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Full-Text Articles in Tourism and Travel

A Review Of River And Small Ship Cruising In The Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, And Eastern Canadian Markets, Mark Mitchell, Michael Dowd, Paul Clark Apr 2024

A Review Of River And Small Ship Cruising In The Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, And Eastern Canadian Markets, Mark Mitchell, Michael Dowd, Paul Clark

Atlantic Marketing Journal

Currently, there is a lack of cruise industry related articles in the tourism, business, and marketing literature. This manuscript provides an overview of river and small ship cruise activity in the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada in three geographic clusters and waterways: (1) Mid-Atlantic Coast; (2) New England Coast and Canadian Maritimes; and (3) Eastern Canada & the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The existing cruise options in each market are identified. The operating characteristics of this region that aid and challenge cruise operators are then explored. Finally, the Product-Market Growth Matrix is used to present growth strategies available to …


An Exploratory Study On The Use Of Artificial Intelligence For Tourism Marketing In The Midwest, Callyn Anderson, Marisol Banda, Katie Hale Apr 2024

An Exploratory Study On The Use Of Artificial Intelligence For Tourism Marketing In The Midwest, Callyn Anderson, Marisol Banda, Katie Hale

SACAD: John Heinrichs Scholarly and Creative Activity Days

Rural tourism plays a significant role in fostering economic development, preserving cultural heritage and promoting sustainable practices. It creates employment opportunities for local residents, both directly in the tourism sector and indirectly in supporting industries. Marketing tourism in rural communities requires a strategic approach that highlights the unique aspects of the area, promotes sustainable practices, and engages potential visitors. A strong understanding of marketing tools and techniques are critical in the usage of marketing ("); border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; background-size: 5px; font-size: 18pt; font-family: "Book Antiqua", "Book Antiqua_EmbeddedFont", "Book Antiqua_MSFontService", "Book Antiqua_MSFontService", Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px; font-kerning: normal; line-height: 6px; …


What Hospitality And Tourism Higher Educators Learned From Covid-19: A Case Of Turkiye, Ayse Collins, Ayse S. Dulger, Muharrem Tuna, Muzaffer Uysal Mar 2024

What Hospitality And Tourism Higher Educators Learned From Covid-19: A Case Of Turkiye, Ayse Collins, Ayse S. Dulger, Muharrem Tuna, Muzaffer Uysal

Journal of Global Education and Research

Among all the sectors, the hospitality and tourism sector has been detrimentally affected by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research aimed to determine how changes have been experienced specifically in the Turkish tourism higher education and tourism sector. Twenty-seven academics from the hospitality and tourism education departments were interviewed. Most agreed that restrictions have limited student access to hands-on practical courses and internships, which are crucial to developing necessary competencies. Moreover, the results showed the curriculum does not always meet the needs of the hospitality industry for a trained and skilled workforce. The challenge is to decide what …


A Closer Look At Visitors' Immersion In China's Theme Parks, Xiaoxiao Fu, Carissa Baker Feb 2024

A Closer Look At Visitors' Immersion In China's Theme Parks, Xiaoxiao Fu, Carissa Baker

Rosen Research Review

Engaging life experiences can become deeply entrenched in the human memory, facilitating mind associations, stimulating the imagination, and inspiring rich storytelling. UCF Rosen College of Hospitality Management's Associate Professor Xiaoxiao Fu and Assistant Professor Carissa Baker, along with their co-authors, recently collected the subjective accounts of 30 people who had visited renowned theme parks in China. By analyzing these first-person tales, the researchers were then able to pin-point patterns and processes that characterized the respondents' immersion in experiences at the Chinese theme parks.


Rethinking Events Over Thirty Years Of Research, Michael B. Duignan Feb 2024

Rethinking Events Over Thirty Years Of Research, Michael B. Duignan

Rosen Research Review

Events are often pitched as business opportunities for the tourism and hospitality sector, but look deeper, and a far more compelling narrative emerges. In examining thirty years of events-related research, Dr. Michael Duignan of UCF Rosen College of Hospitality Management has uncovered a highly complex and emerging field of study with significant value for the sector. It is also attracting the eye of researchers from other disciplines looking for insights into why people are drawn to share experiences.


Can Humor Help Sell A Tourist Destination Online?, Maksim Godovykh, Xiaoxiao Fu Feb 2024

Can Humor Help Sell A Tourist Destination Online?, Maksim Godovykh, Xiaoxiao Fu

Rosen Research Review

Destination marketers pack a lot into their websites, assuming potential visitors want detailed information. But perhaps they're missing a simple trick to attracting the attention of potential travelers and getting them to connect with what's on offer: a dash of humor. But humor is a doubleedged sword; experimenting with it can be potentially damaging. However, research by Dr. Maksim Godovykh and Dr. Xiaoxiao Fu at UCF's Rosen College of Hospitality Management has shown that even making light of a crisis can help boost attitudes and intentions.


Ucf's Infectious Disease And Travel Health Initiative: Pioneering Resilience For A Healthier Tomorrow, Chait Renduchintala, Frank Badu-Baiden Feb 2024

Ucf's Infectious Disease And Travel Health Initiative: Pioneering Resilience For A Healthier Tomorrow, Chait Renduchintala, Frank Badu-Baiden

Rosen Research Review

In a world grappling with the profound challenges posed by infectious diseases and global travel, the University of Central Florida (UCF) stands at the forefront of groundbreaking research and innovation. An exceptional new initiative—the Infectious Disease and Travel Health Initiative—is set to revolutionize how we approach health resilience, disease outbreak mitigation, traveler safety, and the continuity of essential services. Spearheaded by eminent researchers from UCF's College of Medicine, including Dr. Kenneth A. Alexander, Dr. Griff Parks, Dr. Eric Schrimshaw, and Dr. Taj Azarian, along with Dr. Robertico Croes, principal investigator from the UCF Rosen College of Hospitality Management, this initiative …


More Than Income: How Americans Feel About Their Finances And How It Affects Their Travel Plans, Jorge Ridderstaat Feb 2024

More Than Income: How Americans Feel About Their Finances And How It Affects Their Travel Plans, Jorge Ridderstaat

Rosen Research Review

Associate Professor Jorge Ridderstaat of UCF Rosen College of Hospitality Management has examined how Americans feel about their finances and how it affects their travel plans. This study provides new, multifaceted details on how U.S. consumer finances can affect their travel decisions, providing valuable behavioral insights for authorities and policymakers when managing tourist destinations effectively.


Promoting Accessible Tourism At Mega-Events: Bridging The Disability-Attitude Gap, Michael B. Duignan, Alan Fyall Feb 2024

Promoting Accessible Tourism At Mega-Events: Bridging The Disability-Attitude Gap, Michael B. Duignan, Alan Fyall

Rosen Research Review

UCF Rosen College of Hospitality Management's Associate Professor Michael B. Duignan and Associate Dean, Academic Affairs, Alan Fyall collaborated with a team of fellow researchers to examine Tokyo 2020's potential to challenge ableist norms. Highlighting Japan's efforts to promote inclusive tourism for Persons with Disabilities (PwD), their collaborative study highlights the tourism sector's ongoing gaps. They argue that mega-events like the Olympics can be pivotal in driving inclusivity, addressing both physical and social barriers. Dive into this revealing examination of the interplay between tourism, events, and societal change.


Research, Planning, And Development Of A University-Based Retirement Community (Ubrc): A Strategic Lodging Opportunity, Tevfik Demirciftci, Britt Mathwich, Fred Demicco Feb 2024

Research, Planning, And Development Of A University-Based Retirement Community (Ubrc): A Strategic Lodging Opportunity, Tevfik Demirciftci, Britt Mathwich, Fred Demicco

ICHRIE Research Reports

University-Based Retirement Communities (UBRCs) are a growing trend among universities and senior living. UBRCs are an intriguing concept that benefits retirees and universities as they bring alums back to campus for their residences. This study investigates the interest level and preferences of Colorado Mesa University's alums and retired professors for an on-campus UBRC. This research is the first phase of the planning process for developing and operating a successful UBRC.

Keywords: University-Based Retirement Communities (UBRC), Continuing Care Retirement Communities, Senior Living Communities, Active Adult Communities


Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gai) In Hospitality And Tourism Marketing: Perceptions, Risks, Benefits, And Policy Implications, Usman Khan, Kashif Ali Khan Feb 2024

Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gai) In Hospitality And Tourism Marketing: Perceptions, Risks, Benefits, And Policy Implications, Usman Khan, Kashif Ali Khan

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

This study investigates the integration of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) into hospitality and tourism marketing and its implications for industry professionals in the United States. This study employed a mixed methods approach, gathering qualitative insights from 20 professionals and quantitative data from a sample of 163 participants. The qualitative study revealed concerns about data privacy, customer trust, and ethical considerations regarding GAI implementation. However, participants acknowledged its potential to enhance personalization, engagement, and operational efficiency. The quantitative study supported these findings by showing a level of concern about risks but agreement on the benefits of GAI. Additionally, the participants were …


The Art Of Artificial Intelligence Illusion: Exposing Digital Deception In The Hospitality Industry, Mohamed Youssef Helal, Mahmoud Ibraheam Saleh Feb 2024

The Art Of Artificial Intelligence Illusion: Exposing Digital Deception In The Hospitality Industry, Mohamed Youssef Helal, Mahmoud Ibraheam Saleh

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

This study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) tools influence deceptive digital practices within the hospitality industry. As AI capabilities such as chatbots and language models are increasingly used in the industry, their potential impact on deception warrants examination. A comprehensive review is conducted to analyze how hospitality businesses utilize AI tools and how this shapes deceptive behaviors online. Specifically, the review examines how AI-generated content may erode consumer trust and decision-making. It also explores the emerging use of machine learning to fabricate fake reviews and social media posts. As deception undermines trust in businesses and the industry, the effectiveness of …


Influencers Of Resident Attitudes Towards Tourism: The Shortfall In Our Assessment Methods, Christopher S. Dutt Feb 2024

Influencers Of Resident Attitudes Towards Tourism: The Shortfall In Our Assessment Methods, Christopher S. Dutt

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

The study of residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism has received considerable interest over the years. While much agreement has been found, there are also several areas of disagreement and noteworthy gaps that affect our understanding of residents’ attitudes toward tourism. This discussion reviews some of the existing findings of past studies, before considering some of the significant gaps. These include the dominance of social exchange theory (SET) as the principal model, the lack of distinction between tourists and tourism, and the impact of tourist typologies on perceptions of tourism.


Tourist Engagement Model Of Regenerative Tourism Destinations: A Case Study Of Egon Buluk Tourism Village, Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Michael Rudolfus Sawu, Muhammad Ridla Feb 2024

Tourist Engagement Model Of Regenerative Tourism Destinations: A Case Study Of Egon Buluk Tourism Village, Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Michael Rudolfus Sawu, Muhammad Ridla

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

The research aims to analyze regenerative tourism components products, tourists’ perceptions, tourists’ experiences, and regenerative tourism development policies while involving tourists as co-creators. The research utilizes a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 stakeholders related to the tourist engagement model in the development of tourism destinations at the village scale. This research found that the development of regenerative tourism product components showcases uniqueness and beauty on a massive scale due to being situated in conservation areas. However, there is a need for improvement in other components to provide a sense of safety, comfort, and …


The Impact Of Sharing Economy Platforms On Tourism: Opportunities, Challenges, And Future Directions, Mehmet Bahar Feb 2024

The Impact Of Sharing Economy Platforms On Tourism: Opportunities, Challenges, And Future Directions, Mehmet Bahar

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

The sharing economy is a socio-economic phenomenon where surplus goods and services, aided by technology, are shared mutually among those in need and providers, coming together to exchange these goods and services. Economic crises, environmental issues, changes in social life, and technological advancements have led to the emergence of the sharing economy as an alternative model to existing goods and services. In this regard, the tourism sector has also been affected by this change, offering new travel and holiday alternatives, competitive advantages to stakeholders, the creation of new income sources, and the establishment of a more sustainable approach. Consequently, this …


Leveraging Chatgpt For Writing In Scholarly Publications-Guidelines And Recommendations For Hospitality And Tourism Researchers, Faizan Ali Feb 2024

Leveraging Chatgpt For Writing In Scholarly Publications-Guidelines And Recommendations For Hospitality And Tourism Researchers, Faizan Ali

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

In the ever-evolving landscape of global hospitality and tourism, the first issue of volume third of the Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism embarks on an intellectual journey to explore pressing matters at the intersection of travel, management, culture, and inclusivity. This issue, encompassing a rich array of research papers and viewpoints, delves into multifaceted themes that resonate with the multifarious dimensions of our industry.


Meaningful Work And Job Burnout Among Frontline Employees Of Classified Hotels In Nairobi City County, Kenya: Does Gender Identity Matter?, John Kahuthu Gitau, Rosemarie Ayuma Khayiya, Vincent Nyamari Maranga Feb 2024

Meaningful Work And Job Burnout Among Frontline Employees Of Classified Hotels In Nairobi City County, Kenya: Does Gender Identity Matter?, John Kahuthu Gitau, Rosemarie Ayuma Khayiya, Vincent Nyamari Maranga

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

This study investigates the impact of meaningful work on job burnout (JBO) among frontline employees in Nairobi City County. Data was collected from 309 employees in various hotel categories ranging from two- to five-star-rated hotels. The present study applied the conservation of resources (COR) theory to develop a framework. It found that positive meaning in work had inverse relationships with all aspects of JBO. The negative influence of meaning-making through work significantly affected emotional exhaustion (EE) but not depersonalization (DP) and reduced personal accomplishment (RPA). The study recommends that operators and managers of classified hotels recognize the importance of boosting …


Exploring The Significance Of The Traditional Chef’S Uniform In Making Sense Of Professionalism In Culinary Arts Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, Orla Mc Connell Jan 2024

Exploring The Significance Of The Traditional Chef’S Uniform In Making Sense Of Professionalism In Culinary Arts Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, Orla Mc Connell

European Journal of Food Drink and Society

Previous studies have found that professionalism is an important success factor for chefs. Yet, research on what professionalism “means” to chefs, and how they “make sense” of it, is currently underexplored. While there is some evidence of the significance of the traditional chef’s uniform in professional identity formation, it also needs further consideration. Culinary arts lecturers and chefs have already contributed to these discussions, but the student voice remains largely unknown. Alongside this, there is no prior research specifically on professionalism in culinary arts in Ireland. Therefore, a research gap emerged, which this paper intends to address. Using interpretative phenomenological …


Evaluation Of Street Foods By Tourism Stakeholders: The Case Of Batman, Hasan Önal Şeyhanlıoğlu, Berat Utku Becerikli Dec 2023

Evaluation Of Street Foods By Tourism Stakeholders: The Case Of Batman, Hasan Önal Şeyhanlıoğlu, Berat Utku Becerikli

Journal of Mediterranean Tourism Research

The aim of the research is to reveal the perspective of tourism stakeholders in Batman province on street delicacies. For this purpose, data were collected from 21 local stakeholders in Batman province by semi-structured interview method, which is one of the qualitative data collection techniques. The data of the study were obtained between 25.10.2023 and 25.11.2023. The data were analyzed with the help of the MAXQDA program. It was concluded that the participants had knowledge about Batman’s street delicacies. Another result of the research is that there are problems in the promotion and marketing of street delicacies. According to another …


Social Tourism Entrepreneurship As Tool For Development Of Rural Areas: A Case Study Of Himalayan Region Of Jammu & Kashmir, India, Basith Nabi Wani Reseach Scholar, Danish Iqbal Rania Dr Nov 2023

Social Tourism Entrepreneurship As Tool For Development Of Rural Areas: A Case Study Of Himalayan Region Of Jammu & Kashmir, India, Basith Nabi Wani Reseach Scholar, Danish Iqbal Rania Dr

Journal of Tourism Insights

The promotion of rural tourism has been suggested as a way to promote local economic, social, and cultural renewal. The importance of entrepreneurship in the tourism sector is growing. Since entrepreneurs may be vital in the growth of rural communities, especially those in less industrialized regions, they are frequently confronted with a variety of social issues. Finding new sources of revenue and employment possibilities for them is essential. There is no doubt that entrepreneurial businesses help the host community and the nation's economy. Kashmir's rural areas have certain unique characteristics that can be turned into enticing tourist destinations. This study …


Is Madeira Airport The Beginning Of A Tourism Experience On The Island?, Helena Viríssimo, Jorge Abrantes Sep 2023

Is Madeira Airport The Beginning Of A Tourism Experience On The Island?, Helena Viríssimo, Jorge Abrantes

International Journal of Islands Research

Air transport is the main mode of transport used when traveling to the Autonomous Region of Madeira (ARM), Portugal. The airport and the entire airport infrastructure are essential for tourists to access the island. It is therefore important to assess their importance in the tourism development of the region and, to what extent, being the first and last experience with the destination, they impact the image and perception of passengers about the destination and their future desire to return. The present investigation, being exploratory, intends to evaluate the relationship between passenger satisfaction with airport services and its role in the …


Advances In Managing Tourism Across Continents: Volume 3, Fevzi Okumus, Basak Denizci Guillet, Muharrem Tuna, Seden Dogan Aug 2023

Advances In Managing Tourism Across Continents: Volume 3, Fevzi Okumus, Basak Denizci Guillet, Muharrem Tuna, Seden Dogan

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

Advances in Managing Tourism Across Continents book consists of peer-reviewed (double-blind) research papers that were presented at the third Managing Tourism Across Continents (MTCON23) conference in March 2023. The book is published by the University of South Florida M3 Publishing as open-access.

ISBN 978-1-955833-09-7

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Covid-19 And The “Most Magical Place On Earth”: Applying The Idea Model To Theme Park Crisis Messaging, Lakelyn E. Taylor, Gaurav Panse, Carissa Baker, Deanna Sellnow, Timothy Sellnow, Michael Strawser Aug 2023

Covid-19 And The “Most Magical Place On Earth”: Applying The Idea Model To Theme Park Crisis Messaging, Lakelyn E. Taylor, Gaurav Panse, Carissa Baker, Deanna Sellnow, Timothy Sellnow, Michael Strawser

University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing

The global tourism reaches of Orlando, Florida, and the world’s most visited theme park complex, Walt Disney World, provide a unique context for studying global communication in a tourism setting through the crisis messaging efforts. This study explores the reopening of Walt Disney World and subsequent messaging, specifically from a risk and crisis perspective, using the IDEA model to categorize Disney COVID-19 messages. Using a qualitative, etic approach via a codebook based on the IDEA model, the study results determined whether pandemic messages and mentions (the study’s unit of analysis) addressed internalization, explanation, or action.


Restrictions Are Lifted: The Effect Of Risk Perception Of Covid-19 On Future Travel Intentions Of Dutch Travellers, Rami K. Isaac Aug 2023

Restrictions Are Lifted: The Effect Of Risk Perception Of Covid-19 On Future Travel Intentions Of Dutch Travellers, Rami K. Isaac

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

This study aims to understand better the psychological impact of COVID-19, the risk perception, travel and destination risks of Dutch travellers and their intention to travel when travel restrictions due to COVID-19 are lifted. This study takes a step toward closing the gap in the literature as it provides new insights into the risk perceptions regarding COVID-19 and the travel intentions of Dutch travellers now that travel restrictions are lifted. This study employed a quantitative approach to market research. Questionnaire research was applied. The questionnaire is created with the web-based survey tool Qualtrics. 343 respondents filled in the questionnaire. The …


Editorial: Navigating Hospitality's Diverse Horizons, Faizan Ali Aug 2023

Editorial: Navigating Hospitality's Diverse Horizons, Faizan Ali

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

In the ever-evolving landscape of global hospitality and tourism, the second issue of Volume 2 of the Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism embarks on an intellectual journey to explore pressing matters at the intersection of travel, management, culture, and inclusivity. This issue, encompassing a rich array of research papers and viewpoints, delves into multifaceted themes that resonate with the multifarious dimensions of our industry.


Race And Ethnicity In Hospitality Management: A Review Of Five Major Journals, Shaniel Bernard, Alana Dillette, Stefanie Benjamin Aug 2023

Race And Ethnicity In Hospitality Management: A Review Of Five Major Journals, Shaniel Bernard, Alana Dillette, Stefanie Benjamin

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

Given the large representation of racial and ethnic minorities in the hospitality industry, it is important to understand how race and ethnicity are studied in major hospitality journals, especially due to their influence in informing research fundamental to scientific progress in the hospitality field. Informed by critical theory, this study systematically reviews the evolution of research on race and ethnicity in the top hospitality journals to highlight the possibility of hospitality management research taking a more critical turn to expose potent racial and ethnic counternarratives to the traditional broad scope of diversity management. Three themes emerged from the analysis covering …


Airbnb Purchase Intentions: How Familiarity And Social Media Impacts Millennials, Jaewook Kim, Wenfang Eris Liu Aug 2023

Airbnb Purchase Intentions: How Familiarity And Social Media Impacts Millennials, Jaewook Kim, Wenfang Eris Liu

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

Airbnb is one of the most distinguished sharing economy platforms providing guests accommodations. Despite a high number of individuals who use Airbnb, current behavioral intention model, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), cannot fully explain guests’ decision-making process to choose such accommodation. Especially, with little to no research being tested on the roles of social media influences and familiarity as information sources associated with the TPB model. The objective of this study is to examine the intentions of millennials to use Airbnb and to investigate TPB model with social media influences and familiarity as mediators on purchasing intentions. Through convenience sampling, …


Inclusive Journeys: Unveiling The Imperative Of Accessible Tourism For People With Disabilities, Faizan Ali Aug 2023

Inclusive Journeys: Unveiling The Imperative Of Accessible Tourism For People With Disabilities, Faizan Ali

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

This viewpoint delves into accessible tourism, highlighting its significance in the contemporary travel landscape. With a particular focus on disabled tourists, this piece elucidates their challenges during their journeys and advocates for a comprehensive understanding of their unique needs. The discourse emphasizes the long-overlooked nature of this segment and underscores the crucial reasons for studying and prioritizing accessible tourism. Drawing on existing literature and perspectives, the viewpoint concludes by presenting thought-provoking research questions to advance the discourse surrounding accessible tourism.


Adapting To A Renewed Collective Culture Through A Change In Organizational Behavior, Peter Bheda Aug 2023

Adapting To A Renewed Collective Culture Through A Change In Organizational Behavior, Peter Bheda

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

The dynamic interplay between organizational behavior and cultural transformation is paramount in the ever-evolving landscape of hospitality leadership. As the hospitality industry adapts to post-pandemic shifts, executives grapple with managing successful companies while ensuring effective employee engagement. While profitability surged for many, managing employees remains a complex challenge. Cultivating a thriving culture is a critical solution. Toxic cultures incur tangible and intangible costs, impacting revenues, employee retention, and productivity. The pandemic has underscored the urgency of cultural alignment, prompting leaders to rethink behavior patterns. Engaging leaders across hierarchies as "chief culture officers" promotes accountability, openness, alignment, and leverage, fostering a …


Determinants Of Food Waste: Tpb And Moderating Impact Of Demographics & Guilt, M Mansha Tahir Aug 2023

Determinants Of Food Waste: Tpb And Moderating Impact Of Demographics & Guilt, M Mansha Tahir

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

Increase in number of people dining out significantly contributes to food waste in restaurants. It is crucial to understand the determinants of food waste. Such determinants are influenced by demographics as well as emotional factors. The present study is meant to understand such factors through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Participants’ intentions are influenced by guilt and this study was conducted to examine the moderating role of guilt. Hypotheses were tested with analysis of data collected from 423 participants. Constructs of extended model were analyzed with AMOS (V.21) for structural equation modeling whereas moderations were tested …