean
Muskie School Capstones and Dissertations
The primary aim of this capstone was to elicit feedback from public health and grant writing practitioners and funders in order to gather data that can be used to supplement teachings and readings for a course in the Muskie School of Public Service Masters in Public Health (MPH) graduate program. Two overarching questions served as the basis for this endeavor. The primary question for public health and grant writing practitioners was, “What are the most important lessons you have learned that you think graduate students who are writing their first proposals should know?” The primary question for funders was, “What …
Animations And Diagrams In Virology: Their Effects On Student Learning, Mary N. Reynolds
Animations And Diagrams In Virology: Their Effects On Student Learning, Mary N. Reynolds
KSU Journey Honors College Capstones and Theses
The contrast in the manner that students receive and interpret information has been a topic of conversation for years. It has been widely debated whether or not the addition of animations have any benefit to a student’s learning and grades. This study was conducted to discover if students learn better, in the context of Virology, from animations or diagrams when presented new information. Participants were chosen from students who attended Kennesaw State University. They were asked to meet in a classroom setting and presented either three animations or diagrams then asked to answer questions on what they had been shown. …
Inspiring Change Agents Through Technology, Edith J. Bostic, Timothy R. Edwards
Inspiring Change Agents Through Technology, Edith J. Bostic, Timothy R. Edwards
Morehead State Theses and Dissertations
A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the College of Education at Morehead State University by Edith J. Bostic and Timothy R. Edwards Gallipolis on April 1, 2016.