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Full-Text Articles in Education

Predicting A Rationale Weighted Criterion For Admission To Higher Education Institutions, Ahmed M. Bagabir Prof., Hala Bagabir Phd Nov 2023

Predicting A Rationale Weighted Criterion For Admission To Higher Education Institutions, Ahmed M. Bagabir Prof., Hala Bagabir Phd

International Journal for Research in Education

Undergraduate selection, especially for medical degree programs, is a challenging and controversial matter for both national and international institutions. The importance of this paper lies in trying to identify the process of selecting prospective students for medical studies in Saudi Arabia. The currently applied admission criteria are the weighted average score (WAS) of the three pre-university attainments, the general secondary school (GSS), the general aptitude test (GAT), and the scientific achievement test (SAT). There is a different weightage assigned to WAS throughout the national medical institutions. It raises concern about the scientific rationale behind the differences. The present research correlates …


The Level Of Organizational Effectiveness And Its Relationship To Job Engagement Among Workers In The Ministry Of Education In The Sultanate Of Oman, Radhiya S. Alhabsi Phd, Muslem S. Alharrasi Phd, Nasser S. Almazidi Phd Sep 2023

The Level Of Organizational Effectiveness And Its Relationship To Job Engagement Among Workers In The Ministry Of Education In The Sultanate Of Oman, Radhiya S. Alhabsi Phd, Muslem S. Alharrasi Phd, Nasser S. Almazidi Phd

International Journal for Research in Education

The current study aimed to determine the level of organizational effectiveness and the degree of Functional engagement for workers in the Ministry of Education in the Sultanate of Oman, and to identify whether there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the arithmetic averages due to the study variables (sex, educational qualification, and years of experience) in each Among the variables of the study, organizational effectiveness and Functional engagement, in addition to knowing whether there is a relationship between these two variables.

To achieve the objectives of the study, the study used the correlative …


Global Perspectives On Teacher Professional Development: Navigating The Pandemic, Justin J. West Phd, Alfredo Bautista Phd Feb 2022

Global Perspectives On Teacher Professional Development: Navigating The Pandemic, Justin J. West Phd, Alfredo Bautista Phd

International Journal for Research in Education

Educational researchers, policymakers, and administrators agree that providing in-service teachers with high-quality professional development (PD) opportunities is essential to educational success. Despite the substantial sums invested in teacher PD by countries and jurisdictions, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused serious challenges to teacher learning around the world. As conventional face-to-face initiatives became impracticable (e.g., workshops, conferences, school-based PD) and the need to prioritize pandemic-specific topics intensified (e.g., emergency remote teaching), teacher PD was recast both formally (where and how teachers engaged in PD) and substantively (what teachers sought to learn from PD). Amidst the international upheavals caused by COVID-19, how have …


Modeling The Influence Of Principal’S Leadership On Teachers’ Professional Learning In Governmental Schools In The Sultanate Of Oman, Khalsa Al-Harthi, Yasser F. Hendawy Al-Mahdy, Ehab Omara Nov 2021

Modeling The Influence Of Principal’S Leadership On Teachers’ Professional Learning In Governmental Schools In The Sultanate Of Oman, Khalsa Al-Harthi, Yasser F. Hendawy Al-Mahdy, Ehab Omara

International Journal for Research in Education

The study aimed to identify the degree of principals' learning-centered leadership (PLCL) and teachers' professional learning (TPL) in governmental schools in Oman, then to modeling the effects of (PLCL) on (TPL) in governmental schools in Oman, through identify the level of this influence and compare the effects of the different dimensions of (PLCL) on (TPL). The study employed the quantitative approach using the structural equation modeling to analyze the data collected from a convenient sample of teachers (n=574) from government schools in the Sultanate of Oman. The study found that the practices of (PLCL) were at the high level for …


The Level Of Academic Leaders’ Mastery Of The Intangibles Management Skills And Its Role In Achieving The Competitive Advantage Of Saudi Universities: A Field Study, Dr. Share Aiyed M. Aldosari Feb 2021

The Level Of Academic Leaders’ Mastery Of The Intangibles Management Skills And Its Role In Achieving The Competitive Advantage Of Saudi Universities: A Field Study, Dr. Share Aiyed M. Aldosari

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed to examine the academic leaders' mastery level in emerging Saudi universities of intangibles management skills and explore the relationship between mastery levels and achieving a competitive advantage. A total of 330 radnomly selected teaching staff members at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University responded to a questionnaire developed by the researcher. Findings showed that (a) the academic leaders' mastery level of intangibles knowledge management skills at university was high, (b) there was a positive relationship between mastery level and achieving a competitive advantage, and (c) there were no statistically significant difference about mastery level due to college type …


The Obstacles Encountering The Educational Leaders Of The Jordanian Ministry Of Education When Implementing The Findings Of The Educational Studies, Dr. Mohammad Hassan Hamadat Jul 2020

The Obstacles Encountering The Educational Leaders Of The Jordanian Ministry Of Education When Implementing The Findings Of The Educational Studies, Dr. Mohammad Hassan Hamadat

International Journal for Research in Education

This study identified the obstacles that encounter the educational leaders of Jordanian Ministry of Education when implementing the findings of educational studies. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach. The questionnaire consisted of 26 items. The sample of the study consisted of 50 educational leaders of the Ministry of Education in Jordan. The study showed that the obstacles encountering the educational leaders of the Jordanian Ministry of Education were rated as high as well as for all the variables of the study. The study also showed that there were no statistically significant differences for experience and job title. In order …


The Relationship Between Teaching Characteristics And Students' Academic Emotions In The Classroom, Salwa Ali Kateb Dr. Feb 2020

The Relationship Between Teaching Characteristics And Students' Academic Emotions In The Classroom, Salwa Ali Kateb Dr.

International Journal for Research in Education

This study investigated the relationship between eight teaching characteristics that have been classified into two categories: the supportive presentation style (SPS) and the Excessive Lesson Demands (ELD) and six academic emotions (enjoyment, pride, anxiety, anger, helplessness, and boredom) acquired by students in classes. In addition, the study investigated the differences between the members of the research sample in the study variables according to the academic field (English language, mathematics and biology). The research sample consisted of 562 the final grade in public high schools in Saudi Arabia, Jeddah. This study conducted a multilevel analysis on a sample of 562 girls …


Requirements For The Transformation In The Functions Of Saudi Universities In Light Of The Vision Of Saudi Arabia 2030, Nouf A. Alajmi Dr, Maha A. Al-Qarzaie Dr Feb 2020

Requirements For The Transformation In The Functions Of Saudi Universities In Light Of The Vision Of Saudi Arabia 2030, Nouf A. Alajmi Dr, Maha A. Al-Qarzaie Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

The study aimed to identify the transformation requirements in the function of Saudi universities to contribute in achieving Saudi Vision 2030. The researchers have used a questionnaire composed of 72 phrases distributed over three areas: academic teaching, scientific research, and community service. The study population consisted of 264 deans, vice deans, heads of departments and faculty members at public universities in Riyadh. The results of the study showed that there is a high need of sufficient numbers of faculty members on a proper level of scientific capabilities to have a transformation in academic teaching. The results also indicated that there …


Information Function For Item And Test And Reliability When Using Three Forms Of Multi-Choice Test Under Item Response Theory, Mo'en Slman Al-Nasraween Dr Oct 2019

Information Function For Item And Test And Reliability When Using Three Forms Of Multi-Choice Test Under Item Response Theory, Mo'en Slman Al-Nasraween Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed at revealing the effect of the number of alternatives in the multiple choice tests on the information function of the item and the test according to the three-parameter model under the item response theory. To achieve the objective of the study, a multi-choice achievement test was constructed in the second part of mathematics subject for the 10th grade students in the public schools in the capital city of Amman. The final test consists of 38 paragraphs and three models are prepared, which differ only in the number of item alternatives. The sample of the study consisted of …


Evaluation Of Students For Teaching Performance Of The Members Of Teaching Staff College Of Education For Girls - King Khalid University Of Saudi Arabia, Nilly Hussien Elamrousy Famel, Eman Hamdi Ammar Famel Oct 2019

Evaluation Of Students For Teaching Performance Of The Members Of Teaching Staff College Of Education For Girls - King Khalid University Of Saudi Arabia, Nilly Hussien Elamrousy Famel, Eman Hamdi Ammar Famel

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the level of teaching performance of the members of teaching staff in some educational courses from the point of view of the students of the general educational diploma in the Faculty of Education for Girls in King Khalid University in Saudi Arabia. The study used the analytical descriptive method and the researchers prepared a questionnaire to evaluate the teaching performance of members of teaching staff. The study reached the following results: The teaching performance of members of teaching staff from the point of view of students of the General Educational Diploma was …


From Practices To Teaching: : Challenges And Opportunities Of Public Administration In The Arab World, Abdalhadi M. Alijla Oct 2019

From Practices To Teaching: : Challenges And Opportunities Of Public Administration In The Arab World, Abdalhadi M. Alijla

International Journal for Research in Education

This paper examines the challenges facing PA education, considering the colonial heritage of the region. Over the past decade, researchers have paid attention to Public Administration (PA) and its education in the Middle East. Many explored the history of the PA in the region and the quality of PA programs within high education institutes. In the context of the developmental challenges that face the current generation in the region, and under the current political circumstances which have negative consequences on PA, many voices call for a reliable and high-quality PA education and good governance, which includes accountability, transparency, democracy, and …


Proposed Proposal For The Development Of Technical Education Institutions In Egypt In The Light Of Contemporary Global Trends, Reda Abdelbadiea Attia Dr Oct 2019

Proposed Proposal For The Development Of Technical Education Institutions In Egypt In The Light Of Contemporary Global Trends, Reda Abdelbadiea Attia Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

The study deals with how to take advantage of the Contemporary global trends the development of technical education institutions education by studying the development of technical education institutions in some countries besides studying the reality of technical education in Egypt, similarities and differences that can be derived through the comparative analytical study, Technical education institutions in Egypt, working to take advantage of global trends The study uses the comparative approach with its analytical descriptive approach through a comprehensive description of the phenomenon and analysis of information and data related to the study subject in the light of strong and cultural …


Assessing Student Misconceptions Of The Electrical Potential Of Spherical Conductors, Saif Alneyadi Jul 2019

Assessing Student Misconceptions Of The Electrical Potential Of Spherical Conductors, Saif Alneyadi

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of this study was to identify and assess the misconceptions of grade 12 students in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) concerning the electrical potential of spherical conductors in physics. This study employed a two-tier multiple choice testing strategy to assess student misconceptions. The participants consisted of 200 grade 12 science students, including 100 male and 100 female students, drawn from UAE public high schools. The findings showed that the students held a variety of misconceptions regarding the electrical potential of spherical conductors. Moreover, most of the students did not possess a good understanding of the electrical potential of …


The Effect Of Self-Learning Table Strategy K.W.L.H. On The Achievement And The Trends Towards School Mathematics Among The Sixth Primary Grade Students, Hilal Mezel Alenezi Jul 2019

The Effect Of Self-Learning Table Strategy K.W.L.H. On The Achievement And The Trends Towards School Mathematics Among The Sixth Primary Grade Students, Hilal Mezel Alenezi

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed to examine the impact of self-learning table strategy K.W.L.H. On the achievement of the sixth grade students in chapter "Regular Fractions and Decimal Fractions" and their attitudes towards school mathematics.

The study has been conducted in the first semester (1438/1439AH), at King Khalid Bin Abdul-Aziz Primary School, in Arar, Saudi Arabia.

A quasi-experimental design has been used. In addition a (pre & post) achievement test (20 Questions) and (pre & post) attitude scale towards school mathematics (24 Item) were applied on two groups: one was control (27 Students) and the other experimental (26 Students).

The study showed …


An Analytical Study About The Dialectical Use Of Statistical Significance In Psychological And Educational Research, عايش صباح Dr Jul 2019

An Analytical Study About The Dialectical Use Of Statistical Significance In Psychological And Educational Research, عايش صباح Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

The statistical significance has been adopted more than 300 years ago, It has served an important purpose in promoting research in social sciences, however, there has been much controversy over the misuse and interpretation of the statistical significance test.Compelling criticisms of statistical significance testing can be found in virtually all areas of the social and life sciences, economics, sociology, education and psychology. Because it is the overwhelmingly dominant statistical method in these sciences, criticisms need to be taken seriously.

Yet, after half a century of cogent arguments against statistical significance and calls to adopt alternative practices some disciplines, such as …


The Effect Of Distance Learning Delivery Methods On Student Performance And Perception, Abdulaziz Ali Alzahrani May 2019

The Effect Of Distance Learning Delivery Methods On Student Performance And Perception, Abdulaziz Ali Alzahrani

International Journal for Research in Education

The aim of this study was to investigate student perception and performance resulting from different distance learning delivery methods. A quantitative research method was applied to determine students’ views on synchronous and asynchronous delivery methods. This study was applied at the University of Hail, Deanship of Preparatory Year. The participants were 49 freshman female students. The results showed that there was a significant difference between student performance in both delivery methods—the synchronous delivery method and the synchronous with asynchronous delivery method. In addition, there was also a significant difference in student perception in the two groups. Based on this, it …


Traffic Offences Among Adolescents , And Its Relationship With Leisure Variables, And Attitudes Toward High Risk Sports, Homoud Mohammed Alanazi May 2019

Traffic Offences Among Adolescents , And Its Relationship With Leisure Variables, And Attitudes Toward High Risk Sports, Homoud Mohammed Alanazi

International Journal for Research in Education

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the common traffic offences among adolescents. In addition, to examine the relationship between traffic offences and (leisure boredom, sensation seeking, and attitudes towards participation in high-risk Sport). Participants (N = 289) were recruited via stratified random sampling from grade (1st, 2nd, 3rd) of secondary schools (males) in Turaif city. According to the results, The common traffic offences observed among adolescents were, driving a car without wearing a seat belt, driving a car over speed limit, use a mobile phone while driving, engaging in Altaheet, engaged in car racing with others. Using …


Effectiveness Of Employing Technological Innovations In Teaching The Technology Curriculum For The Sixth Grade To Develop Practical Skills And Achievement In A Sample Of Sixth Grade Students In North Gaza, ايهاب محمد الشيخ خليل Dr May 2019

Effectiveness Of Employing Technological Innovations In Teaching The Technology Curriculum For The Sixth Grade To Develop Practical Skills And Achievement In A Sample Of Sixth Grade Students In North Gaza, ايهاب محمد الشيخ خليل Dr

International Journal for Research in Education

The aim of the research is to find out the effectiveness of employing technological innovations in teaching the technology curriculum for the sixth grade in the governorate of North Gaza and test its effectiveness in the development of achievement and practical performance in the technology of students in the sixth grade of basic education in Palestine. The availability of the sixth grade technology curriculum, the availability of the existing curriculum, the use of technological innovations in the teaching of the sixth grade ICT module, and the research tools: The experimental tools were applied to both the pre-trial and post-test groups, …


The Impact Of Metacognitive Strategies Based Learning Modules On Ninth Grade Student's Science Achievement In Sultanate Of Omanمريم, Maryam Khamis Al-Mahrouqi -, علي مهدي كاظم أ.د May 2019

The Impact Of Metacognitive Strategies Based Learning Modules On Ninth Grade Student's Science Achievement In Sultanate Of Omanمريم, Maryam Khamis Al-Mahrouqi -, علي مهدي كاظم أ.د

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of the metacognition strategies (MS) based on learning modules on ninth grade students' science achievement in Oman for the academic year 2016/2017. A quasi-experimental design was used with two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group (n= 30) was taught via learning modules in paper form, while the second experimental (n=34) was taught in computerized form. The control group (n=33) was taught using a traditional method. An achievement test comprising (40) items was used. Validity and reliability of it were established. The results showed that there …


The Impact Of Parents Counseling Program In Improving The Development Skills In In Early Childhood Stage, Abedalaziz Mostafa Sartawi May 2019

The Impact Of Parents Counseling Program In Improving The Development Skills In In Early Childhood Stage, Abedalaziz Mostafa Sartawi

International Journal for Research in Education

No abstract provided.


The Concept Of Implicit Intelligence And Creativity In The First And Third Year Students In The Program Doctor Of Medicine In Arabian Gulf University, Fatima Ahmed Al-Jasim, Tarik Al-Shabani May 2019

The Concept Of Implicit Intelligence And Creativity In The First And Third Year Students In The Program Doctor Of Medicine In Arabian Gulf University, Fatima Ahmed Al-Jasim, Tarik Al-Shabani

International Journal for Research in Education

The aim of this research is to identify the concept of implicit theories and implicit creativity among of the first and third year in the program of Doctor Program students in Medicine at the Arabian Gulf University. The sample of the study consisted of 207 students (85 males and 115 females). The descriptive method was used to answer the study questions. The results showed that the arithmetic mean of both implicit intelligence and creativity for first and third year students in MD program are high, and there were no statistically significant differences between them, and there is no statistically significant …


The Reality Of Educational Media Throughout The Emirate Of Abu Dhabi Secondary Schools In The United Arab Emirates From The Perspectives Of Students, Omar M. Khasawneh, Rafeea Musallem Al Ameri Oct 2018

The Reality Of Educational Media Throughout The Emirate Of Abu Dhabi Secondary Schools In The United Arab Emirates From The Perspectives Of Students, Omar M. Khasawneh, Rafeea Musallem Al Ameri

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of this study was to identify the reality of educational media throughout the Emirate of Abu Dhabi secondary schools in the United Arab Emirates from the perspectives of students. To attain the study purpose, the researchers prepared a questionnaire consisted of 63 statements in its final format as an instrument for data collection. Upon the completion of stating the questionnaire items, the researchers tested its reliability as well as validity. The study instrument had been divided into five major domains. Such domains were school media, instructional technology, school broadcasting, forums/lectures, and local community/family-school communication. Then, (384) questionnaires, representing …


Training Needs For Computer Teachers To Use And Teach Computational Thinking Skills, Meshael Aljowaed, Reem A. Alebaikan Oct 2018

Training Needs For Computer Teachers To Use And Teach Computational Thinking Skills, Meshael Aljowaed, Reem A. Alebaikan

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aims to identify the training needs of computer teachers for using and teaching computational thinking skills. Descriptive analysis methodology was followed using survey method to answer the research questions. The population comprised all the intermediate and high schools’ computer teachers in Riyadh city, while the random sample of the population was of 27.31%. Some of the significant results of the study are: the need to support computer teachers’ knowledge of computational thinking based on TPACK; as their needs are high for knowledge and medium for skills and teaching. While there was no difference in their needs related to …


The Degree Of Applying The Criteria Of Excellence Management In The Light Of The Efqm Excellence Model By The Leadership Of King Khalid University From The Point Of View Of Faculty Members, Sultan Saeed Abduh Almekhlafi Oct 2018

The Degree Of Applying The Criteria Of Excellence Management In The Light Of The Efqm Excellence Model By The Leadership Of King Khalid University From The Point Of View Of Faculty Members, Sultan Saeed Abduh Almekhlafi

International Journal for Research in Education

The current research aims at identifying the degree of applying the standards of excellence management in the light of the EFQM Excellence Model by the leadership of King Khalid University from faculty members' point of view and at identifying whether there are statistically significant differences in the mean scores of application according to the variables of scientific rank, specialization, and number of experience years.

To collect data, the researcher used a questionnaire composed of (60) indicators distributed among (9) criteria for excellence: leadership, policies and strategies, human resources, relationships and material resources, administrative processes, results of beneficiary satisfaction, results of …


The Impact Of An Early Intervention Training Program Based On Verbal Behavior To Develop Communication Skills Among Children With Autism In Saudi Arabia, Mohammed Alzyoudi, Rawan Bakkar Oct 2018

The Impact Of An Early Intervention Training Program Based On Verbal Behavior To Develop Communication Skills Among Children With Autism In Saudi Arabia, Mohammed Alzyoudi, Rawan Bakkar

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed to identify the impact of an early intervention training program based on verbal behavior in the development of communication skills for children with Autism in Saudi Arabia. The study sample consists of 12 children with Autism, who had been identified as having average and less than average degrees of autism according to Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. They were aged 4-6 years. The study uses the following tools, after checking their validity and stability by the researcher: Teacher's Rating of Autistic Child Joint Attention Scale; a translated version of Behavior Language Assessment Form (BLAF). The results of the …


Phonological And Articulation Disorders Among Children With Communication Disorders In Jordan, Enas M. Oliemat Oct 2018

Phonological And Articulation Disorders Among Children With Communication Disorders In Jordan, Enas M. Oliemat

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed at identifying the phonological and articulation disorders among typically developing children and children with communication disorder in Jordan in terms of the nature of the disorder in spoken Arabic phonetic according to their age-groups. The study sample consisted of 200 children (100 typically developing children and 100 children with communication disorder) who were chosen randomly from six governorates in Jordan. Data were collected using Phonological Test, Spontaneous Speech Sample, and Picture's Expressive Sample. Using descriptive data analysis, results have showed that there are qualitative and quantitative differences in the nature of the phonological and articulation disorders in …


The Impact Of The Worked Example Modality And Sequencing On Achievement When Self-Learning Complex Multimedia Math Problems, Daniah Alabbasi, Haya Alwehaiby, Abeda Alenezy Oct 2018

The Impact Of The Worked Example Modality And Sequencing On Achievement When Self-Learning Complex Multimedia Math Problems, Daniah Alabbasi, Haya Alwehaiby, Abeda Alenezy

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of using multimedia to teach complex math problems. It is designed based on the worked example principle with varied modality and sequencing and tested its efficacy on high school students’ achievement. In order to implement the research idea, high school students were randomly assigned to four groups that were self-taught by four different educational programs. The results of the study showed that there are statistically significant differences (α0.05) between the four groups' mathematical mean scores in the post-test. This means that the modality of displaying the worked example (sound, without …


The Degree Of The Teacher’S Role Practice In The Jordanian Education System In The Era Of Knowledge Openness As Seen By Educational Supervisors, Omar Abdul Rahim Rababa'a Oct 2018

The Degree Of The Teacher’S Role Practice In The Jordanian Education System In The Era Of Knowledge Openness As Seen By Educational Supervisors, Omar Abdul Rahim Rababa'a

International Journal for Research in Education

This study identified the practice degree of the teacher’s role in the Jordanian Education system in the Era of knowledge openness through answering the following question: What is the practice degree of teacher’s exercising his/her roles in the Jordanian education system in the era of knowledge openness as seen by the educational supervisors? This study adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The population consisted of (800) educational supervisors whereas the sample of the study consisted of (120) supervisors randomly selected. The results of the study showed that the degree of teacher’s role exercising the academic role in the Jordanian education system …


Self–Assessment In Efl Grammar Classroom: A Study Of Efl Learners At The Centre For Languages And Translation, Ibb University, Marwan Saeed Saif Moqbel May 2018

Self–Assessment In Efl Grammar Classroom: A Study Of Efl Learners At The Centre For Languages And Translation, Ibb University, Marwan Saeed Saif Moqbel

International Journal for Research in Education

The present study investigated the implementation of self-assessment in EFL grammar classroom to identify the attitudes of EFL learners at the Centre for Languages and Translation, Ibb University towards self-assessment, their perceptions of the advantages of self-assessment, and the problems or difficulties that EFL learners may face while carrying out self-assessment activities. To collect data, the researcher used three instruments: a questionnaire, a structured interview, and a focus group discussion. The questionnaire was administered to (85) EFL learners. Using the stratified sampling technique, the researcher selected randomly (14) learners for the interviews and (21) learners to participate in the focus …


Exploring The Relationship Between Thinking Skills And School Leaders’ Performance, Salah S. Meemar May 2018

Exploring The Relationship Between Thinking Skills And School Leaders’ Performance, Salah S. Meemar

International Journal for Research in Education

Abstract:

In today’s world of education, the importance of teaching has increased, and it is considered that teachers and school leaders should think effectively to help students perform well. In this context, this research study focused on discussing the relationship between thinking skills and school leaders’ performance. For this purpose, different kinds of literature were investigated to gather the appropriate data. Further, the questionnaire survey method was used to collect data from a sample size of 50 respondents. The research participants include principals, teachers, and assents principals from different schools. The questionnaire was structured to include predictors, such as prior …