Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Keyword
-
- Analysts (5)
- Disclosure (3)
- Audit quality (2)
- Connections (2)
- Gender (2)
-
- LinkedIn (2)
- Managerial learning (2)
- Market efficiency (2)
- Non-GAAP earnings (2)
- Regulation (2)
- Stock price crash risk (2)
- Agency (1)
- All-Star (1)
- All-Star Analysts (1)
- Analyst Coverage (1)
- Analyst forecast (1)
- Analyst forecast dispersion (1)
- Analyst forecast error (1)
- Analyst performance (1)
- Analyst research (1)
- Analysts’ forecast errors (1)
- Analysts’ forecast revisions (1)
- Analysts’ reports (1)
- Asian financial crisis (1)
- Asset-Backed Securities (1)
- Bankruptcy filing (1)
- Benford’s law (1)
- Bid-ask bounce (1)
- Blockchain (1)
- Bond Terms (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 47
Full-Text Articles in Business
The Economic Value Of Blockchain Applications: Early Evidence From Asset-Backed Securities, Xia Chen, Qiang Cheng, Ting Luo
The Economic Value Of Blockchain Applications: Early Evidence From Asset-Backed Securities, Xia Chen, Qiang Cheng, Ting Luo
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
In this paper, we evaluate the economic value of a blockchain application. In the context of asset-backed securities (ABS) issuance in China, where some ABS are issued with blockchain technology and others are not, we find that the use of blockchain significantly reduces the coupon yield at issuance. Compared with other ABS, those issued using blockchain technology experience a decrease of 31.4 basis points in the yield spread, which corresponds to a relative decrease of 13%. We further document that the effect of blockchain is more pronounced for ABS deals rated by less reputable credit rating agencies and agencies that …
Intrafirm Knowledge Sharing In The Investment Research Industry, Artur Hugon, An-Ping Lin, Stanimir Markov
Intrafirm Knowledge Sharing In The Investment Research Industry, Artur Hugon, An-Ping Lin, Stanimir Markov
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
We study interdepartment knowledge sharing in an investment research setting where the benefits are potentially significant for the brokerage and the capital market, but so are the frictions impeding it. Using hand-collected data on equity analyst access to in-house debt research expertise, we find significant benefits to equity analysts in the form of improved ability to forecast cash flows and to anticipate credit rating downgrades. Moreover, we find evidence that access to management and research expertise underlie in-house debt analysts' capacity to generate information beneficial to equity analysts. Finally, these benefits exist only in the presence of a collaborative brokerage …
The Effect Of Social Skills On Analyst Performance, Cong Cong Li, An-Ping Lin, Hai Lu
The Effect Of Social Skills On Analyst Performance, Cong Cong Li, An-Ping Lin, Hai Lu
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Social skills are important but difficult to measure. So far, few empirical studies have examined the effect of social skills on the performance of professionals. Using the number of LinkedIn connections as a proxy for social skills, we investigate the effect of financial analysts' social skills on their performance. We use multiple ways to validate the measure of social skills and show that analysts with better social skills produce more accurate earnings forecasts and that their stock recommendations elicit stronger market reactions. Furthermore, these socially skilled analysts are more likely to be voted as All-Star Analysts. This study provides the …
Do Analysts’ Eps Forecasts Obey Benford’S Law? An Empirical Analysis, Clarence Goh
Do Analysts’ Eps Forecasts Obey Benford’S Law? An Empirical Analysis, Clarence Goh
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Benford’s law gives the expected frequencies of digits in tabulated data. In this study, I investigate the extent to which a sample of analysts’ earnings per share (EPS) forecasts obey Benford’s law. I conduct Benford’s law’s second digit and last-two digits tests on a sample of analyst EPS forecasts of S&P 500 firms from 1998 to 2018. Overall, I find that analysts’ EPS forecasts obey Benford’s law’s second digit test but do not obey the last-two digits test. These findings suggest that while analysts do not engage in number invention, they do engage in rounding when making EPS forecasts.
The Effects Of Csr Reputation And Csr Crisis Response Strategy On Investor Judgments, Clarence Goh
The Effects Of Csr Reputation And Csr Crisis Response Strategy On Investor Judgments, Clarence Goh
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
I use a controlled experiment to examine, in the context of CSR crises, whether investors’ investment judgments are influenced by a firm’s CSR reputation and CSR crisis response strategy. I find that for good CSR reputation firms, the use of a rebuild or deny crisis response strategy does not lead to improvements in investment judgments. However, for bad CSR reputation firms, the use of a deny response strategy leads to improvements in investment judgments while the use of a rebuild strategy does not.
Cross-Industry Information Sharing Among Colleagues And Analyst Research, Allen Huang, An-Ping Lin, Amy Y. Zang
Cross-Industry Information Sharing Among Colleagues And Analyst Research, Allen Huang, An-Ping Lin, Amy Y. Zang
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
We identify a specific organizational resource in brokerage housesdinformation sharing among analyst colleagues who cover economically related industries along a supply chain. After controlling for brokerage selection effects, we show evidence consistent with the benefit of this resource to analyst research performance. Specifically, we find that analysts whose colleagues cover more economically connected industries have better research performance, especially when their colleagues produce higher-quality research. We further show that colleagues' coverage of downstream (upstream) industries is positively related to the accuracy of only analysts' revenue (expense) forecasts and that analysts and their highly connected colleagues tend to issue earnings forecast …
Short Sellers And Insider Trading Profitability: A Natural Experiment, Xia Chen, Qiang Cheng, Ting Luo, Heng Yue
Short Sellers And Insider Trading Profitability: A Natural Experiment, Xia Chen, Qiang Cheng, Ting Luo, Heng Yue
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
We examine the impact of short sellers on insider trading profitability using a natural experiment of a pilot program which relaxed short-selling constraints for randomly selected pilot stocks. We find that pilot firms experienced a significant decrease in insider trading profitability during the pilot program. The results are more pronounced for the pilot firms with poor information quality, and for the pilot firms without corporate restrictions on insider trading. Our evidence suggests that short sellers serve an important market disciplinary role by reducing insider trading profitability.
Non-Gaap Earnings And Stock Price Crash Risk, Charles Hsu, Rencheng Wang, Benjamin C. Whipple
Non-Gaap Earnings And Stock Price Crash Risk, Charles Hsu, Rencheng Wang, Benjamin C. Whipple
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
We investigate whether non-GAAP earnings disclosures increase stock price crash risk. Consistent with non-GAAP disclosures allowing managers to inflate investors' perceptions about firm performance, our results indicate that income increasing non-GAAP reporting increases crash risk. We also find that managers can use non-GAAP reporting as a substitute for earnings management to withhold bad news from investors (the traditional explanation for crashes). Finally, we find a positive association between non-GAAP reporting and the likelihood of subsequent events that can trigger a crash. Overall, our evidence is consistent with some non-GAAP disclosures exposing investors to risks of large and sudden price declines.(c) …
Do Managers Learn From Analyst Participation In Conference Calls?, Amanda Aw Zhi Xin Yong, Young Jun Cho, Holly I. Yang
Do Managers Learn From Analyst Participation In Conference Calls?, Amanda Aw Zhi Xin Yong, Young Jun Cho, Holly I. Yang
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
While research finds that conference calls are informative to the market and analysts, they can also be informative to managers as analysts’ questions can provide a feedback effect. Using a sample of conference call transcripts from 2002 to 2018, we find that greater analyst participation, as measured by the number of words spoken by analysts relative to the number of words spoken by managers during conference calls, is associated with higher accuracy in managers’ subsequent earnings forecasts. Cross-sectional tests show that this positive association is more pronounced when managers use more uncertain words in conference calls, when analysts use a …
Bundled Earnings Guidance And Analysts' Forecast Revisions, Charles Hsu, Rencheng Wang
Bundled Earnings Guidance And Analysts' Forecast Revisions, Charles Hsu, Rencheng Wang
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Bundling managerial earnings guidance with quarterly earnings announcements (EAs) has become an increasingly common practice. This study investigates the impact of bundled guidance on analysts' forecast revisions. Our findings indicate that analysts respond more to bundled guidance than non-bundled guidance. This effect increases with analysts' time pressure and cognitive constraints around the EA. Analysts' revisions also incorporate more of the bundled management guidance when accompanied by additional information, such as conference calls. We further find that analysts revise their forecasts more quickly following bundled guidance than non-bundled guidance. Together, these findings are consistent with the notion that analysts place more …
Data Analytics And Audit Quality, Ru Gao, Sterling Huang, Rencheng Wang
Data Analytics And Audit Quality, Ru Gao, Sterling Huang, Rencheng Wang
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
We examine the impact of data analytics on audit quality. Using hand-collected information on data analytics skills of employees of audit firms, we find that human capital investment in data analytics improves audit quality. The analytics capability of both frontline and back-office employees contributes to audit quality. The effect is more pronounced for audit clients with complex business operations, for clients with complicated accounting estimates, and for clients that are more digitalized. Taken together, our findings suggest that an audit office’s analytics capability represents an important office attribute that can affect audit quality.
Non-Gaap Earnings And Stock Price Crash Risk, Charles Hsu, Rencheng Wang, Benjamin C. Whipple
Non-Gaap Earnings And Stock Price Crash Risk, Charles Hsu, Rencheng Wang, Benjamin C. Whipple
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
We investigate whether non-GAAP earnings disclosures increase stock price crash risk. Consistent with non-GAAP disclosures allowing managers to inflate investors’ perceptions about firm performance, our results indicate that income increasing non-GAAP reporting increases crash risk. We also find that managers can use non-GAAP reporting as a substitute for earnings management to withhold bad news from investors (the traditional explanation for crashes). Finally, we find a positive association between non-GAAP reporting and the likelihood of subsequent events that can trigger a crash. Overall, our evidence is consistent with some non-GAAP disclosures exposing investors to risks of large and sudden price declines.
Labor Market Mobility And Expectation Management: Evidence From Enforceability Of Noncompete Provisions, Michael Tang, Rencheng Wang, Yi Zhou
Labor Market Mobility And Expectation Management: Evidence From Enforceability Of Noncompete Provisions, Michael Tang, Rencheng Wang, Yi Zhou
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
This study examines how managers' use of expectation management is affected by their labor market mobility, which we measure by the enforceability of noncompete provisions in their employment contracts. Exploiting quasinatural experiments, our difference-in-differences analyses provide new causal insights to the growing literature on how managers' career concerns affect their disclosure choices. Consistent with a less mobile labor market imposing more pressure on managers to achieve earnings expectations, we predict and find that managers in US states that tightened enforcement of noncompete provisions are more likely to manage analyst expectations downward. We also find that downward expectation management is used …
Analyst Teams, Bingxu Fang, Ole-Kristian Hope
Analyst Teams, Bingxu Fang, Ole-Kristian Hope
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
This paper examines the impact of teamwork on sell-side analysts’ performance. Using a hand-collected sample of over 50,000 analyst research reports, we find that analyst teams issue more than 70% of annual earnings forecasts. In contrast, most prior research implicitly assumes that forecasts are issued by individual analysts. We document that analyst teams generate more accurate earnings forecasts than individual analysts and that the stock market reacts more strongly to forecast revisions issued by teams. Analyst teams also cover more firms, issue earnings forecasts more frequently, and issue less stale forecasts. Analysts working in teams are more likely to be …
The Effects Of Mifid Ii On Sell-Side Analysts, Buy-Side Analysts, And Firms, Bingxu Fang, Ole-Kristian Hope, Zhongwei Huang, Rucsandra Moldovan
The Effects Of Mifid Ii On Sell-Side Analysts, Buy-Side Analysts, And Firms, Bingxu Fang, Ole-Kristian Hope, Zhongwei Huang, Rucsandra Moldovan
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
This paper provides early but broad empirical evidence on MiFID II, which requires investment firms to unbundle investment research from other costs they charge to clients. Employing difference-in-differences matched-sample research designs with firm fixed effects, we find a decrease in the number of sell-side analysts covering European firms after MiFID II implementation, particularly for firms that are less important to the sell-side. However, research quality improves; specifically, individual analyst forecasts are more accurate and stock recommendations garner greater market reactions. In addition, sell-side analysts seem to cater more to the buy-side after MiFID II by providing industry recommendations along with …
Differences In The Reliability Of Fair Value Hierarchy Measurements: A Cross-Country Study, Chu Yeong Lim, Gary Pan, Kevin Ow Yong
Differences In The Reliability Of Fair Value Hierarchy Measurements: A Cross-Country Study, Chu Yeong Lim, Gary Pan, Kevin Ow Yong
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Prior research suggests there are significant differences in how investors perceive the reliability of fair values. An unaddressed question in this stream of research is whether cross-country differences in institutional factors can mediate differences in reliability for the fair value hierarchy measurements. We contribute to the research on fair value accounting by examining the impact of institutional factors toward the perceived reliability of fair value measurements in an international context. Based on an international sample of banks across twenty different countries, we find that the probability of crash risk is lower among countries with better financial development infrastructure, greater level …
Happy Analysts, Ole-Kristian Hope, Congcong Li, An-Ping Lin, Maryjane Rabier
Happy Analysts, Ole-Kristian Hope, Congcong Li, An-Ping Lin, Maryjane Rabier
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
This paper is the first to investigate the role of work-life balance in financial analysts’ performance and career advancement. Using a large sample of Glassdoor reviews by financial analysts, we find a significant non-linear relation between work-life balance satisfaction and analyst performance and analyst career advancement. Specifically, when work-life balance satisfaction is relatively low, an increase in work-life balance is associated with better analyst performance and career advancement; however, when perceived work-life balance is already high, a further increase in work-life balance is associated with worse analyst performance and career advancement.
Regulations And Brain Drain: Evidence From Wall Street Star Analysts’ Career Choices, Yuyan Guan, Congcong Li, Hai Lu, Franco Wong
Regulations And Brain Drain: Evidence From Wall Street Star Analysts’ Career Choices, Yuyan Guan, Congcong Li, Hai Lu, Franco Wong
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
The Global Settlement, along with related regulations in the early 2000s, prohibits the use of investment banking revenue to fund equity research and compensate equity analysts. We find that all-star analysts from investment banks are more likely to exit the profession or move to the buy side after the regulations. The departed star analysts’ earnings revisions and stock recommendations are more informative than those of the remaining analysts who followed the same companies. To the extent that star analysts are superior to their nonstar counterparts in terms of research ability and ability to inform the market, the exit of star …
Disclosure Of Pending Lawsuits And Bond Terms, Yun Lou
Disclosure Of Pending Lawsuits And Bond Terms, Yun Lou
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
I examine the effect of the disclosure of pendinglawsuits in 10-K/Q filings on the contractual terms of newly issued bonds. Ifind that firms’ decision to disclose pending lawsuits and the amount ofdisclosed information (i.e., the level of disclosure) have opposite effects.Specifically, firms that disclose a higher proportion of their pending lawsuitsface higher yields and are more likely to include default clauses pertaining tocourt judgments in the bond prospectuses. However, within the subsample offirms that disclose their lawsuits, I find that firms with a higher level of disclosureregarding their pending lawsuits are rewarded with lower yields. This evidencesuggests that bond investors …
Gender And Connections Among Wall Street Analysts, Lily Hua Fang, Sterling Huang
Gender And Connections Among Wall Street Analysts, Lily Hua Fang, Sterling Huang
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
We examine how alumni ties with corporate boards differentially affect male and female analysts’ job performance and career outcomes. Connection improves men’s job performance — forecasting accuracy and recommendation impact — significantly more than women’s. Controlling for performance, connection further contributes to men’s, but not women’s, likelihood of being voted by institutional investors as “star” analysts, a marker of career success. These asymmetric effects are stronger in more opaque firms and among younger analysts, but is absent from a placebo test. Our evidence indicates that men reap higher benefits from social networks than women in both job performance and subjective …
The Real Effect Of The Initial Enforcement Of Insider Trading Laws, Zhihong Chen, Yan Huang, Yuanto Kusnadi, K. C. John Wei
The Real Effect Of The Initial Enforcement Of Insider Trading Laws, Zhihong Chen, Yan Huang, Yuanto Kusnadi, K. C. John Wei
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Based on a difference-in-differences approach, we find strong evidence that the initial enforcement of insider trading laws improves capital allocation efficiency. The effect is concentrated in developed markets and manifests shortly after the enforcement year. Further analysis shows that the improvement is positively associated with the increase in liquidity around the enforcement year and the opaqueness of the information environment before the enforcement year. The improvement is more pronounced for firms operating in more competitive markets, being more financially constrained, and with more severe agency problems. Finally, we find increased accounting performance after the enforcement and the increase is positively …
Why Hedge? Extent, Nature, And Determinants Of Derivative Usage In U.S. Municipalities, Saleha Khumawala, Ranasinghe, Tharindra, Claire J. Yan
Why Hedge? Extent, Nature, And Determinants Of Derivative Usage In U.S. Municipalities, Saleha Khumawala, Ranasinghe, Tharindra, Claire J. Yan
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Using a hand-collected dataset of over 300 observations of large U.S. cities and counties, this paper investigates the extent, nature and determinants of derivatives usage in the municipal sector. Over half of our sample entities engage in derivative transactions and a vast majority of these transactions are intended to manage interest rate risk. Swaps, by far, are the most popular derivative instrument. In terms of the determinants of derivative usage, we find that the propensity to use derivatives as well as the extent of derivative usage is higher for municipalities that are larger and more financially constrained. We do not …
Analysts, Macroeconomic News, And The Benefit Of Active In-House Economists, Artur Hugon, Alok Kumar, An-Ping Lin
Analysts, Macroeconomic News, And The Benefit Of Active In-House Economists, Artur Hugon, Alok Kumar, An-Ping Lin
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Although macroeconomic news has a major impact on corporate earnings, anecdotal evidence suggests that financial analyst research is inefficient with respect to such news. Examining analysts' earnings research, we find that they underreact to negative macroeconomic news. Analysts are not all equal, though, as analysts employed at the same firm as an active macroeconomist underreact much less. We find that the benefit of analyst access to an economist is concentrated in firms that are high in cyclicality relative to their industry, high in cyclicality in general, and that are smaller in size. In addition, analysts who are exposed to more …
Customer's Short Positions And Supplier's Investment Decisions, Xia Chen, Guojin Gong, Shuqing Luo
Customer's Short Positions And Supplier's Investment Decisions, Xia Chen, Guojin Gong, Shuqing Luo
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Short interest contains valuable information about a firm’s business fundamentals. We investigate whether such information affects business partners’ real investment decisions in the supply-chain setting. We predict and find that a supplier’s future investments (including inventory, R&D, and tangible asset investments) decrease with its customer’s current short interest. This negative relation is stronger when the supplier faces greater difficulty in assessing its customer’s business fundamentals and when short interest is more likely to indicate longlasting deterioration in the customer’s fundamentals. Additional analysis does not support the alternative explanation that the supplier adjusts investments in response to unfavorable information obtained via …
Market Pricing Of Banks’ Fair Value Assets Reported Under Sfas 157 Since The 2008 Financial Crisis, Beng Wee Goh, Dan Li, Jeffrey Ng, Keng Kevin Ow Yong
Market Pricing Of Banks’ Fair Value Assets Reported Under Sfas 157 Since The 2008 Financial Crisis, Beng Wee Goh, Dan Li, Jeffrey Ng, Keng Kevin Ow Yong
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
We investigate how investors price the fair value estimates of assets as required by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 (SFAS 157) since the financial crisis in 2008. We observe that Level 3 fair value estimates are typically priced lower than Level 1 and Level 2 fair value estimates between 2008 and 2011. However, the difference between the pricing of the different estimates reduces over time, suggesting that as market conditions stabilize in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, reliability concerns about Level 3 estimates dissipated to some extent. Next, we examine whether Level 3 gains affect the …
The Risk-Relevance Of Securitizations During The Recent Financial Crisis, Yiwei Dou, Yanju Liu, Gordon Richardson, Dushyantkumar Vyas
The Risk-Relevance Of Securitizations During The Recent Financial Crisis, Yiwei Dou, Yanju Liu, Gordon Richardson, Dushyantkumar Vyas
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
We investigate changes in the risk-relevance of securitized subprime, other nonconforming, and commercial mortgages for sponsor-originators during the recent financial crisis. Using the volatility of realized stock returns, option-implied volatility, and credit spreads, we observe a pronounced increase in the risk-relevance of subprime securitizations as early as 2006. Furthermore, reflecting the evolution of the financial crisis in waves, we find that investors recognized the increased credit risk of other nonconforming and commercial mortgage securitizations as the financial crisis progressed. Additional analyses show that risk-relevance varies cross-sectionally with structural characteristics such as monoline credit-enhancement and the presence of special servicers for …
Is Sin Always A Sin? The Interaction Effect Of Social Norms And Financial Incentives On Market Participants’ Behavior, Yanju Liu, Hai Lu, Kevin Veenstra
Is Sin Always A Sin? The Interaction Effect Of Social Norms And Financial Incentives On Market Participants’ Behavior, Yanju Liu, Hai Lu, Kevin Veenstra
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Using alcohol, tobacco, and gaming consumption data and people’s attitudes toward these sin products to proxy for social norm acceptance levels, we show a strong interaction effect between social norms and financial incentives, which significantly influence the behavior of market participants. Specifically, institutional investors’ shareholdings and analyst coverage of sin companies increase with the degree of social norm acceptance. The association between shareholdings/coverage and social norm acceptance is less pronounced for firms with higher future expected performance. Our results show that social norms and financial incentives have a powerful interaction effect in determining the behavior of market participants, suggesting that …
Stock Liquidity And The Pricing Of Earnings: A Comparison Of China’S Floating And Non-Floating Shares, Lou Fang, Jiwei Wang, Hongqi Yuan
Stock Liquidity And The Pricing Of Earnings: A Comparison Of China’S Floating And Non-Floating Shares, Lou Fang, Jiwei Wang, Hongqi Yuan
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
The reform to convert non-floating shares to floating in China provides a setting in which shares are subject to different liquidity constraint. We show that the severity of this constraint is inversely related to the extent to which earnings information is reflected in the share prices. Specifically, before the reform, the transfer prices of non-floating shares reflect much less earnings information than the market prices of floating shares. After the reform, however, both types of transfer reflect more earnings information, although the weights are still less than that found in the market prices. Thus, China's unique setting shows that share …
Ias 39 Reclassification Choice And Analyst Earnings Forecast Properties, Chee Yeow Lim, Chu Yeong Lim, Gerald J. Lobo
Ias 39 Reclassification Choice And Analyst Earnings Forecast Properties, Chee Yeow Lim, Chu Yeong Lim, Gerald J. Lobo
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
In October 2008, the International Accounting Standards Board amended IAS 39 to allow banks to retroactively reclassify financial assets that previously were measured at fair value to amortized cost. By reclassifying financial assets, a bank can potentially avoid recognizing the unrealized fair value losses and thereby increase its income and regulatory capital during a market downturn. We examine the implications of the reclassification decision by banks for the properties of financial analyst earnings forecasts during 2008–2009, when economic conditions were highly volatile. We find that the reclassification choice during the financial crisis reduced analyst forecast accuracy and increased forecast dispersion. …
Examining The Informational Role Of Analysts’ Forecasts And Its Impact On The Relation Between Earnings Surprises And Investors’ Responses, Joonho Lee, Kevin Ow Yong, Clement Michael
Examining The Informational Role Of Analysts’ Forecasts And Its Impact On The Relation Between Earnings Surprises And Investors’ Responses, Joonho Lee, Kevin Ow Yong, Clement Michael
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
Prior research documents the existence of two distinct post-earnings-announcement-drifts. Interestingly, investors seem to underreact more toward analyst-based earnings surprises than toward seasonal random walk earnings surprises. In this paper, we measure the extent of investors’ delayed reaction relative to the total market response to the earnings surprises. Using this measure, we find that investors react proportionately faster and more thoroughly to analyst-based earnings surprises than to random walk earnings surprises, suggesting that analyst-based earnings surprises are relatively less related with a delayed investor reaction compared with random walk earnings surprises. We also find that as the informativeness of analyst earnings …