Business Commons^™

Assessing Event Quality Of High School Football Games: Development Of A Scale, Kevin Byon, Matthew Ziemnik, Eddie T. C. Lam, James J. Zhang

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) to identify the dimensions of event quality associated with high school football games and (b) to develop a scale, Event Quality Scale of High School Football (EQS-HSF) that measures event quality of high school football games. Applying a random cluster sampling method, participants were adult spectators (N = 404) from three high school football home games. Following the scale development procedures suggested by Churchill’s (1979), a total of 25 items under six factors (Game Attractiveness, Event Setting, Economic Consideration, Social Opportunity, Exciting Atmosphere, and Enjoyment Experience) were written and validated through qualitative …

Editors’ Comments For Jamt Volume 2, Number 2, Richard E. Mathisen, Mike Musante

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

We welcome you to the current issue of the Journal of Applied Marketing.

The objective of Journal of Applied Marketing Theory is to provide a forum for academic research that advances marketing knowledge as well as present insight for marketing managers. The focus of the journal is the publication of academic research that offers a link from theory to practice. The journal seeks to publish articles that expand our understanding of marketing issues while also providing value to marketing practitioners. In support of this philosophy, we have emphasized that manuscripts published in the journal provide summaries that present clear transitions …

The Five-Factor Consumer Behavior Model For Intercollegiate Football Tickets Consumption, Jennifer Y. Mak, Siu Yin Cheung

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

Collegiate football ticket sales supply over 20% of the athletic department revenues (NCAA, 2008) and are an important part of the income stream, as pre-sold season tickets are guaranteed income. The purpose of this study was to examine the theoretical constructs of a five-factor consumer behavior model for intercollegiate football tickets consumption. The participants were spectators of a NCAA Division IA football annual player draft game (n=201). Around half of the participants were current season ticket holders (54.2%) and married (49.2%). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was utilized to analyze the factorial validity of the five-factor consumer behavior model for intercollegiate …

Social Marketing As A Catalyst For Building New Relationships Between Sport Practitioners And Academicians, Eric C. Schwarz, Dallas Branch

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

Social marketing, conceptualized by Kotler and Zaltman (1971) as a means to promote social objectives and causes more effectively, has the potential to be the catalyst for addressing the disparity and creating positive perceptions. Social marketing is a significant means to address communication, conceptualization, and intellectual gaps between groups, which often results in clarifying differences in product and value outcomes; and the need for change and shifts in paradigms associated with practitioner-academician interaction (Hanna, 2001). Primary and secondary research conducted showed that there is fragmentation within the sport industry between academicians and practitioners, resulting in a large intellectual gap. It …

An Experimental Approach To Testing Imc Effects On Consumer Attitudes, Behavioral Intentions And Recall, John M. Mcgrath

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

The objective of this study is twofold: to build upon the thin body of academic experimental research in the field of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC), and to provide practitioners with methods they can use to test the effectiveness of marketing communication campaigns. On the first account, significant results were observed for attitude toward the ad (Aad), but only for a subset of the sample. Despite this, the experiment provides a framework for future academic studies of IMC effects and suggests specific ways that methods can be refined in future experiments. On the second account, the study’s design suggests opportunities for …

An Integrated Model Of Media Satisfaction And Engagement: Theory, Empirical Assessment And Managerial Implications, Russ Merz

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

Media satisfaction theorists suggest that satisfaction with media vehicles is linked to audience loyalty, greater vehicle usage, and other media related behaviors. More recently, similar claims are made by media engagement theorists regarding levels of newspaper readership and receptivity to advertising messages. The dilemma for media managers charged with making decisions about how best to manage and strengthen customer relationships through the delivery of high quality business operations is which model to choose. To date no study has examined the relative effects of customer satisfaction and engagement resulting from business operations onto the future intentions of media audiences. This study …

A Fighting Chance: The Struggle Of A Historically Black College Athletic Program, James Satterfield

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the social dynamics surrounding a Historically Black College and University athletic department and its local community. Three focus group interviews were conducted, each with seven participants as well as semi-structured interviews. This study illuminates three themes that emerged through data collection and analysis: (1) Black Only, (2) Lip Service, and (3) No Tradition. These three themes emerged through data analysis and tell a specific story related to both the institution and the community.

Tomorrow’S Champions Of Sustainability: How Everyday Leaders Can Harness Grass Roots Momentum To Advance Adoption Of Ecologically Sound Practices In Sport And Event Management, Dorene Ciletti, John M. Lanasa, Diane P. Ramos, Richard E. Mathisen

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

For more than a decade, we have appealed to corporations to consider sustainability. Leading companies have enjoyed positive media attention, improved bottom line profits and enhanced competitiveness through environmental management and social initiatives. Sustainability in the broader sense has become everyone’s job, and the momentum crosses age groups and economic strata. This paper focuses on the event organizer as ordinary leader, inspiring an engaged, accessible audience toward sustainability, and offers rationale for promoting socially and environmentally responsible event management. With a captive audience, ordinary leaders have an opportunity to model socially and environmentally responsible practices through effective education, communication, metrics …

Self, Social, Team, And Situational Factors Influencing Televised Sports Viewership, Donghun Lee, James Zhang, Ketra L. Armstrong, Soon Ho Kim

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

This study examined personal, social, and team motives associated with the consumption of televised sports (CTS) while taking into consideration market constraints variables. Research participants (N = 304) were university students who responded to a questionnaire that consisted of four segments: (a) watching televised sports, (b) motives for watching televised sports, (c) situational constraints, and (d) demographics. Semi-structured interviews as an ad hoc study were conducted with additional 22 frequent viewers of televised sports to ensure inclusion of all relevant factors affecting CTS. Multiple regression analyses revealed that self, team, and social motives were significant factors (p < .05) related to CTS. Two situational factors (weather and ticket availability) were found to have a significant (p < .01) impact on the CTS. Findings from the interviews further revealed that four conceptual themes affected CTS: individual-related factors, team-related factors, event-related factors, and media features.

The Nexus Of Payroll, Performance, Ticket Prices, And Attendance In Mlb, Sam Fullerton

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

This study uses secondary data from the past ten seasons to explore key issues germane to Major League Baseball. Focusing on attendance, payroll, performance, and the cost of attending, several key relationships were identified. Huge disparities in spending are documented. Perhaps most importantly, there is a meaningful relationship between performance and attendance. Equally important is the concurrent relationship between performance and the team’s payroll. Other relationships were documented and suggestions are articulated. These suggestions include future research and managerial issues such as the implementation of a hard salary cap and a corresponding salary floor.

Value Of Professional Sport Teams In The Community: Reexamining The Measurement Properties Of The Community Impact Scale, Dae Hyun Kim, James J. Zhang, Yong Jae Ko

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

The Community Impact Scale was developed by Zhang et al. (1996) to measure essential value dimensions of professional sports in the community. The original scale includes 45 items under eight factors (Community Solidarity, Public Behavior, Social Equity, Pastime Ecstasy, Health Awareness, Individual Quality, Excellence Pursuit, and Business Opportunity). To further ensure its usefulness for theoretical and practical applications, this study re-examined measurement properties of the scale through conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Research participants (N = 349) were residents of three major metropolitan areas, who responded to a survey in various community settings. With some modifications and eliminations of …

Service Quality Of The Chinese Ymca Of Hong Kong, Joyce Chan, Siu Yin Cheung, Jennifer Y. Mak

Journal of Applied Marketing Theory

Service quality is an essential element for managers and marketers to successfully compete in the sport and leisure industry. The present study is a first of its kind research study evaluating the service quality of the Chinese YMCA of Hong Kong. In this study, extensive customer research was conducted to investigate the members’ usage, expectations, perceptions, and satisfaction levels in the Recreation and Sport Department. Data were collected from 559 members. This study provides a channel to listen to the voice of the customers and assist the managers to improve the service quality by pinpointing areas that need managerial action.