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Full-Text Articles in Education

Advancing Instructional Leadership: Instructional Coaching Skills Development Through Mixed Reality Experiences, Marjorie Ceballos, Krista Bixler Apr 2024

Advancing Instructional Leadership: Instructional Coaching Skills Development Through Mixed Reality Experiences, Marjorie Ceballos, Krista Bixler

Journal of Educational Supervision

Educational leadership preparation programs are tasked with advancing the development of future educational leaders’ instructional capacities, including the ability to engage teachers in instructional conversations through instructional coaching. The educational leadership program studied here includes a mixed reality experience designed to develop future educational leaders’ instructional coaching conversation skills. Therefore, the purpose of this research study was to examine future educational leaders’ perceptions of the development of instructional coaching conversation skills because of participation in the mixed reality experience. Findings indicated that, overall, participants held positive views of the mixed reality experience in supporting their development of instructional coaching conversation …


Conceptualizing Images Of Supervisors In Teacher Education, Steve Haberlin, Rebecca W. Burns Apr 2024

Conceptualizing Images Of Supervisors In Teacher Education, Steve Haberlin, Rebecca W. Burns

Journal of Educational Supervision

Due to the marginalization of supervision (Butler, et al., 2023; Nolan, 2022) and few frameworks to conceptualize supervision in teacher preparation, educational supervision of clinical experiences receives less attention and fewer resources, which perpetuates its marginalization. It is imperative that scholars develop additional theoretical models or constructs to improve the understanding and practice of supervision to elevate its status beyond technical helping. In this paper, we draw upon several sources in the instructional supervision literature to re-conceptualize commonly used images of supervisors in teacher education. In addition to traditional conceptions (The Critic, the Popular Parent, the Co-Inquirer), we ‘introduce’ two …


Teacher Candidate Supervision For Social Justice: Orientations, Practices, And Challenges, Andrew E. Hood Mar 2024

Teacher Candidate Supervision For Social Justice: Orientations, Practices, And Challenges, Andrew E. Hood

Journal of Educational Supervision

The need for teachers who are thoughtful and attentive to issues of social justice is more apparent now than ever before. Teacher education can and should be tasked with preparing teachers to serve a student population that is becoming more diverse over time. As teacher educators who function within both the university coursework and student teaching fieldwork spaces, teacher candidate supervisors are well-positioned to support candidates to make sense of and incorporate social justice-centered practices in their teaching. Building on the findings of Jacobs (2006), a comprehensive literature review of journal articles published in the last 20+ years revealed that …


Theoretical Foundations For Archaeological Pedagogy With Digital 3d, Virtual, Augmented, And Mixed Reality Technologies, Peter J. Cobb, Elvan Cobb, Jiafang Liang, Ryushi Kiyama, Jeremy Ng Mar 2024

Theoretical Foundations For Archaeological Pedagogy With Digital 3d, Virtual, Augmented, And Mixed Reality Technologies, Peter J. Cobb, Elvan Cobb, Jiafang Liang, Ryushi Kiyama, Jeremy Ng

Journal of Archaeology and Education

Archaeology is inherently a visual and spatial discipline and thus we should strive to center student learning within visual and spatial media. Apart from museum work, site visits, and fieldtrips, the traditional tools of the classroom, however, tend to only convey textual or two-dimensional abstractions of primary archaeological data. The latest digital 3D and eXtended Reality (XR) technologies (Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed) hold the potential for engagement with information in ways that more closely represent the true three-dimensional and visual nature of archaeological objects, spaces, and landscapes. This should allow for an embodied mode of interaction that significantly improves understandings …


Learning From Faculty Mentors Who Had To Mentor And Evaluate Teacher Candidates Completing A Remote Practicum In The Early Stages Of The Covid-19 Pandemic In Canada, Sheryl Macmath, Deirdre Degagne Dec 2023

Learning From Faculty Mentors Who Had To Mentor And Evaluate Teacher Candidates Completing A Remote Practicum In The Early Stages Of The Covid-19 Pandemic In Canada, Sheryl Macmath, Deirdre Degagne

Journal of Educational Supervision

In the Spring of 2020, the COVID-19 global pandemic impacted all aspects of life throughout the world, including education. Teachers who had never taught online before, all of a sudden had one week to get ready to engage with their students in a virtual setting. On top of these changes, our small post-degree Canadian teacher education program had teacher candidates on practicum in K-12 schools. That meant our faculty mentors, responsible for recommending teacher candidates for certification, had to figure out how to mentor, support, and evaluate teacher candidates who were teaching remotely. This research aimed to address the following …


Toward A Renewal Of Supervisory Scholarship And Practice In Teacher Education: A Collaborative Self-Study, Brandon M. Butler, Rebecca West Burns, Craig Willey Dec 2023

Toward A Renewal Of Supervisory Scholarship And Practice In Teacher Education: A Collaborative Self-Study, Brandon M. Butler, Rebecca West Burns, Craig Willey

Journal of Educational Supervision

University supervision of teacher candidates is a well-recognized component of teacher preparation. However, teacher education has long devalued supervision, largely relying upon retired teachers, administrators, and graduate students to serve as supervisors, often with little training or support. Although clinical practice has received increased focus among accrediting bodies, supervision as a field of scholarship and practice continues to receive little support within institutions or attention in teacher education. As supervision practitioners and scholars, the three authors engaged in collaborative self-study, sharing and interrogating professional autobiographies and narratives related to supervision, to make sense of institutional and professional contexts and to …


Learning From Post-Observation Conferences: Emerging Measures Of And Mechanisms To Improve Principals’ Feedback To Teachers, Alyson L. Lavigne, Shanena Allen, Shiquan Shao, Jorge Americo Acosta Feliz Dec 2023

Learning From Post-Observation Conferences: Emerging Measures Of And Mechanisms To Improve Principals’ Feedback To Teachers, Alyson L. Lavigne, Shanena Allen, Shiquan Shao, Jorge Americo Acosta Feliz

Journal of Educational Supervision

As principals seek to strengthen their impact on teaching and learning, it is critical to understand how principals provide feedback to teachers about their instruction and the focus of those conversations. This study examined the content and quality of principals’ (N = 4) verbal feedback to teachers (N = 11) during post-observation conferences (N = 11) and teachers’ perceptions of that feedback. In post-observation conferences, principals emphasized students’ opportunities to learn and supportive classroom environment, but rarely provided feedback on curriculum sequencing, the balance of procedural and conceptual knowledge, and teachers’ review and feedback to students. The …


Supervision, Teaching, And Learning In Successful Schools: A Hall Of Mirrors, Stephen P. Gordon Dec 2023

Supervision, Teaching, And Learning In Successful Schools: A Hall Of Mirrors, Stephen P. Gordon

Journal of Educational Supervision

Successful supervision is broad-based and collegial, and positively affects both teaching and learning. Successful teaching is characterized by professional decision making facilitated by supportive supervision. The most powerful type of learning is student-driven, teacher-facilitated learning. Successful supervision, teaching, and learning are congruent and reflect one another, creating a “hall of mirrors.” Supervision, teaching, and learning can both contribute to and flourish across 10 dimensions of successful schools, including care, service, trust, democratic community, equity grounded in equality, justice and peace, symbols and ceremonies, freedom and creativity, holistic development, and school vision. Reviews of literature on the dimensions of successful schools …


Relational Supervision: Jegnaship And Eldering As Emancipatory Pedagogy For Black Teacher Supervision, Michael Strozier Jr., Melanie M. Acosta Dec 2023

Relational Supervision: Jegnaship And Eldering As Emancipatory Pedagogy For Black Teacher Supervision, Michael Strozier Jr., Melanie M. Acosta

Journal of Educational Supervision

The case delves into the historical and cultural roots of African education, emphasizing the vital role of elders and community in the learning process. It examines the impact of African educational philosophies, particularly from the Nile and Niger river valleys, on the development of character, humanness, and spirituality. The case explores the adaptation of these philosophies by African people during the Middle Passage and their application in Western contexts for the supervision of African American teachers. By interweaving culture, history, education, and storytelling, the authors aim to highlight the unique contributions of African American educational experiences. They argue that these …


Early Childhood Field Experience Supervision: Negotiating Praxis, Amy L. Kelly Dec 2023

Early Childhood Field Experience Supervision: Negotiating Praxis, Amy L. Kelly

Journal of Educational Supervision

This case examines the complex partnership between the university teacher education program and the host school district. Many factors contribute to the expectations and requirements of both institutions, which can at times, conflict in fundamental ways. The theoretical and research-based methods of early childhood coursework are often different than the reality of those classrooms. Furthermore, the adoption of initiatives like, Culturally Responsive Teaching and Leading standards by university teacher education programs must translate to the fieldwork. School and district-wide mandates often overrule best pedagogical and developmentally appropriate practices. With these opposing perspectives how can supervisors bridge the gap between the …


Navigating Challenges In A Non-Open And Affirming Practicum Placement: A Case Of A Queer-Identifying Student In Education, Amber K. Howard, John Dove Dec 2023

Navigating Challenges In A Non-Open And Affirming Practicum Placement: A Case Of A Queer-Identifying Student In Education, Amber K. Howard, John Dove

Journal of Educational Supervision

This article presents a case focused on the experiences of a queer-identifying teacher candidate placed in an educational practicum setting lacking an open and affirming environment. The study examines the challenges faced by the student and explores strategies employed to navigate these difficulties. By analyzing the impact of a non-supportive practicum environment compared to a supportive practicum environment on the students’ well-being and professional development, this case sheds light on the classroom implications and broader discussions surrounding the inclusion of queer-identifying individuals in educational settings. This case underscores the significance of creating inclusive and supportive environments within teacher education programs. …


Beyond Conventional Boundaries: Advancing Equity And Inclusivity In Educational Supervision, A. Minor Baker, Stefanie D. Livers, Melanie Acosta, Craig Willey, Michael Strozier Jr., Kristin E. Harbour Dec 2023

Beyond Conventional Boundaries: Advancing Equity And Inclusivity In Educational Supervision, A. Minor Baker, Stefanie D. Livers, Melanie Acosta, Craig Willey, Michael Strozier Jr., Kristin E. Harbour

Journal of Educational Supervision

This special issue of the Journal of Educational Supervision, Cases in Critical Supervision within School Contexts, critically examines educational supervision models, highlighting their limitations in fostering equity and inclusivity. As greater attention and awareness of diverse identities and experiences becomes more common in schools there also needs to be acknowledgement of how supervision is experienced by educators and enacted by instructional supervisors. We argue for a paradigm shift towards more empathetic and diverse supervisory practices that consider the varied backgrounds and needs of students. Throughout this special issue, researchers propose innovative approaches that prioritize collaboration, understanding, and the recognition …


Attracting, Training, And Retaining A Skilled And Ready Workforce To Support Maine’S Seafood Economy, Keri Kaczor, Anne Langston Noll Dec 2023

Attracting, Training, And Retaining A Skilled And Ready Workforce To Support Maine’S Seafood Economy, Keri Kaczor, Anne Langston Noll

Maine Policy Review

Despite the many challenges, the entirety of Maine’s seafood economy—from harvesting, transportation and logistics, marketing, and food service—still offers valuable employment and career opportunities. Understanding training needs and career aspirations, as well as how they align to available training and career opportunities is key to addressing the challenges of recruiting, training and retaining a skilled and ready workforce. Findings from recent projects assessing workforce training needs, preferred training formats, existing workforce barriers, and incentives will be shared as well as input from educators and others who support the industry. Recommendations for investment and new programs to support the industry include: …


Principal Leadership In K-12 Public Virtual Schools: More Than A Response To Covid-19, Mary Lynne Derrington, Jeana M. Partin Aug 2023

Principal Leadership In K-12 Public Virtual Schools: More Than A Response To Covid-19, Mary Lynne Derrington, Jeana M. Partin

Journal of Educational Supervision

The purpose of this study was to explore Tennessee’s virtual public school K-12 principals’ a) instructional leadership and b) development of a social presence. In this qualitative study, the researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with virtual school principals in Tennessee. Findings suggest that they are intrapreneurs adept at developing a social presence with students, teachers, and parents. The researchers conclude that principals in virtual schools have a degree of autonomy in instructional leadership responsibilities, including curriculum selection and staffing. In addition, virtual school principals are both flexible in their strategies to meet students’ needs and technologically competent. Further studies might focus …


A Collaborative Self-Study Of Supervisors In A University-Based Literacy Clinic: Exploring Tensions In Support, Feedback, And Conflict Resolution, Hannah Carter, Jadelyn Abbott, Lauren Herzberg, Annie Hindman, Pam Swainston Jul 2023

A Collaborative Self-Study Of Supervisors In A University-Based Literacy Clinic: Exploring Tensions In Support, Feedback, And Conflict Resolution, Hannah Carter, Jadelyn Abbott, Lauren Herzberg, Annie Hindman, Pam Swainston

Journal of Educational Supervision

This article reports on a collaborative self-study conducted by five supervisors in a university-based literacy clinic. Over two semesters of mentoring elementary teacher candidates, we met weekly and reflected biweekly. The purpose of this research was to identify the tensions that supervisors were contemplating as they mentored and supervised candidates. Our findings indicate that we were grappling with ways to 1) provide candidates with equitable support; 2) guide candidates, rather than tell them what to do; and 3) confront conflict. By detailing the ways we reflected on and explored these tensions, we include suggestions for teacher education supervision and teacher …


Culturally Responsive Instructional Supervision: Further Analysis Of A Leading Textbook, Ann Marie Cotman, Patricia Guerra, A. Minor Baker Jun 2023

Culturally Responsive Instructional Supervision: Further Analysis Of A Leading Textbook, Ann Marie Cotman, Patricia Guerra, A. Minor Baker

Journal of Educational Supervision

This study explores whether and how culturally responsive practices are embedded in the leading text for instructional supervisions, SuperVision and Instructional Leadership: A Developmental Approach (Glickman et al., 2018). Having identified a dearth of references to culture in most of the text, and a relative wealth of references to culture in two segregated chapters (Guerra et al., 2022), we explore how the cultural content-rich chapters address culturally responsive instructional supervision (CRIS) and how the lack of CRIS content influences the chapters that focus on the clinical supervision cycle. Employing Jacob’s (2014) framework for supervisors for social justice and critical …


Personalized Feedback In A Virtual Learning Environment, Nateil Carby Apr 2023

Personalized Feedback In A Virtual Learning Environment, Nateil Carby

Journal of Educational Supervision

The immediate shift to virtual instruction during the spring of 2020 forced educators worldwide to quickly adopt distance learning philosophies, technologies, and pedagogies. This lean adoption of virtual learning tools saw an unprecedented number of educators embrace new modalities of providing feedback to students. This paper explores those modalities and recommends that supervisors help educators situate personalized student feedback within the context of self-determination theory to ensure students' needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are not abandoned in a virtual learning environment characterized by isolation and loneliness.


“Defunding” Race In Field Supervision Contexts: Deconstructing And Responding To White Preservice Teachers’ Majoritarian Narratives, Kimberly Oamek Apr 2023

“Defunding” Race In Field Supervision Contexts: Deconstructing And Responding To White Preservice Teachers’ Majoritarian Narratives, Kimberly Oamek

Journal of Educational Supervision

Teachers must robustly understand how race and racism operate both in and out of the classroom to structure inequity. However, the existence of a deeply entrenched majoritarian mindset remains a principal obstacle to preparing such teachers. In this empirical paper, the author draws on the critical race theory construct of “majoritarian storytelling” (Delgado, 1989) to make visible and examine the narratives told by white preservice teachers upon completion of their preparation programs. The author finds that white preservice teachers’ explanations for racially disparate school outcomes align closely with a majoritarian mindset and employ devices characteristic of longstanding majoritarian stories. After …


Supervision To Support Reflective Practices, Laura S. Miller Apr 2023

Supervision To Support Reflective Practices, Laura S. Miller

Journal of Educational Supervision

There is immense pressure on school leaders to show evidence of continual school improvement. To drive these improvement efforts, there are essential considerations when planning for implementation, specifically the development of a system that supports reflective practices to increase teacher autonomy and improved student outcomes. The research presented in this article explores the attitudes and beliefs that teachers and administrators have for reflective practices through the supervisory actions of administrators in a rural Northern state. The findings from this study include, 1) the importance of a formal leadership role and the lens used when considering evaluative and non-evaluative feedback; 2) …


Assessing Teacher Turnover: Distribution Of Inexperienced Teachers And Emergency-Certified Teachers In Maine Schools, Flynn Ross Jan 2023

Assessing Teacher Turnover: Distribution Of Inexperienced Teachers And Emergency-Certified Teachers In Maine Schools, Flynn Ross

Maine Policy Review

Teacher turnover is a growing problem nationwide and has been found to be concentrated in high poverty districts. This study examined the uneven distribution of inexperienced teachers and emergency certified teachers across Maine’s largest school districts. Maine follows the national trend of higher proportions of inexperienced teachers in school districts with higher concentrations of low-income students. Given the known relationship between teacher experience and teacher effectiveness, this pattern further exacerbates educational inequities.


Leader Developers: Perspectives Of Mentor Principals In An Administrator Preparation Program, Patricia Virella, Casey Cobb Dec 2022

Leader Developers: Perspectives Of Mentor Principals In An Administrator Preparation Program, Patricia Virella, Casey Cobb

Journal of Educational Supervision

Principal preparation programs use various components to develop candidates, including course work, core assessments, and field-based internships or practicums. The internship represents an exceptionally high leverage learning opportunity (Lochmiller, 2014). The success of the internship depends highly on the abilities of a mentor via informal instructional supervision. Mette (2020) explains that supervision has a potential transformational quality. This study explores mentorships in a university principal preparation program through the mentor’s perspective. We interviewed a sample of mentors nominated as effective by peer and program informants. We learned that mentors were deliberate in developing three specific skills -- metacognitive ability, developmental …


Kentucky School Administrator Perspectives On Trauma-Informed Practices: Implications For Critical Supervision, Tommy Wells, Alexandra J. Taylor, Rosemarie Young Dec 2022

Kentucky School Administrator Perspectives On Trauma-Informed Practices: Implications For Critical Supervision, Tommy Wells, Alexandra J. Taylor, Rosemarie Young

Journal of Educational Supervision

This study explored Kentucky school administrators’ perceptions, knowledge, and beliefs about trauma-informed practices, competence in promoting these practices, and the extent to which school administration preparation programs provided relevant training. Participants reported they were not adequately trained in their school administration programs and believed they needed additional training and support to implement trauma-informed practices. The Culturally Responsive, Trauma-informed Educator Identity framework outlines essential knowledge and skills needed to promote trauma-informed practices, and implications for critical supervision are explored.


An Analysis Of The Education System In Turkey: Supervision Policies Between The Years 1980 – 2021, Anıl K. Eranıl, Ali Erkan Barış Dec 2022

An Analysis Of The Education System In Turkey: Supervision Policies Between The Years 1980 – 2021, Anıl K. Eranıl, Ali Erkan Barış

Journal of Educational Supervision

This article intends to delineate the policy of the supervision system, which is a sub-system of the Turkish education system, for the years 1980-2021, through policy analysis. A systematic literature review (SLR) analyzed the research findings of 44 studies. The findings of the study were categorized according to four main themes that Eranıl (2021) pinpointed as the critical periods in the history of the Turkish education system. Critical periods were classified as a post-coup period: (1980-1997), compulsory eight-year education period: (1997-2005), constructivist period: (2005-2012), 4 + 4 + 4 education system period: (2012 and later). The results of the research …


Integrating The Experiential Learning Cycle With Educational Supervision, Stephen P. Gordon Dec 2022

Integrating The Experiential Learning Cycle With Educational Supervision, Stephen P. Gordon

Journal of Educational Supervision

Kolb’s experiential learning cycle includes concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. This paper first examines some preliminary questions concerning the rationale for exploring the use of Kolb’s experiential learning in supervision. Kolb’s experiential learning theory, as well as four supervision models compatible with his learning cycle, are reviewed. Guidelines are suggested for integrating the experiential learning cycle with clinical supervision, collaborative action research, lesson study, and the collegial support group. Different types of research are recommended for studying the integration of the experiential learning cycle with supervision.


Leading For School Change In A Divided Community, Casey Jakubowski Oct 2022

Leading For School Change In A Divided Community, Casey Jakubowski

Journal of Educational Supervision

This case study examines the intersection of rural education, new leadership, and supervising teachers when a power imbalance exists. Using a real-life example of supervision and professional interactions, this case study focuses future administrators on the real-life conflicts inherent in supervision and employee rights. The case study examines the inherent power dynamics in some rural school systems, where changing demographics have resulted in the dissonance between what the Board of Education, the superintendent, and a newly appointed principal see as an educational environment for cultural responsiveness which acknowledges changes in the community and the pre-existing, established norms. The interactions between …


Socioscientific Issues-Based Instruction: The Messier Side Of (Leading) Science Teaching, Savannah Graham, Mark Bloom, Sarah Quebec Fuentes, Jo Beth Jimerson Oct 2022

Socioscientific Issues-Based Instruction: The Messier Side Of (Leading) Science Teaching, Savannah Graham, Mark Bloom, Sarah Quebec Fuentes, Jo Beth Jimerson

Journal of Educational Supervision

The present case centers on a socioscientific issues-based lesson taught by a preservice teacher (PST) in an AP Biology class. The PST designed and delivered a lesson on disease transmission and ways to avoid infection with connections to the COVID-19 pandemic mask mandates and vaccine reticence. The Principal received several emails from parents (positive and negative), citing the incorporation of political issues and critical race theory into the science lesson. With this framing, the case depicts how the Principal, PST, university supervisor, and cooperating teacher navigate the situation. The case highlights the role of school leader as instructional leader. In …


Early Childhood Supervision: Tensions In The Advancement Of Developmentally Appropriate And Social-Justice Oriented Practice, Sarah Jean Baker, Sascha C. Mowrey, Denise Cunningham Sep 2022

Early Childhood Supervision: Tensions In The Advancement Of Developmentally Appropriate And Social-Justice Oriented Practice, Sarah Jean Baker, Sascha C. Mowrey, Denise Cunningham

Journal of Educational Supervision

This case examines the complex interactions among university faculty, teacher candidates, and school-based mentor teachers during supervision. In early childhood, among other skills and dispositions, the use of developmentally appropriate practice and an equity focus are important to the overall advancement of teacher candidates’ practice. However, supervisors do not have oversight of the classrooms in which early childhood candidates are placed for field experiences. In some cases, teacher candidates may be expected to conform to or demonstrate practices themselves which are not developmentally appropriate, or which are inequitable. What is the role of the supervising faculty member in these cases, …


Tensions In The Student Teaching Triad: A Case Of Competing Views Of Responsive Instruction For Latinx Students, Juan M. Gerardo, Evthokia S. Saclarides Sep 2022

Tensions In The Student Teaching Triad: A Case Of Competing Views Of Responsive Instruction For Latinx Students, Juan M. Gerardo, Evthokia S. Saclarides

Journal of Educational Supervision

This case provides opportunities for students to think more deeply about tensions that arise in the pre-service teacher (PST)-mentor teacher-supervisor triad when there are competing views about responsive instruction for Latinx students. Furthermore, this case illustrates how shared social identities among triad members do not necessarily mean there is a shared stance of how to work with Latinx students that aligns with research-based recommendations. The accompanying teaching notes, discussion questions, and classroom activities expose students to relevant literature, introduce them to the concept of courageous conversations, and enable them to role play.


The Complexities And Discourse Of Supervision For Equity And Justice In Teaching And Teacher Education, Stefanie D. Livers, A. Minor Baker, Patricia Guerra, Melanie Acosta Sep 2022

The Complexities And Discourse Of Supervision For Equity And Justice In Teaching And Teacher Education, Stefanie D. Livers, A. Minor Baker, Patricia Guerra, Melanie Acosta

Journal of Educational Supervision

Supervision is essential to the preparation, support, and retention of teachers and other educational professionals. There are many models and responsibilities of supervisors at all levels. We discuss responsibilities of supervision during teacher preparation, within school contexts, and equity and freedom minded supervision. Additionally, we introduce this special issue. The special issue explores both the complexity and discourse found within situations and contexts pertaining to equity and social justice. Exploring cases of supervision allows for reflection, discussion, and problem solving. Each of these cases call for support and preparation for supervisors as they work within contexts and situations where equitable …


The Restrictive Concepts Of Teacher Evaluation And Their Discourse Communities, Helen M. Hazi Apr 2022

The Restrictive Concepts Of Teacher Evaluation And Their Discourse Communities, Helen M. Hazi

Journal of Educational Supervision

Teacher evaluation is a personnel practice in education and a field of study with multiple discourse communities, including a community in supervision. Many concepts from these discourse communities have influenced practice over time. In this article, I place teacher evaluation as a practice originating in the intersection of supervision and administration, describe its tumultuous relationship with supervision, and identify the many concepts that restrict its practice with examples of scholarship. This article is important “fieldwork” that scholars must periodically conduct on their niche to better understand its audiences, scope, and influences. Examples of fieldwork include: analyses of scholarship, collections on …