Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Central Washington University (804)
- University of South Carolina (457)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (445)
- Walden University (269)
- Dordt University (163)
-
- Eastern Illinois University (157)
- University of Central Florida (136)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (133)
- Old Dominion University (132)
- East Tennessee State University (131)
- Seton Hall University (131)
- Bank Street College of Education (129)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (125)
- California State University, San Bernardino (119)
- National Louis University (115)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (114)
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (111)
- Western Michigan University (109)
- Marshall University (106)
- Gardner-Webb University (105)
- Minnesota State University Moorhead (95)
- University of Kentucky (90)
- Western University (87)
- Georgia Southern University (86)
- The University of San Francisco (84)
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville (82)
- Utah State University (79)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (74)
- University of South Florida (72)
- United Arab Emirates University (71)
- Keyword
-
- Education (771)
- Curriculum (256)
- Curriculum Development (228)
- Reading (215)
- Mathematics (165)
-
- Literacy (153)
- Thesis (141)
- Curriculum development (138)
- Master of Education (136)
- Teaching (117)
- Writing (112)
- Motivation (111)
- Education, Curriculum and Instruction (104)
- Elementary School (98)
- Elementary education (97)
- Middle school (97)
- Pedagogy (94)
- Professional development (93)
- High school (91)
- Reading comprehension (86)
- Technology (86)
- Teachers (82)
- Christian education (81)
- High School (81)
- Action research (79)
- Self-efficacy (73)
- ESL (72)
- Middle School (72)
- Elementary (71)
- Assessment (67)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Theses and Dissertations (693)
- All Graduate Projects (521)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (488)
- Dissertations (479)
- MA TESOL Collection (370)
-
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (269)
- Masters Theses (235)
- All Master's Theses (226)
- Master of Education Program Theses (163)
- Doctoral Dissertations (135)
- Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) (131)
- Graduate Student Independent Studies (129)
- Theses, Dissertations and Capstones (106)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Projects (95)
- Theses Digitization Project (92)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (85)
- Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository (80)
- Education Dissertations and Projects (79)
- Capstone Collection (75)
- Master's Projects and Capstones (72)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (72)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (68)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects (67)
- Dissertations and Theses (66)
- Masters of Arts in Education Action Research Papers (65)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (64)
- Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD) (63)
- Capstone Projects and Master's Theses (59)
- Theses (59)
- All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023 (55)
- File Type
Articles 31 - 60 of 7513
Full-Text Articles in Education
Beyond The Bell: Rebuilding Care, Civic Learning And Creativity Within Youth Spaces, Michelle R. Haapala
Beyond The Bell: Rebuilding Care, Civic Learning And Creativity Within Youth Spaces, Michelle R. Haapala
Culminating Experience Projects
The purpose of this research is to investigate high school age students’ opportunities within formal classroom settings to engage in care, civic learning, and creativity within a suburban, publicly-funded charter school. This study used thematic analysis and coding methods to organize and find patterns in the qualitative data from surveys distributed to education professionals at Canton Preparatory High School in Canton, Michigan. The goal is to establish a foundation of the perception of care, civic learning, and creativity within school environments and classroom settings. Overall, education professionals rated these categories positively, but with a closer investigation, a disconnect is found. …
The Effect Of Reading Habits On Academic Success, Taylor Hicks
The Effect Of Reading Habits On Academic Success, Taylor Hicks
Culminating Experience Projects
The goal of most students is to achieve academic success. In order to be successful, students must form healthy reading habits because there is a positive correlation between academic success and reading habits. The more students read, the greater their chances of performing well academically. By participating in frequent reading, students will, not only perform well in school, they will also expand their vocabulary, improve their writing skills, and sharpen their critical thinking skills. We are in the midst of a literacy crisis, though. Students are choosing other avenues for entertainment instead of reading. This could potentially have detrimental consequences. …
Spatial Visualization Of High School Geometry Students, Jennifer Crissey
Spatial Visualization Of High School Geometry Students, Jennifer Crissey
Dissertations
Spatial ability has been defined as “the innate ability to visualize that a person has before any formal training has occurred, i.e., a person is born with ability” (Sorby, 1999, p. 21) and is comprised of spatial orientation and spatial skills.Each of these facets are used in everyday life. High school students can enhance their spatial visualization skills through experiences and instruction. The purpose of this study was to test an intervention with the aim of increasing high school geometry students’ spatial visualization skills. The participants in this study were high school geometry students who were randomly placed in either …
Empowering All Learners: The Role Of Cultural Responsiveness In Elementary Literacy Education, Meghan Claire Arbury
Empowering All Learners: The Role Of Cultural Responsiveness In Elementary Literacy Education, Meghan Claire Arbury
Culminating Experience Projects
Instructional strategies used by teachers impact student literacy performance. Students’ literacy skills can improve when teachers incorporate culturally responsive teaching practices that are also high-quality in nature. There is a particular need for these methods to be adopted in elementary classrooms in order to make learning accessible and equitable for diverse learners. Literacy skills are highly social and students’ backgrounds experiences are pivotal connections around which knowledge and understanding are constructed. In the Northwest Michigan region, as well as nationwide, performance disparities among cultural groups are reflected in literacy achievement data (“Grades 3-8,” n.d.), solidifying the need for change to …
Teaching Phonics Mastery Through The Use Of Differentiated And Instructional Strategies, Ashley Honeyman
Teaching Phonics Mastery Through The Use Of Differentiated And Instructional Strategies, Ashley Honeyman
Theses/Capstones/Creative Projects
This capstone reports the effectiveness of using differentiated instructional and assessment strategies to improve student understanding in phonics mastery. Based on pretest data that analyzed understanding of short u consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words, phonics instruction was implemented to meet the needs of students in whole-group and small-group settings. This unit consisted of five whole-group lessons over short u blending and segmentation. In addition to the whole group learning, specific students were pulled for small-group intervention. The unit concluded with a post-assessment that tested student understanding on real and nonsense CVC words; these assessments were implemented to assess if the integration of …
2nd Annual Girls Build Summer Academy: Logistics And Scheduling, Matteo Cade Cuccaro
2nd Annual Girls Build Summer Academy: Logistics And Scheduling, Matteo Cade Cuccaro
Construction Management
This paper discusses the logistics and scheduling involved for Cal Poly construction management department’s second annual Girls Build Summer Academy. The week-long academy was hosted to introduce construction related activities to 19 high school-aged girls so they could learn more about the careers available within the architecture, engineering, and construction industry, while learning skills to build individual and team projects. To achieve this goal, a full schedule was developed for each day of the camp, allowing for a variety of activities, including listening to guest speakers, completing building projects, and training to safely use tools. There were many challenges that …
Implementing Minnesota American Indian Tribe State Standard In Suburban Minnesota Ecology Curriculum, Sadie R. Spaeth
Implementing Minnesota American Indian Tribe State Standard In Suburban Minnesota Ecology Curriculum, Sadie R. Spaeth
Leadership Education Capstones
The purpose of the study was to create curriculum supporting the new Minnesota Native American State Standard 4.2.2.
The Importance Of Teaching Social-Emotional Skills To Young Children, Stephanie Valdez
The Importance Of Teaching Social-Emotional Skills To Young Children, Stephanie Valdez
Capstone Projects and Master's Theses
My capstone project enhances the social-emotional skills of preschool children, which are fundamental for relationships, emotional management, and empathy. Children lacking these skills may struggle in learning, behavior, and socializing when they progress to elementary school. Studies have shown that social-emotional competence and cognitive competence are critical predictors of academic accomplishment (Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) and Student Benefits: Implications for the Safe Schools/Healthy Students Core Elements, n.d.). Children in preschool who lack these skills may experience difficulties in learning, behavior, and socializing as they progress to elementary school (Amy Morin, 2019). A significant issue arises when children encounter obstacles …
A Correlational Study Of Teacher Technology Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, And Job Satisfaction In K-12 Classrooms, Michele W. Collier
A Correlational Study Of Teacher Technology Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, And Job Satisfaction In K-12 Classrooms, Michele W. Collier
Theses and Dissertations
The COVID-19 global pandemic created challenges for educators across the United States and worldwide. Without the skills, prior experience, or preparational training, educators were tasked with continuing to provide instruction (and support) for their students while teaching remotely. Due to these challenges in education, the researcher chose to investigate the relationships between online teaching self-efficacy (OTSE), teachers’ technology knowledge (TTK), and job satisfaction (JS) in K-12 classrooms. Using the adaptive versions of the TPACK survey (Mishra & Koehler, 2006); Teachers'’’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES: Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001); and Teacher Satisfaction Scale (TSS: Ho & Au, 2006), quantitative data …
Impact Of Using Gagne’S Nine Events Of Instruction On Student’S Academic Achievement And Satisfaction In An Online English Course For French Speakers, Yara Olive Paterne Loua
Impact Of Using Gagne’S Nine Events Of Instruction On Student’S Academic Achievement And Satisfaction In An Online English Course For French Speakers, Yara Olive Paterne Loua
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation explored the effect of Gagne's nine events of instruction on student academic achievement and satisfaction during an online English class for French speakers. A group of 30 Facebook users from French-speaking countries in North and Sub-Saharan Africa participated in the research. They were divided randomly into two groups: one receiving traditional instruction through an asynchronous online lecture with PowerPoint presentation, and the other using instruction utilizing Gagne's nine events of instruction integrated with an LMS designed for this purpose. This mixed methods study explored several hypotheses related to academic achievement and satisfaction in the two groups. While the …
Emergent Literacy And Early Reading Skills In Chinese-Mandarin: Evidence From Kindergarten And First-Grade Children, Yingshan Huang
Emergent Literacy And Early Reading Skills In Chinese-Mandarin: Evidence From Kindergarten And First-Grade Children, Yingshan Huang
Theses and Dissertations
The development of emergent literacy, a precursor to formal reading, has been linked to subsequent conventional literacy skills in Chinese children. The factors important for acquiring Chinese reading skills, such as phonological and morphological awareness, have primarily been studied in primary school children rather than preschoolers. The complete picture of factors contributing to early reading skills in Mandarin-speaking Chinese preschool children remains unclear. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore emergent literacy and early reading skills in preschool and early school-aged children and investigate the connections between them to address gaps in existing literature. Methodology: A cross-sectional design …
Increasing Student Engagement And Learning Of The Age Of Exploration Through Differentiated Instruction And Assessment, Hannah M. Smith
Increasing Student Engagement And Learning Of The Age Of Exploration Through Differentiated Instruction And Assessment, Hannah M. Smith
Theses/Capstones/Creative Projects
This capstone project examines the impact of incorporating two instructional and two assessment strategies within a tenth-grade World Civilization unit centered on enhancing students' comprehension of the Age of Exploration. The Age of Exploration unit had 16 instructional days between the pre- and post-assessment. Drawing insights from student data, it was that learners demonstrated enhanced and increased comprehension and improved performance throughout this unit, attributable to various differentiated instructional strategies and assessment methods. This paper will report what the instructional strategies and assessment methods consisted of and the effect they had on student learning. I collected and analyzed the pre- …
The Experiences Of Students During Covid-19 School Disruptions, Brandi Bullock
The Experiences Of Students During Covid-19 School Disruptions, Brandi Bullock
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to identify the perceptions of educators with respect to student experiences between March 2020 and February 2021 related to academics, social-emotional health, and safety and security. Data collection strategies included one-on-one interviews with 12 educators in one East Tennessee school district. To qualify for the study, participants had to have taught during COVID-19 schooling disruptions and have taught either 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or 5th grade in the 2022-23 school year. Data analysis was based on Systems Theory (Laszlo & Krippner, 1998) and Change Theory (Fullan, 2020). The results revealed 5 key themes that …
Building Stronger Student-Teacher Relationships With Students Of Color, Diana Berlanga
Building Stronger Student-Teacher Relationships With Students Of Color, Diana Berlanga
Culminating Experience Projects
This project examines the racial disparity that exists among students of color and positive teacher-student relationships. Research shows that teacher bias influences teachers' perception of students of color. Teacher social identities play a role in how teachers build student-teacher relationships, which affects some students of color experience in school. For instance, students of color are less likely to experience academic recommendations and more likely to receive harsh discipline. However, research shows that teachers can improve their teacher bias by self-discovering their teacher’s social identity in the classroom. In addition, teachers could improve their interactions with students of color by exploring …
An Examination Of The Effects Of Testing On Student Learning In Elementary School, Dana Spielberger
An Examination Of The Effects Of Testing On Student Learning In Elementary School, Dana Spielberger
Culminating Experience Projects
Research has revealed important information about the effects of testing on student motivation, mental well-being, and academic performance. These effects are mostly negative, yet most schools throughout the country have not adopted alternative education models to reflect this information. This project explores the recent history of educational testing as holistic theories of education and associated alternative pedagogies that can be used to address the problems created by testing. An effective assessment model must be recurring and longitudinal in nature, collaborative between students, parents, teachers, and outside stakeholders, and be able to account for the differing needs, environments, backgrounds, and interests …
The Effects Of The Esol Program On African American Vernacular Speaking Students Reading, Marquice Clark
The Effects Of The Esol Program On African American Vernacular Speaking Students Reading, Marquice Clark
All Dissertations
South Carolina’s public education system is broken. For the past several years, the State of South Carolina and the nation have somehow managed to do the nearly impossible. Both have produced more English Language Learning (ELL) students to be proficient in English Language Arts (ELA) (i.e., reading, writing, and usage) than native English speakers. The issue of low black performance on state and national standardized assessments has always been a cumbersome task for America's public school system. Although Black students comprise more than 30 percent of the total student population in America, more Limited English students are demonstrating a higher …
Teaching Without A Roadmap: A Mixed Methods Study Of New Teachers' Experience With A Missing Curriculum, Christopher Reid Williams
Teaching Without A Roadmap: A Mixed Methods Study Of New Teachers' Experience With A Missing Curriculum, Christopher Reid Williams
Dissertations
As new teachers enter the field of education, they face many challenges as they work to quickly adapt to the many demands of the job. One of the most pressing factors for new teachers is deciding what to actually teach each day. For educators, the curriculum represents the master plan that both guides their educational efforts and supplies the tools to get the job done. However, new teachers experience varying levels of curriculum support when they begin their careers, and some receive absolutely no support at all. This study describes those cases of beginning a teaching career with little to …
A Victim No More: An Arts-Based Autoethnographic Inquiry, Richard D. Edmonson
A Victim No More: An Arts-Based Autoethnographic Inquiry, Richard D. Edmonson
Theses and Dissertations
Heteronormative culture and curriculum have traditionally prevailed within the college classroom (MacGillivray, 2000). Many LGBTQQIA+ students still find challenges regarding acceptance and integration which may impact their learning experiences (Nodin 2022). Addressing heteronormative curriculum and pedagogy includes discussing the relevance of LGBTQQIA+ inclusivity, visibility, and histories. For schools to become safe and welcoming environments for members of the LGBTQ+ community, and for the negative consequences of heterosexism to diminish for all, homophobia, heterosexism, heteronormativity, and heterosexual privilege must all be explicitly addressed and interrogated in students’ learning (Nunn & Bolt, 2015). One of the ways to do this and ameliorate …
Being A Trafficked Teacher: An Asiancrit Autoethnography Exploring The Exploitation Of Filipino Migrant Teachers In Louisiana, Christopher R. Jose
Being A Trafficked Teacher: An Asiancrit Autoethnography Exploring The Exploitation Of Filipino Migrant Teachers In Louisiana, Christopher R. Jose
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this autoethnographic study is to critically explore the lived curriculum of Filipino migrant teachers trafficked by a Louisiana school district using the theoretical lens of AsianCrit. Using the different tenets of AsianCrit, this study wrestles with the injustices of this lived curriculum as connected to a broader set of hegemonic curricular experiences and demonstrates the ways such injustice still permeates the lived curriculum of migrant teachers. It explores its discussion on critical race theory in education, migrant teachers and human trafficking in the United States. This study shares the effects of human trafficking of teachers and the …
Level Of Opportunity For Translanguaging In A One-Way Dual Language Program, Cristina Flores
Level Of Opportunity For Translanguaging In A One-Way Dual Language Program, Cristina Flores
Theses and Dissertations
In the context of language diversity in schools, this research underscores the persistence of monolingual academic standards despite linguistic variety. Bilingual education, historically intertwined with sociopolitical agendas aligning with dominant societal power structures, necessitates a paradigm shift. Bilingual educators must empower students to utilize their complete linguistic repertoire, fostering creative language expression through translanguaging (Sánchez et al., 2018, p.13). This approach challenges superficial language norms, potentially deviating from the standard language codified by a powerful central group.
The study delves into the types of language practices teachers permit, promote, or prohibit and examines teachers' perceptions regarding the constraints of a …
Addressing Engagement: Student Perceptions Of Meaningful Gamification In Online Courses, Jessica M. Sanchez-Barrera
Addressing Engagement: Student Perceptions Of Meaningful Gamification In Online Courses, Jessica M. Sanchez-Barrera
Theses and Dissertations
Although there is high enrollment in online college courses, there are concerns about student engagement (Martin & Bolliger, 2018; Dumford & Miller, 2018). Gamification has been shown to have the potential to improve student engagement. The purpose of the study was to describe how academic student engagement is impacted by Nicholson’s Meaningfully Gamified online course compared to traditionally taught online course. An embedded multiple case study research design was employed using self-determination theory as the theoretical framework to measure engagement. The theory constructs analyzed were autonomy, competence, relatedness, and student engagement. The research was conducted …
The Relationship Between The Volume And Complexity Of Books Read Based On Accelerated Reader Assessment Data And The 5th-Grade Students’ Reading Achievement Scores, Glenda Edna Rodriguez
The Relationship Between The Volume And Complexity Of Books Read Based On Accelerated Reader Assessment Data And The 5th-Grade Students’ Reading Achievement Scores, Glenda Edna Rodriguez
Theses and Dissertations
This study examined the reading performance data for a grade level of fifth graders using the Web-based Accelerated Reader assessment program. Based solely on student archival data, this study focused on the hypothesized relationship between the volume and complexity of quizzes taken from books read using the Accelerated Reader assessment program and academic performance on the state’s standardized reading achievement portion of the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) test. An independent sample t – test was also performed to investigate if there were any differences between the gender, language, and socioeconomic status of the subgroup …
A Case Study Of Student And Faculty Experiences In A High-Achieving Early College High School Along The Texas-Mexico Border, Kelly Louis Stuart
A Case Study Of Student And Faculty Experiences In A High-Achieving Early College High School Along The Texas-Mexico Border, Kelly Louis Stuart
Theses and Dissertations
This study explores the high academic achievement of Excelencia Early College High School (EECHS), located along the Texas-Mexico border. An open-enrollment public school, EECHS serves students who are characteristic of the lower Rio Grande Valley. These include students of low socioeconomic backgrounds, minorities, first-generation, and those typically underserved by higher education. Over two years, seven student focus-group interviews and fifteen faculty personal interviews were conducted. These interviews addressed key research questions such as: What are the lived experiences of students and faculty at this high-achieving school? What motivates students to overcome challenges and …
Examining The Increasing Prevalence Of Academic Dishonesty: An Investigation Of Students’ Perceptions Of Academic Integrity In Higher Education, Luis Angel Garcia
Examining The Increasing Prevalence Of Academic Dishonesty: An Investigation Of Students’ Perceptions Of Academic Integrity In Higher Education, Luis Angel Garcia
Theses and Dissertations
A primary concern in academic institutions is the high frequency of academic dishonesty among students. Concerns surrounding this issue negatively affect the institution’s reputation and the acquisition of external funding. The purpose of this research was to explore the increasing prevalence of academic dishonesty at higher education institutions. Furthermore, the aim of the study is to investigate the frequency of students engaging in academic dishonesty, reasons for academic dishonesty, and awareness of academic dishonesty. Increasing awareness, prevention, and education regarding academic dishonesty can bring a positive environment to students in higher education. The participants were students enrolled in The University …
Reimagining Associate Degree Nursing Education: An Insider’S View, Ntiense E. Otu
Reimagining Associate Degree Nursing Education: An Insider’S View, Ntiense E. Otu
Theses and Dissertations
The demographics of nursing students in the Associate Degree Nursing (ADN) program are diverse, hence the need for nurse educators to prepare and handle the challenges faculty face in the ADN program. Although many pieces of literature have addressed different modalities of instructional delivery and teaching methods in nursing education, transition experience of nurse educators, and teaching preparation and readiness, these are not evident in the ADN programs in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV). The teaching preparation of nurse educators and their utilization of instructional methods in the ADN program in the RGV is limited in the literature. This study …
“I Became Myself”: Exploring Cultural Learning Through Stories And Storytelling., Leah Halliday-Johnson
“I Became Myself”: Exploring Cultural Learning Through Stories And Storytelling., Leah Halliday-Johnson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Despite broad acknowledgement in education that culturally responsive teaching is essential to meeting learners’ needs, defining and operationalizing culturally responsive teaching remains a challenge. Along with being designed to meet the needs of students from diverse racial and cultural backgrounds who have traditionally been underserved, one commonly identified feature of culturally responsive teaching is building on students’ cultural assets to promote their learning. And while stories and storytelling are among the most common teaching tools, storytelling pedagogies tend to use stories to deliver content or to assess student learning. This dissertation explores collaborative story sharing as an approach to helping …
Content And Context: Objective Formation In Fyc Activity Systems, Peter Brooks
Content And Context: Objective Formation In Fyc Activity Systems, Peter Brooks
Theses and Dissertations
Context is key. We as First Year Composition (FYC) teachers focus on context when teaching the rhetorical situation as a reading and writing tool. Contexts influence the systems we teach within as well as how and why we teach, and determine students’ experiences and perspectives as writers. A required course, FYC acts as a contextual nexus: we help students bridge high school writing to college writing; we assign more generalized essays and research papers to prepare students for more discipline-specific genres in advanced writing courses; and we have activities that (un)intentionally develop “soft skills” in preparation for upper level courses …
Supporting A More Equitable Learning Environment: Implications Of Person-Centered Practices On Teacher Self-Efficacy, Angela Menchaca
Supporting A More Equitable Learning Environment: Implications Of Person-Centered Practices On Teacher Self-Efficacy, Angela Menchaca
Masters Theses
No abstract provided.
A Simulated Qualitative Study Exploring Higher Education Faculty's Perceptions Of Factors That Influence Dynamic Decision-Making When Choosing Opportunities For Student Engagement In Asynchronous Online Courses, Leticia De La Garza
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to explore higher education faculty’s perceptions of factors that influence dynamic decision-making when choosing opportunities for student engagement in asynchronous online courses. More specifically, this study sought to understand how faculty in higher education perceived these factors to prevent and facilitate dynamic decision-making when designing instructor presence, student-to-student collaboration, and student-to-academic content engagement opportunities in asynchronous online courses, as Garrison et al. (1999) suggest, for a community of inquiry. There has not been much focus on the dynamic decision-making of online instructors in higher education and a call to continue exploring factors that influence …
Middle School Children's Leadership Development, Cottrell Ealey
Middle School Children's Leadership Development, Cottrell Ealey
Capstone Projects and Master's Theses
This capstone project focuses on the development of leadership skills development amongst a group of ethnic minority students at a middle school in an advisory class. Developing leadership abilities benefits students' personal development and impacts how they connect with their classmates. It teaches students the importance of looking out for one another inside and outside of the classroom, resolving their own social disputes as a role model, and encouraging them to participate in team sports and class activities. However, low-income ethnic minority students do not get many opportunities to develop leadership skills, compared to middle-class students. This may be due …