Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Singapore Management University (24)
- University of Wollongong (6)
- Antioch University (5)
- Bryant University (4)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (4)
-
- Liberty University (3)
- California State University, San Bernardino (1)
- Central Washington University (1)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (1)
- Coastal Carolina University (1)
- Eastern Washington University (1)
- Edith Cowan University (1)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (1)
- Georgia Southern University (1)
- Linfield University (1)
- Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School (1)
- Molloy University (1)
- Pace University (1)
- Pittsburg State University (1)
- Purdue University (1)
- Trinity University (1)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (1)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (1)
- University of Rhode Island (1)
- University of South Florida (1)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (1)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- SMU Press Releases (10)
- Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business (9)
- Faculty of Commerce - Papers (Archive) (6)
- Antioch University Full-Text Dissertations & Theses (5)
- Policy Briefs and Reports (4)
-
- Research Collection School Of Accountancy (3)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (2)
- Honors Projects in Finance (2)
- 2020 Symposium Posters (1)
- All Faculty Scholarship for the College of Business (1)
- Association of Marketing Theory and Practice Proceedings 2024 (1)
- Department of Economics: Faculty Publications (1)
- Doctor of Education Capstones (1)
- Faculty Publications (1)
- Faculty Publications and Presentations (1)
- Faculty Submissions (1)
- Faculty Works: Business (1973-2022) (1)
- Honors Projects in Accounting (1)
- LMU Librarian Publications & Presentations (1)
- Leadership, Counseling, Adult, Career and Higher Education Faculty Publications (1)
- Libraries Faculty and Staff Scholarship and Research (1)
- Library Faculty Publications (1)
- Library Faculty Publications & Presentations (1)
- Library Staff Publications, Presentations & Journal Articles (1)
- Master in Public Administration Theses (1)
- New England Resource Center for Higher Education Publications (1)
- Office of Diversity & Inclusion (1)
- Oral History Collection (1)
- Publications and Research (1)
- Research outputs 2014 to 2021 (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 66
Full-Text Articles in Business
An Exploratory Study Of Marketing Students’ Perception Of Chatgpt: Thank You For Help! But I Am Also Worried, Kelly La Venture, Hyun Sang An, Wooyang Kim
An Exploratory Study Of Marketing Students’ Perception Of Chatgpt: Thank You For Help! But I Am Also Worried, Kelly La Venture, Hyun Sang An, Wooyang Kim
Association of Marketing Theory and Practice Proceedings 2024
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), including tools like ChatGPT, is rapidly emerging as a pivotal force in various industries, especially in marketing. These GenAI tools, help marketers employ new capabilities and innovative approaches for ideating and executing marketing tasks. Despite its apparent usefulness, GenAI is often perceived as a double-edged tool. Its positive aspects, such as enhanced efficiency and effectiveness, are acclaimed in professional domains, while academic discussions often emphasize challenges like ethical usage and transparency. The purpose of this study is to explore marketing major students’ nuanced perceptions toward GenAI, exploring their views on its opportunities, threats, pros, and cons …
Jesuit B-Schools: Powering Regional Socio-Economic Development And Problem Solving Through Analysis & Application Of Best Global Practices, María Del Pino Ramos, Anatoly Zhuplev, Jose Rincón, María José Vazquez
Jesuit B-Schools: Powering Regional Socio-Economic Development And Problem Solving Through Analysis & Application Of Best Global Practices, María Del Pino Ramos, Anatoly Zhuplev, Jose Rincón, María José Vazquez
LMU Librarian Publications & Presentations
Our exploratory research and development (R&D) project is a joint undertaking by two Jesuit institutions, Loyola Marymount University (LMU), U.S.A., and Universidad Loyola Andalucía (ULA), Spain. We aim to leverage collaborative potential of Jesuit B-schools to facilitate regional socio-economic development (RSED) and growth through the analysis and application of best global practices. Many universities have rich intellectual potential and information resources that are often underutilized. Our undertaking strives to engage these resources to foster positive impacts on RSED and problem-solving. The project aligns with Jesuit educational values and aims to redirect the creative power of the young generation from dependency …
Gender Differences In Graduate Student Views On The Professional Climate In Economics, Ann Mari May, Mary G. Mcgarvey, Muazzam Toshmatova
Gender Differences In Graduate Student Views On The Professional Climate In Economics, Ann Mari May, Mary G. Mcgarvey, Muazzam Toshmatova
Department of Economics: Faculty Publications
This research examines graduate student's views on the professional climate in economics using a comprehensive survey of students enrolled in economics Ph.D. programs in the United States. Topics discussed include stress and work/life balance, disciplinary climate in the profession, departmental climate, and the prevalence of sexual harassment. We find significant gender differences in views on all four topics—particularly in views on departmental climate and disciplinary climate in the profession. We analyze the results based on gender, rank of the institution, public versus private institutional status, and representation of women faculty in departments.
Singapore Management University (Smu): Tracking The Strategy Evolution Of A Start-Up University, Michelle P. Lee, Howard Thomas, Alex Wilson
Singapore Management University (Smu): Tracking The Strategy Evolution Of A Start-Up University, Michelle P. Lee, Howard Thomas, Alex Wilson
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The year 2020 marked the 20th anniversary of the Singapore Management University (SMU). SMU exists in an ecosystem for higher education that is quite unlike what one might find in other parts of the world. The supportive and stable environment the Singapore government provided in terms of its funding and policies meant a more predictable environment within which a university can make long-range planning. Singapore's development since its independence in 1965 has been undergirded by the belief that a strong educational system is the backbone of the country's economic development. The Era of Evolution is a story of both implementation …
E Pluribus Unum: Increasing A Shared Understanding Of Mission At Marine Corps University, Edward Greiner, Kirstin Pantazis, Christopher Reid, Dominick White
E Pluribus Unum: Increasing A Shared Understanding Of Mission At Marine Corps University, Edward Greiner, Kirstin Pantazis, Christopher Reid, Dominick White
Doctor of Education Capstones
E PLURIBUS UNUM: INCREASING A SHARED UNDERSTANDING OF MISSION AT MARINE CORPS UNIVERSITY
By Edward Greiner, Kirstin Pantazis, Christopher Reid, and Dominick White
A capstone project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Leadership at Virginia Commonwealth University
Virginia Commonwealth University, 2023.
Capstone Chair: Beth E. Bukoski, Ph.D., Department of Educational Leadership
Mergers between higher education institutions present unique challenges to creating and maintaining a shared understanding of mission. Additionally, professional military education institutions with civilian faculty and staff must blend military and civilian cultures in the workplace. …
Experiencing Workplace Inclusion: Critical Incidents That Create A Sense Of Inclusion For Professional Staff In Higher Education, Katherine Penn Lampley
Experiencing Workplace Inclusion: Critical Incidents That Create A Sense Of Inclusion For Professional Staff In Higher Education, Katherine Penn Lampley
Antioch University Full-Text Dissertations & Theses
Professional staff make up the majority of employees at colleges and universities in the United States but are rarely the focus of research in higher education. As a result, little is known about how these employees experience the workplace, creating a challenge for educational institutions working to attract, develop, and retain this essential resource. Employees who feel included in the workplace have higher performance levels and are more likely to remain with their organizations, but workplace inclusion is a complex and undertheorized psychological phenomenon. This exploratory study provides insight into the psychological experience of inclusion by examining the experiences, interactions, …
Leading A Business School, Julie Davis, Howard Thomas, Eric Cornuel, Rolf D. Cremer
Leading A Business School, Julie Davis, Howard Thomas, Eric Cornuel, Rolf D. Cremer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Business schools are critical players in higher education, educating current and future leaders to make a difference in the world. Yet we know surprisingly little about the leaders of business schools. Leading a Business School demystifies this complex and dynamic role, offering international insights into deans’ dilemmas in different contexts and situations. It highlights the importance of deans creating challenging and supportive learning cultures to enhance business and management education, organizations and society more broadly. The book traces the historical evolution of the business school deanship, the current challenges and future sources of disruption. The leadership characteristics and styles of …
F Is For Feminism: Mainstreaming Feminist Leadership In Academic Libraries, Shana Higgins
F Is For Feminism: Mainstreaming Feminist Leadership In Academic Libraries, Shana Higgins
Library Faculty Publications & Presentations
Gender and whiteness structure library work in ways that continue to lack sustained critical attention, particularly in the research literature on library leadership and management. In 2020 just over 83% of librarians identified as women and as white, non-Hispanic. And 78.6% of library technicians and assistants identified as white, non-Hispanic. These demographics make librarians a slightly less diverse workforce than other professionals in educational jobs. Despite being a female-intensive and overwhelmingly white profession, the scholarship on leadership and management published in mainstream library and information science journals (LIS) rarely employs explicitly feminist frameworks or perspectives. By using critical feminist analyses …
Leading Business Schools, Julie Davies, Howard Thomas, Eric Cornuel, Rolf D. Cremer
Leading Business Schools, Julie Davies, Howard Thomas, Eric Cornuel, Rolf D. Cremer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
Business schools are critical players in higher education, educating current and future leaders to make a difference in the world. Yet we know surprisingly little about the leaders of business schools. Leading a Business School demystifies this complex and dynamic role, offering international insights into deans’ dilemmas in different contexts and situations. It highlights the importance of deans creating challenging and supportive learning cultures to enhance business and management education, organizations and society more broadly.Written by renowned experts on the role of the dean, Julie Davies, Howard Thomas, Eric Cornuel and Rolf D. Cremer, the book traces the historical evolution …
Strengthening The Southern Nevada Workforce Pipeline, Katie M. Gilbertson
Strengthening The Southern Nevada Workforce Pipeline, Katie M. Gilbertson
Policy Briefs and Reports
This report analyzes the Southern Nevada employment ecosystem by utilizing occupational clusters recognized by the U.S. Department of Labor. The first section examines occupations in the tourism industry using three occupational clusters: hospitality and leisure; arts, audio/video technology and communications; and the transportation, distribution, and logistics. Next, this report utilizes the Las Vegas Global Economic Alliance’s 2022 Workforce Blueprint to identify the top 15 in-demand occupations for Southern Nevada and occupational clusters. A case study of the MGM College Opportunity Program (COP) is presented to demonstrate an existing workforce training program that promotes upward mobility of leisure and hospitality employees …
Executive Summary: Driving The Southern Nevada Health Economy Forward, Tripp Umbach
Executive Summary: Driving The Southern Nevada Health Economy Forward, Tripp Umbach
Policy Briefs and Reports
The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) plans to develop an integrated academic health center within the Las Vegas Medical District (LVMD).1 The academic health center includes UNLV’s five health science schools and mental and behavioral health, which is distributed among several colleges (medicine, liberal arts, urban affairs, and education) in the university. University Medical Center (UMC), a major teaching hospital, will also be an important driver of the academic health center. For the purposes of this report, UNLV’s medical and health science entities along with UMC are referred to collectively as the UNLV Academic Health Center.
Driving The Southern Nevada Health Economy Forward: Benefits Of A Transformational Unlv Academic Health Center, Tripp Umbach
Driving The Southern Nevada Health Economy Forward: Benefits Of A Transformational Unlv Academic Health Center, Tripp Umbach
Policy Briefs and Reports
The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) plans to develop an integrated academic health center within the Las Vegas Medical District (LVMD). The academic health center includes UNLV’s five health science schools and mental and behavioral health, which is distributed among several colleges (medicine, liberal arts, urban affairs, and education) in the university. University Medical Center (UMC), a major teaching hospital, will also be an important driver of the academic health center. For the purposes of this report, UNLV’s medical and health science entities along with UMC are referred to collectively as the UNLV Academic Health Center. Additional academic health …
Nevada Economic Development And Public Policy 2022-2026: A Sustainable Future For All Nevadans, The Lincy Institute, Brookings Mountain West
Nevada Economic Development And Public Policy 2022-2026: A Sustainable Future For All Nevadans, The Lincy Institute, Brookings Mountain West
Policy Briefs and Reports
This report evaluates economic development efforts in the State of Nevada since the 2011 publication of Unify, Regionalize, Diversify: An Economic Development Agenda for Nevada; assesses demographic and economic trends for Nevada and its regions; examines how state and federal actions since the onset of COVID-19 can position Nevada and its regions to address long-standing economic, educational, and social deficits; and offers policy recommendations to be implemented in the next four years to facilitate a sustainable future for all Nevadans.
Going Virtual: Addressing The Challenges Faced By Organizational Leaders When Employees Transition To Virtual Environments In Times Of Crisis, Mary Susan Johnson
Going Virtual: Addressing The Challenges Faced By Organizational Leaders When Employees Transition To Virtual Environments In Times Of Crisis, Mary Susan Johnson
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, colleges and universities across the world moved their operations online. While a great deal of focus was placed on the value of teaching and learning during a crisis period, very little attention was paid to the other side of higher education institutions—the business side. Suddenly these institutions and their operational staff were forced to discover new ways to perform tasks that had always been completed in person. The leaders of these organizations faced the added challenge of ensuring that their workforce remained engaged and motivated while working in the midst of stressful, even chaotic …
Leadership Adaptability Within The Higher Education Industry, Rebecca Niemeyer Rens
Leadership Adaptability Within The Higher Education Industry, Rebecca Niemeyer Rens
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Dynamism in the higher education industry (HEI) has created unprecedented complexity and uncertainty for leaders at colleges and universities across the globe. The challenges to competitive advantage and sustainability created by dynamic conditions have been exacerbated and accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic and health crisis. HEI leaders are struggling to adapt antiquated and traditionally held methods and practices to navigate the rapid changes and survive the resulting chaos. The ability of leaders to adapt to dynamism in contemporary industry conditions is influenced by the external and internal environments; in term, these leaders’ capacity for change impacts the adaptability of the …
Celebrating A Milestone: 20th Anniversary Achievement Highlights [School Of Accountancy], Singapore Management University
Celebrating A Milestone: 20th Anniversary Achievement Highlights [School Of Accountancy], Singapore Management University
SMU Corporate Reports
The book “Celebrating a Milestone 20th Anniversary Achievement Highlights” was published in August 2021 to commemorate SoA’s 20th Anniversary as well as the 15th Anniversary of the Master of Professional Accounting Programme. The book documents the achievements and key milestones in SoA’s history.
Exploring University Student Engagement And Sense Of Belonging During Work-Integrated Learning, Anna D. Rowe, Denise Jackson, Jenny Fleming
Exploring University Student Engagement And Sense Of Belonging During Work-Integrated Learning, Anna D. Rowe, Denise Jackson, Jenny Fleming
Research outputs 2014 to 2021
Work-integrated learning (WIL) is recognised as a valuable pedagogical strategy for developing graduate employability, increasing employment prospects and contributing to a range of other learning outcomes. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the degree to which WIL students in higher education, felt they fully engaged in workplace activities and experienced a sense of belonging to their workplace environment. Further aims were to identify factors that facilitated and inhibited their engagement and belonging. Data were collected using an online survey of 151 students undertaking WIL as part of a university degree, in the contexts of business, sociology and …
Covid-19 And Management Education: Reflections On Challenges, Opportunities, And Potential Futures, Steve Brammer, Timothy Clark
Covid-19 And Management Education: Reflections On Challenges, Opportunities, And Potential Futures, Steve Brammer, Timothy Clark
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
COVID-19 is having profound impacts on tertiary education globally. Border closures, cuts to aviation capacity, mandatory quarantine on entering a country, restrictions on mass gatherings, and social distancing all pose challenges to higher education (HE) institutions. Business Schools (BSs) have larger and more internationally diverse cohorts of students and staff, generating particular challenges, but also often have more mature digital and remote education capabilities that enable responses to COVID-19. Therefore, exploring emergent evidence on how BSs are likely to be affected by COVID-19 over the short, medium, and long term is of significant importance to our community. In this commentary, …
What Motivates People To Give, Cortni Megan Huffman
What Motivates People To Give, Cortni Megan Huffman
2020 Symposium Posters
Giving in the form of donations is crucial to a university’s success. A lot of research has been done on alumni giving, it’s the importance, and why alumni give, but little research has been conducted on how to get current students involved and what’s important to them. In this presentation, I will be discussing the theoretical approaches used to understand alumni giving and how we can translate the relationship marketing theory to get current students to donate to their future alumna matter. I conducted a pilot study wherein I asked current students if they would donate to Eastern Washington University …
Digitalisation Of Smes In Singapore: An Institute Of Higher Learning-Enterprise Partnership Model, Benjamin Huan Zhou Lee, Gary Pan
Digitalisation Of Smes In Singapore: An Institute Of Higher Learning-Enterprise Partnership Model, Benjamin Huan Zhou Lee, Gary Pan
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
An SME had commissioned a team of five accounting students to develop a forecasting model using analytics. The student team was from the Accounting Analytics Capstone (SMU-X) course offered by the School of Accountancy, Singapore Management University (SMU), in January 2018. For this project, the student-consultants applied their knowledge of accounting data and analytics, combining it with a multidisciplinary approach to solve real-world complex financial analytical problems that have real-time consequences.
Flipping A Course On Entrepreneurial Leadership In Ethnic Chinese Business: A Mobile Learning Perspective, Thomas Menkhoff
Flipping A Course On Entrepreneurial Leadership In Ethnic Chinese Business: A Mobile Learning Perspective, Thomas Menkhoff
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This exploratory article reflects on the teaching experiences for a course on “Entrepreneurial Leadership in Ethnic Chinese Business” at the Singapore Management University (SMU). It was categorised as a mobile learning course with reference to the flipped classroom model, learner mobility, and user-generated content outside the classroom. We examine three examples of mobile learning projects which were assigned to students so that they would be able to internalise key course objectives such as gaining an appreciation of the structure, functions, and cultural uniqueness of traditional small Chinese business organisations in Singapore. The paper also addresses some of the challenges faced …
Latin America: Management Education’S Growth And Future Pathways, Gabriela Alvarodo, Howard Thomas, Lynne Thomas, Alexander Wilson
Latin America: Management Education’S Growth And Future Pathways, Gabriela Alvarodo, Howard Thomas, Lynne Thomas, Alexander Wilson
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The book Latin America: Management Education’s Growth and Future Pathways [Emerald, UK] follows a past, present and future perspective on the growth of management education in the region. In this article for Global Focus we highlight some of the key findings from our study of its evolution and look at current issues facing the continent.
Financial Literacy: Impact On Student Success, Alexandra Cummingham
Financial Literacy: Impact On Student Success, Alexandra Cummingham
Honors Projects in Accounting
Financial literacy has proven to be an essential skill for young adults to help in achieving success and reaching one’s potential. Many studies find that those with a stronger background in financial literacy are more likely to demonstrate positive behaviors, both financially and in other areas. This study will attempt to draw a link between Bryant University students’ background in financial literacy and benefits within the college classroom. Specifically, my study will look at whether having a stronger background in financial literacy leads to increased confidence in the classroom, decreased accounting anxiety, and superior academic performance. The study uses primary …
Incivility In The Workplace: The Experiences Of Female Sport Management Faculty In Higher Education, Elizabeth A. Taylor, Robin Hardin, Natalie Welch, Allison B. Smith
Incivility In The Workplace: The Experiences Of Female Sport Management Faculty In Higher Education, Elizabeth A. Taylor, Robin Hardin, Natalie Welch, Allison B. Smith
Faculty Publications
Access to higher education for women has dramatically increased in the United States during the past 50 years. Female college graduates have reversed the figures and gone from being outnumbered by their male counterparts 3 to 2 in the 1970s, to now outnumbering male college graduates 3 to 2. Women also graduate from masters and doctoral programs at a higher rate than men.
However, increases in the number of women obtaining college and advanced degrees has not translated to comparable representation in faculty positions or leadership roles in higher education. This lack of women in leadership positions, as well as …
Utilising Social Media To Improve Relationship Quality: The Case Of The University Library, Melissa N. Clark, Scott Bacon
Utilising Social Media To Improve Relationship Quality: The Case Of The University Library, Melissa N. Clark, Scott Bacon
Library Faculty Publications
As the centre of academic life at a university, the university library plays an important role in how students perceive their relationship with the university. This study analyses the effect that participation in library social media has on student perception of relationship quality with the university. The hypotheses proposed in this study were found to be substantiated: following the library on social media is positively related to a student's perception of their relationship quality with the university; students interested in multiple library services are likely to report the perception of a higher quality relationship with the university.
Stefano Harney: In Conversation With The Co-Author Of The Undercommons’ With Michael Schapira And Jesse Montgomery, Michael Schapira, Jesse Montgomery Montgomery, Stephen Matthias Harney
Stefano Harney: In Conversation With The Co-Author Of The Undercommons’ With Michael Schapira And Jesse Montgomery, Michael Schapira, Jesse Montgomery Montgomery, Stephen Matthias Harney
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
‘In Conversation with the Co-author of The Undercommons’ with Michael Schapira and Jesse Montgomery, Full-Stop Quarterly, May 2017 http://www.full-stop.net/quarterly/
Beyond Greening: The Challenges To Adopting Sustainability In Higher Education., Catherine Hooey, Alicia Mason, James Triplett
Beyond Greening: The Challenges To Adopting Sustainability In Higher Education., Catherine Hooey, Alicia Mason, James Triplett
Faculty Submissions
It is common for colleges and universities to include sustainability in their mission statements and strategic plans. On many campuses, however, sustainability is associated with green practices only, rather than the comprehensive integration of social equity, economic, and environmental principles on which the concept was founded. Here, Hooey et al examine the obstacles to the comprehensive adoption of sustainability in institutions of higher education, in general, and to suggest a conceptual framework of a sustainability culture as one most appropriate for the more effective incorporation of comprehensive practices.
Smu Is First Asian University To Offer Master’S Degree Accredited By International Professional Hr Body Cipd, Singapore Management University
Smu Is First Asian University To Offer Master’S Degree Accredited By International Professional Hr Body Cipd, Singapore Management University
SMU Press Releases
The Singapore Management University (SMU) has become the first university in Asia to offer a master’s degree accredited by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD). SMU joins prestigious universities such as the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and Kings College London to deliver the CIPD’s premier level accredited qualifications. SMU’s Master of Human Capital Leadership (MHCL) has been designed in partnership with the CIPD, the Human Capital Leadership Institute (HCLI), and the Wharton Centre for Human Resources (USA), resulting in a market-leading study programme that provides unparalleled professional qualifications, business acumen and academic knowledge.
Smu Enhances Curriculum And Expands Offering To Prepare Undergraduates For The Digital Age, Singapore Management University
Smu Enhances Curriculum And Expands Offering To Prepare Undergraduates For The Digital Age, Singapore Management University
SMU Press Releases
Demand for infocomm professionals in Singapore is outpacing supply with 30,000 new infocomm jobs expected by 2020. The Infocomm Media 2025 masterplan has identified salient trends that are significant for the next decade, these include Big Data & Analytics, Internet of Things and Cybersecurity. The masterplan also highlighted future key infocomm job areas: Software Development, Cybersecurity, Data Analytics, and Network Infrastructure. In response to these industry trends and demand, SMU has strengthened its undergraduate curriculum in three schools to contribute to the 'future-proofing' of Singapore. The School of Information Systems (SIS) has revised its undergraduate curriculum in response to changes …
Smu-X: An Innovative Approach To Preparing Students With Skills For The Future, Gary Pan, Gan Hup Tan
Smu-X: An Innovative Approach To Preparing Students With Skills For The Future, Gary Pan, Gan Hup Tan
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
The SMU-X Initiative is a paradigm shit which focuses on learning as opposed to teaching as well as a mind-set shift to get the university to collaborate both internally and with our external stakeholders more. We strive to do this by introducing innovation curriculum based on an experiential approach that is interdisciplinary and hands-on. It gets the SMU community to collaborate and step out of their silos by encouraging group effort in solving complex issues.