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Full-Text Articles in Education

Methodology Of Programming Of Problems Concerning Python Database, Doniyor Eshbayevich Toshtemirov, Yanglish Egamnazarovna Djumoboyeva Jun 2021

Methodology Of Programming Of Problems Concerning Python Database, Doniyor Eshbayevich Toshtemirov, Yanglish Egamnazarovna Djumoboyeva

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

This article offers you some recommendation tips on how to program in Python database. The Python programming language uses the List data type to solve many programming problems. The List function is a type of data declaration similar to Array, which is available in other programming languages and differs from them in some respects. This article also provides detailed information about the List function, as well as solutions to several programming problems. Python is one of the most convenient programming languages for programming database issues. Creating a database and accessing a database is especially important in programming practice. In the …


Pedagogical Value Of Developing Playing Chess Among Primary Schoolchildren, Umidjon Kuchkarovich Khalikov Jun 2021

Pedagogical Value Of Developing Playing Chess Among Primary Schoolchildren, Umidjon Kuchkarovich Khalikov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

This article, in accordance with the decrees and orders of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, highlights the ways agreed with the resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on teaching chess to younger schoolchildren, the formation of logic of younger schoolchildren through the study of chess, as well as the formation of their personal qualities through the use of chess games. The chess game develops their attention, perception, memory and logical thinking, as well as the ability to make decisions, increases the patriotic spirit, requires attention as a unique means of forming a sense of loyalty …


Phonetic Repeatitions In Usman Azim's Poetry, Umidjon Shavkatovich Egamov Jun 2021

Phonetic Repeatitions In Usman Azim's Poetry, Umidjon Shavkatovich Egamov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article analyzes the methodological features of repetitions used in the poetry of Usmon Azim from a linguo-poetic point of view. The artistic repetitions used in the poet's works provided melody, increased emotionality, showed the figurative meaning, emphasized a certain unity of speech, provided a connection between lines or verses, enhanced the expressiveness of the image, and created harmony of content and form. Usman Azim skillfully used such types of phonetic repetition as alliteration, gemination, and assonance. The article demonstrates the poet's ability to use these tools.


Hamlet’S Character, Xonimqul Tojiev, G‘Ulom Shayzakov Jun 2021

Hamlet’S Character, Xonimqul Tojiev, G‘Ulom Shayzakov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

To understand even some traits of the protagonist‟s character is a task of art an easy one. To solve the problem demands us obligatory compulsory thorough and accurate literary survey of scientific works on the issues of the producers‟ investigations. This article reveals Hamlet‟s relation to his former classmates Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, presently the king landing appointed new to say on the Prince, underlines emphasizes devotion Horatioʻs to Hamlet, brings to light problems, on which we should play special attention in translating the tragedy of Shakespeare into other language. Among the Shakespeareans who studied, Hamlet scholars. The list of those …


Study And Lexical Structure Of Microtoponymy Of Koshrabat District, Bakhodir Shakarboevich Nurmukhammedov Jun 2021

Study And Lexical Structure Of Microtoponymy Of Koshrabat District, Bakhodir Shakarboevich Nurmukhammedov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

As economic, trade, educational and tourism ties between countries grow and develop, there is growing interest in maps, toponyms that keep the properties of geographic objects and the meanings of the terms contained in them secret. One of the emerging and rapidly developing areas of Uzbek linguistics is Uzbek toponymy. Famous horses are a lexical layer, which in its origin, essence and functions is closely related to the spirituality, ideology, and culture of the people. Because toponyms include past history, socio-political and philosophical views of the Uzbek people; ethnographic, religious views. In this sense, toponymy is the cultural, spiritual, linguistic …


The Practice Of Financing Real Sector Enterprises Through The Placement Of Shares, Alisher Ruzimurodovich Bozorov Jun 2021

The Practice Of Financing Real Sector Enterprises Through The Placement Of Shares, Alisher Ruzimurodovich Bozorov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

In our country, special attention is paid to the formation and gradual improvement of the foundations of a market economy, first of all, the legal framework. In particular, in order to ensure the efficient functioning of the financial market of our country, the securities market is developing rapidly. This article examines the role of real sector enterprises in the country's economy, the state of their financing through securities. The activities of real sector enterprises in the stock market are considered. Relevant literature was analyzed. Recommendations for using the literature are given. Also analyzed the public offering and results of shares …


Increasing The Stability Of Explicit Finite-Difference Schemes When Modeling Dynamic Problems Of Thermoelasticity, Aziz Abdukayumovich Kalandarov, Abdukayum Kalandarov Jun 2021

Increasing The Stability Of Explicit Finite-Difference Schemes When Modeling Dynamic Problems Of Thermoelasticity, Aziz Abdukayumovich Kalandarov, Abdukayum Kalandarov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article formulates mathematical and numerical models of thermoelastic processes in the form of dynamic coupled boundary value problems. The related problems of thermoelasticity are one of the important areas of mathematical and computer modeling. The article proposes classical explicit finite-difference relations and a rhombus scheme, which makes it possible to increase the stability of explicit schemes in the numerical solution of coupled dynamic problems of thermoelasticity. As an example, a one-dimensional coupled dynamic problem for isotropic bodies is numerically solved using various explicit finite-difference schemes. A software package has been developed for the numerical solution and visualization of the …


Creating A Low-Grade High-Moisture Cotton Cleaning Device, Muksin Tadjievich Khodjiev, Shakhbozbek Shavkatzhonovich Isaev Jun 2021

Creating A Low-Grade High-Moisture Cotton Cleaning Device, Muksin Tadjievich Khodjiev, Shakhbozbek Shavkatzhonovich Isaev

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

This article describes the issues of creating a low-grade high-moisture cotton cleaning device. The working principle of the created device, the scheme of creation is described in drawings and pictures. A supply device for the smooth delivery of raw cotton is installed at the initial stage of the cleaning process. At the same time, the process of simultaneous supply of different types of raw cotton was studied. The supply drum ensures that the cotton raw material is delivered to the pile drums at the same time to clean it of fine contaminants. The process of processing the supplier comes down …


Problems Ofmarried Girl-Students’ Reproductive Health, Akmal Abduganievich Taniberdiev, Oktam Raimkulovych Eshonkulov Jun 2021

Problems Ofmarried Girl-Students’ Reproductive Health, Akmal Abduganievich Taniberdiev, Oktam Raimkulovych Eshonkulov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article discusses the theoretical aspects of the study of reproductive health: the essence of the concept, factors affecting reproductive health, the current state and social consequences of changes in the reproductive health of young people. This topic is widely studied in Russian literature. The article presents an analysis of the works of M. S. Bedny, R. K. Ignatieva, dealing with the protection of motherhood. Also known in the field of reproductive health are the works of A.G. Vishnevsky - the author of publications on demography, T.V. Lodkina - a specialist in family pedagogy, etc. In 2020, a sociological study …


The Used New Pedagogical Technologies In Lesson Of Discipline “Biology And Ecology Of Medicine Plants”, Khazratkul Kilichevich Karshibaev Jun 2021

The Used New Pedagogical Technologies In Lesson Of Discipline “Biology And Ecology Of Medicine Plants”, Khazratkul Kilichevich Karshibaev

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

Thisarticle is devoted to improving the system of teaching the subject "Biology and Ecology of MedicinePlants" on the basis discipline of new pedagogical technologies. The methods used in teaching the biological and ecological properties of plants, as well as the formation of specific skills and special competencies of students in the cultivation and creation of plantations of medicinal plants are analyzed. The main conceptual approaches to the development of educational technologies are identified, as well as interactive methods used in training sessions. When teaching the subject "Biology and Ecology of MedicinePlants”, in the lecture lessons, it is recommended to use …


Problems Arising During The Development Of Students’ Interest In National Values While Teaching The Subject Of The History Of Uzbekistan And Pedagogical Mechanisms Of Their Prevention, Bakhodir Khakimjonovich Khakimjonov Jun 2021

Problems Arising During The Development Of Students’ Interest In National Values While Teaching The Subject Of The History Of Uzbekistan And Pedagogical Mechanisms Of Their Prevention, Bakhodir Khakimjonovich Khakimjonov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

This article provides detailed information on the pedagogical problems that arise when pupils become more active during the lessons of the History of Uzbekistan, develop their interest in national values, the reasons and ways to eliminate educational gaps in pupils’ knowledge and the tasks assigned to teachers in organizing and managing the pedagogical process. It also shows the pedagogical mechanisms of creating a creative environment in the classroom by strengthening pupils’ knowledge in the field of the subject by directing them to independent work, i.e. by referring to research work. Teachers of the History of Uzbekistan were given pedagogical advice …


The Content Of The Language Professional-Gnostic Training Of An English Teacher, Erkin Ergashevich Hamdamov Jun 2021

The Content Of The Language Professional-Gnostic Training Of An English Teacher, Erkin Ergashevich Hamdamov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

This article is devoted to the research on the linguistic professional-gnostic training of English teachers and its content. Researchers' views on the term "educational content" are compared. The article offers suggestions on how to make changes to the curriculum. The results of the experiment are also described.


Creation Of Morphological Dictionaries As A Factor Of Development Of Uzbek Theoretical Morphology, Fazliddin Galievich Sharipov Jun 2021

Creation Of Morphological Dictionaries As A Factor Of Development Of Uzbek Theoretical Morphology, Fazliddin Galievich Sharipov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article talks about the history of the study of Uzbek lexicography, as well as achievements and shortcomings in this area. In addition, works on lexicography in world linguistics are described in detail, i.e. the creation of dictionaries, the goals and objectives of the original dictionaries, the results of scientific research and shortcomings in this area. But the question of what should be today's lexicology is still open. For this reason, it is obvious that the development of the theoretical morphology of the Uzbek language is impossible without morphological dictionaries.


Fahruddin Ali Safi's Teaching About Being, Umid Nasriddinovich Mavlyanov Jun 2021

Fahruddin Ali Safi's Teaching About Being, Umid Nasriddinovich Mavlyanov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

This article focuses on fundamental ontological and philosophical views of the representative of the Central Asian Renaissance Ali Safi, who in their writings have found a «consensus» between the official theology of Sunni Islam and the philosophical teachings of the «Greek Sciences» and their Eastern representatives. The fundamental features of the philosophical Outlook of the scientist are given: true commitment to Sunnism, objective idealism. In addition, the author seeks to show Ali Mafia as a tolerant representative of his society. The author found out that the entire medieval concept of Islamic philosophy, as well as the objective monism of Sufism …


Influence Of Bioethics On National Culture, Shahlo Mukhtorovna Isakhova Jun 2021

Influence Of Bioethics On National Culture, Shahlo Mukhtorovna Isakhova

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

This article is about the direct impact of bioethics on our national culture, cultural spheres of society. Any emerging new worldviews and concepts arise on the basis of old ones. A new worldview reveals new elements as a requirement for the development of society of its time. Bioethics in the process of its development has a certain impact on the national culture of peoples.


The Era Of Initial Iron Age Material Culture In The Mid-Syrdarya, Bahodir Bosimovich Tuychiboev Jun 2021

The Era Of Initial Iron Age Material Culture In The Mid-Syrdarya, Bahodir Bosimovich Tuychiboev

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The early Iron Age of Central Asia has its own characteristics. The pastoralist tribes of the middle reaches of the Syr Darya gradually began to engage in agriculture, having determined their permanent settlements in places favorable for this. Burguluk culture was an early agricultural culture of the population of the Tashkent oasis. Burguluk culture was divided into two stages: Burguluk I (IX-VII centuries BC) and Burguluk II (VI-IV centuries BC). The early urban culture of the Tashkent oasis was based on the economic and cultural heritage of the farmers of the Burguluk culture. The article examines the process of studying …


Description Of Transparent Barriers To The Heat Dissipation Of The Coefficients Of Radiactive – Convective To The Temperature Regime Of The Air Inside The Solar Passive Devices, Abduraxmon Abdullayev, Baxtiyar Abduraxmonovich Abdullayev, Sarvar Boqiyev, Muxammad Abduvaxobov, Sarvinoz Nishanova Jun 2021

Description Of Transparent Barriers To The Heat Dissipation Of The Coefficients Of Radiactive – Convective To The Temperature Regime Of The Air Inside The Solar Passive Devices, Abduraxmon Abdullayev, Baxtiyar Abduraxmonovich Abdullayev, Sarvar Boqiyev, Muxammad Abduvaxobov, Sarvinoz Nishanova

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article describes transparent barriers to the heat dissipation of the coefficients of radiactive – convective to the temperature regime of the air inside the solar passive devices. The article discusses in detail the issues of improving the light – transmiting coatings of semi – cylindrical film – transparent transparent barrier solar passive devices. Smallsized solar devices (solar green house solar water heaters, solar dryers, solar dryers) with a single and two – layer semi – c ylindricaln trans porent ligt - barreer and a device for short – term accumulation of daily excess solar radiation heat. Interactive calculation methad …


Early Periods Of Ontogenesis Of Lycium Сhinense Mill., Introduced In Mirzachul, Khazratkul Kilichevich Karshibaev, Mavluda Amanova Jun 2021

Early Periods Of Ontogenesis Of Lycium Сhinense Mill., Introduced In Mirzachul, Khazratkul Kilichevich Karshibaev, Mavluda Amanova

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article is devoted to the study of the initial periods of the ontogenesis of the L. сhinense (dereza, Tibetan barberry, Goji, wolfberry) introduced in the Mirzachul conditions. The periodization was carried out according to the "Ontogenetic Atlas of plants", developed by the leader of L. A. Jukova (2007). When determining the boundaries of the age range of an person, the criteria proposed for flowering plants were used (L. B. Zaugolnova et al., 1988). L. сhinense is a perennial plants, deciduous shrub, reaching 1.2 – 2.0 m in height. The fruit is oblong in shape, 11-27 mm long and 7-11 …


Chemical Analysis Of The Soil Of Plants Taraxacum Officinanale Wigg. And Taraxacum Kok-Saghyz Rodin, Sohiba Shomirzaevna Yuldasheva Jun 2021

Chemical Analysis Of The Soil Of Plants Taraxacum Officinanale Wigg. And Taraxacum Kok-Saghyz Rodin, Sohiba Shomirzaevna Yuldasheva

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

There are such environmental issues in the world as the development of the economy and technology of countries, the growth of production rates, environmental change as a result of an increase in population, pollution of soil, water and atmospheric air, as well as a reduction in biological resources. The number of CO2, N2O, CH4 gases and fluorine compounds in the biosphere increases from year to year, especially as a result of an increase in industrial waste, their negative impact on air pollution. Harmful impurities in the atmosphere also negatively affect the soil. The article describes the toxic effects of heavy …


On The Reproduction Of Some Species Of Esparcet Genus (Onobrychis Mill.) In Arid Conditions, Zarina Jumaeva Jun 2021

On The Reproduction Of Some Species Of Esparcet Genus (Onobrychis Mill.) In Arid Conditions, Zarina Jumaeva

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of reproduction two specias of esparcet (Onobrychis pulchella Schrenk and O. seravchanica B. Fedtsch.) in arid conditions of Uzbekistan. Research on the reproduction of esparcet species is of great practical importance, since it contributes to the conservation of biological diversity and the selection of phytomeliorants for the restoration of degraded pastures of the arid zone. In the study of plant reproduction, the works of A. N. Ponomarev (1960), N. F. Satsyperova (1993), O. A. Ashurmetov and H. K. Karshibaev (2008), X. Karshibayeva (2016) were used with some additions. The mechanism of opening and …


Dependence Of The Content Of Trans-Isomerized Fatty Acids On Hydrogenate Indicators, Karim Karshievich Sattarov, Kahramon Halimovich Majidov Jun 2021

Dependence Of The Content Of Trans-Isomerized Fatty Acids On Hydrogenate Indicators, Karim Karshievich Sattarov, Kahramon Halimovich Majidov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

There is a growing demand in the world for vegetable oils and products of their processing, in particular, hydrogenated fats. The production of vegetable oils in 2019 was 15.5 million in the USA, 3.8 in Russia, 36.9 in China, 70.8 in Central Asia and 26.8 million tons in Europe. Taking into account the increase in the production of vegetable oils, the demand for the production of margarine products and confectionery fats, which are based on target edible hydrogenated fats, is increasing. The production of margarine products has recently increased to 9500 tons. per year, and the leading positions in its …


Socio-Political, Spiritual And Moral Views Of Zainiddin Vasifi, Ravshanbek Jalilovich Mahmudov, Temur Bobir Ogli Abdullaev Mar 2021

Socio-Political, Spiritual And Moral Views Of Zainiddin Vasifi, Ravshanbek Jalilovich Mahmudov, Temur Bobir Ogli Abdullaev

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

Zainiddin Abdujalil Vasifi, a young contemporary of Alisher Navoi, lived in the late 15thand early 16thcenturies. It is known from the sources that Zainiddin Vasifi wrote a number of works, but his work "Badoe ul-Wakoe" ("Rare Events") was translated from Persian and has come down to us. The thinker provides valuable information about the social and political life of Khorasan, the cultural life of Herat, Alisher Navoi, Hussein Vaz Kashifi, Fakhriddin Ali Safi, Hussein Boykaro. This work presents valuable information about the cultural life of the 16th century, the spiritual heritage of scientists, worldview, morality, human qualities of people of …


Developingstudents’Interest In National Values Through The Use Of Fine Arts Works In Teaching The History Of Uzbekistan, Sulaymon Amirkulovich Haydarov, Bahodir Xakimjonovich Xakimjonov Mar 2021

Developingstudents’Interest In National Values Through The Use Of Fine Arts Works In Teaching The History Of Uzbekistan, Sulaymon Amirkulovich Haydarov, Bahodir Xakimjonovich Xakimjonov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The visual arts used in history lessons have their own requirements, just like other history textbooks, and the process for fulfilling these requirements is different. The visual arts used in history lessons solve a number of problems. The bulk of the teaching of history is conducted in the form of lessons. That is, students receive the main content of educational materials in the classroom, that is, during the lesson. While the use of historical documents and art collections with historical themes in history lessons is illustrated through the teacher's speech, visual aids provide students with a vivid and clear picture …


Applications Of The Improper Integrals To The Physical Process, Husanboy Norjigitov, Iroda Dustnazarova Mar 2021

Applications Of The Improper Integrals To The Physical Process, Husanboy Norjigitov, Iroda Dustnazarova

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

Studying the magnetic field of current, Bio and Savar came to the conclusion that the force with which the current acts on the magnetic charge can be considered as equal to the forces, as if coming from individual infinitesimal current elements. In this paper, we study the physical applications of definite and improper integrals. It also provides an in-depth analysis of the famous Bio-Savard Laplace's law in physics. It was calculating that this is the power acting on the current through l long conductor and the gravitational attraction of the body. Various descriptive schemes were used to describe computational processes. …


Problems Of Predicting The Success Of Plant Introduction In Uzbekustan Conditions, Igor Vladimirovich Belolipov, Khazratkul Kilichievich Karshibaev, Nodira Ziyodovna Arabova, Avaz Musaevich Islamov Mar 2021

Problems Of Predicting The Success Of Plant Introduction In Uzbekustan Conditions, Igor Vladimirovich Belolipov, Khazratkul Kilichievich Karshibaev, Nodira Ziyodovna Arabova, Avaz Musaevich Islamov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article deals to bring theoretical and practical aspect of successful result introduction wild plants Uzbekistan flora. The authors, based on the results of long-term introduction studies of more than 700 species of indigenous flora in the conditions of the Botanical Garden and the Tashkent experimental site of the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, established that ecological-introduction analysis is one of the main stages in proqnosis the successful of plant introduction. When studying plants using the ecological-introduction method, the main effort is directed to collecting the maximum amount of materials about the …


Technology Forming The Gnostic Competence Of Future Teachers Of Foreign Language, Erkin Ergashevich Hamdamov Mar 2021

Technology Forming The Gnostic Competence Of Future Teachers Of Foreign Language, Erkin Ergashevich Hamdamov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The article discusses a number of technologies that contribute to the development of professional competence of students, among which: independent educational activity, which determines the ability of a future language teacher's language personality to practically reorganize their own activities, which leads to an interlingual and intercultural language personality.


Characteristics Of The Development Of Medicine In The Temurian Period, Obid Raximovich Nazarov Mar 2021

Characteristics Of The Development Of Medicine In The Temurian Period, Obid Raximovich Nazarov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

In the second half of the fourteenth century, a large Timurid state was formed with its center in Movorunnakhr. The founder of this state was the great statesman and commander Amir Temur. He united many neighboring countries and founded the great Timurid state. It included Movarounnahr, Khorasan, Khorezm, the former Golden Horde, India, Iran and Turkey. The Timurid state was highly developed politically, economically and culturally. Timur attached great importance to the development of the country, especially Movarounnahr, its founder. Huge buildings were built in the cities. Luxurious palaces, mosques, caravanserais, roads, bridges, cisterns and baths were built. Hospitals, clinics …


The Use Of Physiologically Active Substances In The Biosorption Of Iron (Iii) Ion, Ugilay Koxxorovna Abdurahmanova, Habibjon Hojiboboyevich Qushiyev, Muxriddin Shuxrat O’Gli Xudoynazarov, Sardor Abdujalil O’Gli Majidov Mar 2021

The Use Of Physiologically Active Substances In The Biosorption Of Iron (Iii) Ion, Ugilay Koxxorovna Abdurahmanova, Habibjon Hojiboboyevich Qushiyev, Muxriddin Shuxrat O’Gli Xudoynazarov, Sardor Abdujalil O’Gli Majidov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

This article proposes a simple and rapid method for the spectrophotometric determination of iron (III) using a physiologically active compound - the mono ammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (MASGA). The spectral characteristics of the MASGK-Fe (III) complex - absorption maxima (λmax = 440nm) and the actual molar extinction coefficient (ε = 3,425 × 102) were determined. The experimental results showed that when using a universal buffer solution, the complex compound had the maximum optical density. Therefore, in subsequent studies, a universal buffer solution with pH = 5 was used. The experimental results showed that the optical density of the complex …


Automodeled - Solution To The Problem Of Ground Water Dynamics In The Presence Of Nonlinear Evaporation, Kengash Jamuratov Mar 2021

Automodeled - Solution To The Problem Of Ground Water Dynamics In The Presence Of Nonlinear Evaporation, Kengash Jamuratov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

The problem of determining the level of groundwater near reservoirs, taking into account evaporation from the surface of groundwater, is reduced to a boundary value problem with an unknown boundary for a parabolic equation. The condition for the problem (motion) to be self-similar is established. A problem with an unknown boundary is distinguished and investigated, which differs from the well-known problems of Stefan, Verigin, Florin. The problem under consideration describes the filtration process near new canals and reservoirs, taking into account evaporation, which is a nonlinear finite function of time and groundwater level. A separate method of linearization of the …


Study Of The Thermal And Temperature Conditions Of Flat And Inclined Lands, Shavki Kulaganovich Niyozov, Abdurahmon Abdullaev, Rustam Ummatkulovich Elmurodov, Shahzod Xolmat O‘G‘Li O‘Tkirov Mar 2021

Study Of The Thermal And Temperature Conditions Of Flat And Inclined Lands, Shavki Kulaganovich Niyozov, Abdurahmon Abdullaev, Rustam Ummatkulovich Elmurodov, Shahzod Xolmat O‘G‘Li O‘Tkirov

Bulletin of Gulistan State University

Prior to sowing seeds of agricultural crops, awareness of the thermal, water, and light regimes of the land is of great importance. In this article, we studied the thermal and temperature conditions of flat and inclined lands through the heat transfer equations in the soil. At the same time, the temperature invariance at a certain depth from the soil surface was mainly obtained, on the basis of which a formula for calculating the soil temperature from the sediment was derived by the method of harmonic analysis. In addition, formulas for flat Land and temperature regimes of 10˚, 20˚, 30˚ slopes …