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Full-Text Articles in Education

Advancing Instructional Leadership: Instructional Coaching Skills Development Through Mixed Reality Experiences, Marjorie Ceballos, Krista Bixler Apr 2024

Advancing Instructional Leadership: Instructional Coaching Skills Development Through Mixed Reality Experiences, Marjorie Ceballos, Krista Bixler

Journal of Educational Supervision

Educational leadership preparation programs are tasked with advancing the development of future educational leaders’ instructional capacities, including the ability to engage teachers in instructional conversations through instructional coaching. The educational leadership program studied here includes a mixed reality experience designed to develop future educational leaders’ instructional coaching conversation skills. Therefore, the purpose of this research study was to examine future educational leaders’ perceptions of the development of instructional coaching conversation skills because of participation in the mixed reality experience. Findings indicated that, overall, participants held positive views of the mixed reality experience in supporting their development of instructional coaching conversation …


Conceptualizing Images Of Supervisors In Teacher Education, Steve Haberlin, Rebecca W. Burns Apr 2024

Conceptualizing Images Of Supervisors In Teacher Education, Steve Haberlin, Rebecca W. Burns

Journal of Educational Supervision

Due to the marginalization of supervision (Butler, et al., 2023; Nolan, 2022) and few frameworks to conceptualize supervision in teacher preparation, educational supervision of clinical experiences receives less attention and fewer resources, which perpetuates its marginalization. It is imperative that scholars develop additional theoretical models or constructs to improve the understanding and practice of supervision to elevate its status beyond technical helping. In this paper, we draw upon several sources in the instructional supervision literature to re-conceptualize commonly used images of supervisors in teacher education. In addition to traditional conceptions (The Critic, the Popular Parent, the Co-Inquirer), we ‘introduce’ two …


Teacher Candidate Supervision For Social Justice: Orientations, Practices, And Challenges, Andrew E. Hood Mar 2024

Teacher Candidate Supervision For Social Justice: Orientations, Practices, And Challenges, Andrew E. Hood

Journal of Educational Supervision

The need for teachers who are thoughtful and attentive to issues of social justice is more apparent now than ever before. Teacher education can and should be tasked with preparing teachers to serve a student population that is becoming more diverse over time. As teacher educators who function within both the university coursework and student teaching fieldwork spaces, teacher candidate supervisors are well-positioned to support candidates to make sense of and incorporate social justice-centered practices in their teaching. Building on the findings of Jacobs (2006), a comprehensive literature review of journal articles published in the last 20+ years revealed that …


Learning From Post-Observation Conferences: Emerging Measures Of And Mechanisms To Improve Principals’ Feedback To Teachers, Alyson L. Lavigne, Shanena Allen, Shiquan Shao, Jorge Americo Acosta Feliz Dec 2023

Learning From Post-Observation Conferences: Emerging Measures Of And Mechanisms To Improve Principals’ Feedback To Teachers, Alyson L. Lavigne, Shanena Allen, Shiquan Shao, Jorge Americo Acosta Feliz

Journal of Educational Supervision

As principals seek to strengthen their impact on teaching and learning, it is critical to understand how principals provide feedback to teachers about their instruction and the focus of those conversations. This study examined the content and quality of principals’ (N = 4) verbal feedback to teachers (N = 11) during post-observation conferences (N = 11) and teachers’ perceptions of that feedback. In post-observation conferences, principals emphasized students’ opportunities to learn and supportive classroom environment, but rarely provided feedback on curriculum sequencing, the balance of procedural and conceptual knowledge, and teachers’ review and feedback to students. The …


Supervision, Teaching, And Learning In Successful Schools: A Hall Of Mirrors, Stephen P. Gordon Dec 2023

Supervision, Teaching, And Learning In Successful Schools: A Hall Of Mirrors, Stephen P. Gordon

Journal of Educational Supervision

Successful supervision is broad-based and collegial, and positively affects both teaching and learning. Successful teaching is characterized by professional decision making facilitated by supportive supervision. The most powerful type of learning is student-driven, teacher-facilitated learning. Successful supervision, teaching, and learning are congruent and reflect one another, creating a “hall of mirrors.” Supervision, teaching, and learning can both contribute to and flourish across 10 dimensions of successful schools, including care, service, trust, democratic community, equity grounded in equality, justice and peace, symbols and ceremonies, freedom and creativity, holistic development, and school vision. Reviews of literature on the dimensions of successful schools …


Early Childhood Field Experience Supervision: Negotiating Praxis, Amy L. Kelly Dec 2023

Early Childhood Field Experience Supervision: Negotiating Praxis, Amy L. Kelly

Journal of Educational Supervision

This case examines the complex partnership between the university teacher education program and the host school district. Many factors contribute to the expectations and requirements of both institutions, which can at times, conflict in fundamental ways. The theoretical and research-based methods of early childhood coursework are often different than the reality of those classrooms. Furthermore, the adoption of initiatives like, Culturally Responsive Teaching and Leading standards by university teacher education programs must translate to the fieldwork. School and district-wide mandates often overrule best pedagogical and developmentally appropriate practices. With these opposing perspectives how can supervisors bridge the gap between the …


Navigating Challenges In A Non-Open And Affirming Practicum Placement: A Case Of A Queer-Identifying Student In Education, Amber K. Howard, John Dove Dec 2023

Navigating Challenges In A Non-Open And Affirming Practicum Placement: A Case Of A Queer-Identifying Student In Education, Amber K. Howard, John Dove

Journal of Educational Supervision

This article presents a case focused on the experiences of a queer-identifying teacher candidate placed in an educational practicum setting lacking an open and affirming environment. The study examines the challenges faced by the student and explores strategies employed to navigate these difficulties. By analyzing the impact of a non-supportive practicum environment compared to a supportive practicum environment on the students’ well-being and professional development, this case sheds light on the classroom implications and broader discussions surrounding the inclusion of queer-identifying individuals in educational settings. This case underscores the significance of creating inclusive and supportive environments within teacher education programs. …


Beyond Conventional Boundaries: Advancing Equity And Inclusivity In Educational Supervision, A. Minor Baker, Stefanie D. Livers, Melanie Acosta, Craig Willey, Michael Strozier Jr., Kristin E. Harbour Dec 2023

Beyond Conventional Boundaries: Advancing Equity And Inclusivity In Educational Supervision, A. Minor Baker, Stefanie D. Livers, Melanie Acosta, Craig Willey, Michael Strozier Jr., Kristin E. Harbour

Journal of Educational Supervision

This special issue of the Journal of Educational Supervision, Cases in Critical Supervision within School Contexts, critically examines educational supervision models, highlighting their limitations in fostering equity and inclusivity. As greater attention and awareness of diverse identities and experiences becomes more common in schools there also needs to be acknowledgement of how supervision is experienced by educators and enacted by instructional supervisors. We argue for a paradigm shift towards more empathetic and diverse supervisory practices that consider the varied backgrounds and needs of students. Throughout this special issue, researchers propose innovative approaches that prioritize collaboration, understanding, and the recognition …


Culturally Responsive Instructional Supervision: Further Analysis Of A Leading Textbook, Ann Marie Cotman, Patricia Guerra, A. Minor Baker Jun 2023

Culturally Responsive Instructional Supervision: Further Analysis Of A Leading Textbook, Ann Marie Cotman, Patricia Guerra, A. Minor Baker

Journal of Educational Supervision

This study explores whether and how culturally responsive practices are embedded in the leading text for instructional supervisions, SuperVision and Instructional Leadership: A Developmental Approach (Glickman et al., 2018). Having identified a dearth of references to culture in most of the text, and a relative wealth of references to culture in two segregated chapters (Guerra et al., 2022), we explore how the cultural content-rich chapters address culturally responsive instructional supervision (CRIS) and how the lack of CRIS content influences the chapters that focus on the clinical supervision cycle. Employing Jacob’s (2014) framework for supervisors for social justice and critical …


Personalized Feedback In A Virtual Learning Environment, Nateil Carby Apr 2023

Personalized Feedback In A Virtual Learning Environment, Nateil Carby

Journal of Educational Supervision

The immediate shift to virtual instruction during the spring of 2020 forced educators worldwide to quickly adopt distance learning philosophies, technologies, and pedagogies. This lean adoption of virtual learning tools saw an unprecedented number of educators embrace new modalities of providing feedback to students. This paper explores those modalities and recommends that supervisors help educators situate personalized student feedback within the context of self-determination theory to ensure students' needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are not abandoned in a virtual learning environment characterized by isolation and loneliness.


Supervision To Support Reflective Practices, Laura S. Miller Apr 2023

Supervision To Support Reflective Practices, Laura S. Miller

Journal of Educational Supervision

There is immense pressure on school leaders to show evidence of continual school improvement. To drive these improvement efforts, there are essential considerations when planning for implementation, specifically the development of a system that supports reflective practices to increase teacher autonomy and improved student outcomes. The research presented in this article explores the attitudes and beliefs that teachers and administrators have for reflective practices through the supervisory actions of administrators in a rural Northern state. The findings from this study include, 1) the importance of a formal leadership role and the lens used when considering evaluative and non-evaluative feedback; 2) …


Leader Developers: Perspectives Of Mentor Principals In An Administrator Preparation Program, Patricia Virella, Casey Cobb Dec 2022

Leader Developers: Perspectives Of Mentor Principals In An Administrator Preparation Program, Patricia Virella, Casey Cobb

Journal of Educational Supervision

Principal preparation programs use various components to develop candidates, including course work, core assessments, and field-based internships or practicums. The internship represents an exceptionally high leverage learning opportunity (Lochmiller, 2014). The success of the internship depends highly on the abilities of a mentor via informal instructional supervision. Mette (2020) explains that supervision has a potential transformational quality. This study explores mentorships in a university principal preparation program through the mentor’s perspective. We interviewed a sample of mentors nominated as effective by peer and program informants. We learned that mentors were deliberate in developing three specific skills -- metacognitive ability, developmental …


Kentucky School Administrator Perspectives On Trauma-Informed Practices: Implications For Critical Supervision, Tommy Wells, Alexandra J. Taylor, Rosemarie Young Dec 2022

Kentucky School Administrator Perspectives On Trauma-Informed Practices: Implications For Critical Supervision, Tommy Wells, Alexandra J. Taylor, Rosemarie Young

Journal of Educational Supervision

This study explored Kentucky school administrators’ perceptions, knowledge, and beliefs about trauma-informed practices, competence in promoting these practices, and the extent to which school administration preparation programs provided relevant training. Participants reported they were not adequately trained in their school administration programs and believed they needed additional training and support to implement trauma-informed practices. The Culturally Responsive, Trauma-informed Educator Identity framework outlines essential knowledge and skills needed to promote trauma-informed practices, and implications for critical supervision are explored.


Integrating The Experiential Learning Cycle With Educational Supervision, Stephen P. Gordon Dec 2022

Integrating The Experiential Learning Cycle With Educational Supervision, Stephen P. Gordon

Journal of Educational Supervision

Kolb’s experiential learning cycle includes concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. This paper first examines some preliminary questions concerning the rationale for exploring the use of Kolb’s experiential learning in supervision. Kolb’s experiential learning theory, as well as four supervision models compatible with his learning cycle, are reviewed. Guidelines are suggested for integrating the experiential learning cycle with clinical supervision, collaborative action research, lesson study, and the collegial support group. Different types of research are recommended for studying the integration of the experiential learning cycle with supervision.


Socioscientific Issues-Based Instruction: The Messier Side Of (Leading) Science Teaching, Savannah Graham, Mark Bloom, Sarah Quebec Fuentes, Jo Beth Jimerson Oct 2022

Socioscientific Issues-Based Instruction: The Messier Side Of (Leading) Science Teaching, Savannah Graham, Mark Bloom, Sarah Quebec Fuentes, Jo Beth Jimerson

Journal of Educational Supervision

The present case centers on a socioscientific issues-based lesson taught by a preservice teacher (PST) in an AP Biology class. The PST designed and delivered a lesson on disease transmission and ways to avoid infection with connections to the COVID-19 pandemic mask mandates and vaccine reticence. The Principal received several emails from parents (positive and negative), citing the incorporation of political issues and critical race theory into the science lesson. With this framing, the case depicts how the Principal, PST, university supervisor, and cooperating teacher navigate the situation. The case highlights the role of school leader as instructional leader. In …


Early Childhood Supervision: Tensions In The Advancement Of Developmentally Appropriate And Social-Justice Oriented Practice, Sarah Jean Baker, Sascha C. Mowrey, Denise Cunningham Sep 2022

Early Childhood Supervision: Tensions In The Advancement Of Developmentally Appropriate And Social-Justice Oriented Practice, Sarah Jean Baker, Sascha C. Mowrey, Denise Cunningham

Journal of Educational Supervision

This case examines the complex interactions among university faculty, teacher candidates, and school-based mentor teachers during supervision. In early childhood, among other skills and dispositions, the use of developmentally appropriate practice and an equity focus are important to the overall advancement of teacher candidates’ practice. However, supervisors do not have oversight of the classrooms in which early childhood candidates are placed for field experiences. In some cases, teacher candidates may be expected to conform to or demonstrate practices themselves which are not developmentally appropriate, or which are inequitable. What is the role of the supervising faculty member in these cases, …


Tensions In The Student Teaching Triad: A Case Of Competing Views Of Responsive Instruction For Latinx Students, Juan M. Gerardo, Evthokia S. Saclarides Sep 2022

Tensions In The Student Teaching Triad: A Case Of Competing Views Of Responsive Instruction For Latinx Students, Juan M. Gerardo, Evthokia S. Saclarides

Journal of Educational Supervision

This case provides opportunities for students to think more deeply about tensions that arise in the pre-service teacher (PST)-mentor teacher-supervisor triad when there are competing views about responsive instruction for Latinx students. Furthermore, this case illustrates how shared social identities among triad members do not necessarily mean there is a shared stance of how to work with Latinx students that aligns with research-based recommendations. The accompanying teaching notes, discussion questions, and classroom activities expose students to relevant literature, introduce them to the concept of courageous conversations, and enable them to role play.


The Complexities And Discourse Of Supervision For Equity And Justice In Teaching And Teacher Education, Stefanie D. Livers, A. Minor Baker, Patricia Guerra, Melanie Acosta Sep 2022

The Complexities And Discourse Of Supervision For Equity And Justice In Teaching And Teacher Education, Stefanie D. Livers, A. Minor Baker, Patricia Guerra, Melanie Acosta

Journal of Educational Supervision

Supervision is essential to the preparation, support, and retention of teachers and other educational professionals. There are many models and responsibilities of supervisors at all levels. We discuss responsibilities of supervision during teacher preparation, within school contexts, and equity and freedom minded supervision. Additionally, we introduce this special issue. The special issue explores both the complexity and discourse found within situations and contexts pertaining to equity and social justice. Exploring cases of supervision allows for reflection, discussion, and problem solving. Each of these cases call for support and preparation for supervisors as they work within contexts and situations where equitable …


The Restrictive Concepts Of Teacher Evaluation And Their Discourse Communities, Helen M. Hazi Apr 2022

The Restrictive Concepts Of Teacher Evaluation And Their Discourse Communities, Helen M. Hazi

Journal of Educational Supervision

Teacher evaluation is a personnel practice in education and a field of study with multiple discourse communities, including a community in supervision. Many concepts from these discourse communities have influenced practice over time. In this article, I place teacher evaluation as a practice originating in the intersection of supervision and administration, describe its tumultuous relationship with supervision, and identify the many concepts that restrict its practice with examples of scholarship. This article is important “fieldwork” that scholars must periodically conduct on their niche to better understand its audiences, scope, and influences. Examples of fieldwork include: analyses of scholarship, collections on …


Shaping Educator Sensemaking In Complex Systems? Policy-Directed Teacher Evaluation Models As Boundary Objects, Kelley M. King, Noelle A. Paufler, Rachel L. Biritz, Ryan M. Smits Apr 2022

Shaping Educator Sensemaking In Complex Systems? Policy-Directed Teacher Evaluation Models As Boundary Objects, Kelley M. King, Noelle A. Paufler, Rachel L. Biritz, Ryan M. Smits

Journal of Educational Supervision

This study examined a state-wide, policy-directed teacher evaluation model implemented across public schools and educator preparation programs. Such models are grounded in a theory of action that situates teacher learning within social relationships, yet does not account for the complexity of systems. Results challenge policy’s implicit theory that an evaluation model can function as a boundary object to create a common understanding of good teaching and positively impact teacher professional practice. We found contradictory evidence that the model served as a boundary object that facilitated shared sensemaking as mediated understandings of good teaching collided with expectations in classroom contexts.


A Question-Based Framework For Co-Constructing Supervision In Clinically Based Teacher Preparation, Logan Rutten Apr 2022

A Question-Based Framework For Co-Constructing Supervision In Clinically Based Teacher Preparation, Logan Rutten

Journal of Educational Supervision

The field of teacher education has embraced robust models of clinically based teacher preparation. In part because these models rely upon school-university partnerships for which shared missions are an essential component, they also demand increasingly complex, co-constructed conceptions of supervision to support teacher candidates’ learning during clinical practice. However, even as the need for supervision has grown, good supervision is seldom clearly defined. Many supervisors begin supervising largely underprepared for the complexity of their work in clinical settings. In response to these challenges, this paper proposes a framework for co-constructing supervision consisting of four key components—conceptions, models, tasks, and techniques—that …


Instructional Supervision: Is It Culturally Responsive? A Textbook Analysis, Patricia L. Guerra, A. Minor Baker, Ann Marie Cotman Apr 2022

Instructional Supervision: Is It Culturally Responsive? A Textbook Analysis, Patricia L. Guerra, A. Minor Baker, Ann Marie Cotman

Journal of Educational Supervision

The purpose of this study was to determine whether and to what degree textbooks are preparing aspiring principals as culturally responsive instructional supervisors. After evaluating multiple textbooks against selection criteria, SuperVision and Instructional Leadership: A Developmental Approach, was identified as the study’s unit of analysis. An audit of the subject index was conducted to answer: How are culturally responsive instructional supervision competencies addressed in this leading supervision textbook? Findings revealed content related to cultural responsiveness was concentrated in a chapter at the back of the textbook and the clinical supervision cycle, a powerful means of changing instructional practices (Gordon, …


Developing A Super-Vision Of Education: Oh, No. I’Ve Said Too Much, But Maybe I Haven’T Said Enough, Carl Glickman Jan 2022

Developing A Super-Vision Of Education: Oh, No. I’Ve Said Too Much, But Maybe I Haven’T Said Enough, Carl Glickman

Journal of Educational Supervision

In this personal and candid essay by Carl Glickman, he examines the confluence of early experiences with his evolving concepts and theories of education, supervision, democracy, and school renewal that resulted in his studies, activities, university and school networks and partnerships, and widely read books. He covers the first 33 years of his life including being a child of immigrants and freedom from adults; academics, social life, and speech disability; identity, new worlds, and marriage; the teacher corps and forced integration of schools; the years as a principal of schools; and the origins of developmental supervision; and the significance of …


Advancing A Democratic Pedagogy And Supervision Framework: An Illustrative Case Of Teacher Questioning In Secondary Mathematics Instruction, Esther A. Enright, Douglas Wieczorek Jan 2022

Advancing A Democratic Pedagogy And Supervision Framework: An Illustrative Case Of Teacher Questioning In Secondary Mathematics Instruction, Esther A. Enright, Douglas Wieczorek

Journal of Educational Supervision

This article pushes back against the evalu-centric view of improvement (Hazi, 2018; 2020) in the supervision literature by advocating for a democratic pedagogy and supervision framework developed to support instructional supervision and evaluation dialogue between teachers and leaders. This democratized approach honors and centers the teacher’s expertise and learning as well as the leader’s in the observation, debrief, and reflection process. Through this decentering of expertise in the instructional supervision cycle, our goal is to build leaders’ and teachers’ mutual capacity to develop, implement, and sustain democratic instructional supervision cultures in classrooms and schools. Additionally, we illustrate our framework through …


The Role Of Personality In Early Alliance Formation In The Context Of Clinical Supervision Of Psychotherapists In Training, Cynthia Bilodeau, Stéphanie Lalande, Andréanne Kyle Jan 2022

The Role Of Personality In Early Alliance Formation In The Context Of Clinical Supervision Of Psychotherapists In Training, Cynthia Bilodeau, Stéphanie Lalande, Andréanne Kyle

Journal of Educational Supervision

The literature suggests that working alliance is an important predictor of clinical supervision outcomes. However, little is known about the individual factors that influence the development and maintenance of the working alliance. This study aims to explore the role of supervisor and trainee personality traits in the development of early working alliances, as well as supervisor and trainee concordance rates in the context of clinical supervision. This study used the NEO-PI-3 measure to assess personality traits and the Working Alliance Inventory-Supervisor and Trainee Versions (WAI) measures to assess working alliance ratings. Results suggest that supervisors rate the strength of their …


Semiotic Analysis Of A Foundational Textbook Used Widely Across Educational Supervision, Dwayne Ray Cormier, Toshna Pandey Dec 2021

Semiotic Analysis Of A Foundational Textbook Used Widely Across Educational Supervision, Dwayne Ray Cormier, Toshna Pandey

Journal of Educational Supervision

This article details a semiotic analysis of a foundational textbook used widely across the field of supervision. The purpose of this study was to explore how signs associated with key concepts in education may actualize through the work of supervision. The textbook served as a proxy for supervisors’ professional disposition and subsequent praxis within educational leadership and teacher education programs and U.S. PreK-12 school systems. Additionally, investigators served as proxies for equity-minded supervisors through an analytical framework, which centers race and cultural differences within the broader context of social justice. This investigation drew from the following theoretical constructions: (a) Sociocultural …


Supervision To Deepen Teacher Candidates’ Understanding Of Social Justice: The Role Of Responsive Mediation In Professional Development Schools, Megan E. Lynch Nov 2021

Supervision To Deepen Teacher Candidates’ Understanding Of Social Justice: The Role Of Responsive Mediation In Professional Development Schools, Megan E. Lynch

Journal of Educational Supervision

Those responsible for supervising teacher candidates have an obligation to promote socially just pedagogies. In this paper, I investigate my own supervisory practice as a novice supervisor in my mediation of a teacher candidate’s understanding of social justice. I rely on a sociocultural theoretical perspective (Vygotsky, 1978) and the psychological tool of responsive mediation (Johnson & Golombek, 2016) for my supervisory practice and an anti-capitalist interpretation of socially just teaching (Apple, 2004; Ayers, 2010; Bowles & Gintis, 2011). Through a microgenetic analysis (Wertsch, 1985) of a post-observation transcript, I empirically document the developmental opportunities that take place over a span …


Towards A Theory Of Critical Consciousness: A New Direction For The Development Of Instructional And Supervisory Leaders, Shannon R. Waite Nov 2021

Towards A Theory Of Critical Consciousness: A New Direction For The Development Of Instructional And Supervisory Leaders, Shannon R. Waite

Journal of Educational Supervision

COVID-19 and the demand for racial justice caused the dark underbelly of white supremacy to be laid bare during 2020. These events call for a reexamination of the ontological and epistemological frameworks in academe and specifically within the field of educational leadership. The legacy of white supremacist ideology prevails as the existing and accepted ontological and epistemological perspectives of history offered in PreK-12 through post-secondary education. The political, economic, and social context highlights the need for instructional and supervisory leaders to be culturally responsive school leaders. This requires that programs preparing these leaders must grapple with and problematize the existing …


Empowering Teachers Through Instructional Supervision: Using Solution Focused Strategies In A Leadership Preparation Program, Marla W. Mcghee, Marcella D. Stark Jun 2021

Empowering Teachers Through Instructional Supervision: Using Solution Focused Strategies In A Leadership Preparation Program, Marla W. Mcghee, Marcella D. Stark

Journal of Educational Supervision

The purpose of this study was to determine how students in an educational leadership preservice program perceived the effectiveness of solution-focused supervision (SFS) taught in an instructional supervision class. Interviews, observations, and artifacts, and a case study design, were applied to address two primary research questions. Findings revealed the use of solution-focused (SF) strategies produced positive outcomes, but required dramatic paradigm shifts from study participants. Moreover, the researchers found that respondents used a wide range of SF strategies in the clinical cycle exercise. Participants, furthermore, affirmed that SF structures and language promoted reflection, conversation, and empowerment of teachers. These positive …


John Dewey’S Critique Of Scientific Dogmatism In Education And Implications For Supervision, Jeffrey Glanz May 2021

John Dewey’S Critique Of Scientific Dogmatism In Education And Implications For Supervision, Jeffrey Glanz

Journal of Educational Supervision

Drawing on Dewey's critique of the way educators, historically, have tried to promulgate definitive prescriptions for educational practice, this article examines implications of the use of science for supervisory practice and for the field of supervision as a whole. A content analysis of Dewey's The Sources of a Science of Education indicates the pervasiveness of the technocratic nature of teaching and supervision. Historical evidence is presented to indicate the degree and manner to which educators have tried to use science to justify inspectional and prescriptive practices of supervision. The significance of Dewey's work is in the realization that science alone …