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Articles 1 - 30 of 32
Full-Text Articles in Business
The Influence Of Environmental Tax And Technology On Different Air Pollution Emissions In Oecd Countries, Malak Ali Assaf
The Influence Of Environmental Tax And Technology On Different Air Pollution Emissions In Oecd Countries, Malak Ali Assaf
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Although countries continuously employ taxation and technological measures to control air pollution in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the results of these practices should be evaluated to determine whether they reach their intended outcomes. This study used panel autoregressive distributed lag model to establish how environmental taxes and technology affects the emission of air pollutants (nitrogen oxides, Carbon dioxide, and particulate matter 2.5). Using secondary data present in the OECD Database and The World Bank, EViews panel was derived to create 3 model in which each of the three variables would be sufficiently explained by environmental tax, abatement …
Evidence On The Impact Of Corruption On Economic Growth: A Systematic Literature Review, Nour Mohamad Fayad
Evidence On The Impact Of Corruption On Economic Growth: A Systematic Literature Review, Nour Mohamad Fayad
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
The relationship between corruption and economic growth is complex and has been extensively studied. Till recent days it is still one of the most genuine political challenges that all countries face. Even though anti-corruption measures have improved, they still lack consistency and clarity. Accordingly, this paper reviews the extant literature on this issue, by examining 66 research papers on the impact of corruption on economic growth. The study was aided by analysis of the theme Corruption and economic growth identified in the present literature. Impact of Corruption on economic growth has been tested in multiple studies utilizing time series, panel, …
Discussing Different Images Of Pharmaceutical Company, Roula Afif Bou Assi, Ola Bazaza
Discussing Different Images Of Pharmaceutical Company, Roula Afif Bou Assi, Ola Bazaza
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Every organization is a complex, non-linear, and dynamic system. Gareth Morgan discussed eight different metaphors where they can be useful devices to create mental images to clarify and interpret our organizations. These eight metaphors are: machine, organism, brain, culture, political, flux and transformation, psychic prisons and instruments of domination. This combination of metaphors helps us understand our organization, analyze the structure, the leadership style (NAGY, December 2014). In this paper I will discuss the different metaphors of a pharmaceutical company (X). It is a growing pharmaceutical company, where reading and analyzing the different metaphors will definitely help them to prepare …
Studying Changes And Addressing The Effects Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Restaurants, Nael Mohamed Nabil Alsarrag
Studying Changes And Addressing The Effects Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Restaurants, Nael Mohamed Nabil Alsarrag
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Several everyday activities were majorly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, adapting these activities to become safe for people to perform and become "covid-friendly" required many studies. Dining out in restaurants was one of the major activities that were affected by this pandemic. Permanently or partially closed, restaurants adapted quickly to sidewalk pickups, and excessive delivery demand, and accordingly, their menus and even the staffing were shortened. Several months later, the foodservice industry was one of the first to move a step forward against coronavirus and positively adapt by coming up with creative and innovative ways to be able to re-open …
Architectural Representations Of Human Rights, El-Bastawissi Y. Ibtihal, Youssef Maged
Architectural Representations Of Human Rights, El-Bastawissi Y. Ibtihal, Youssef Maged
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
The United Nations defines the Human Rights as the rights of all human beings, regardless of race, gender, language, religion, nationality, or any other status. These rights include all claims to live freely, to educate and work in equality, and to inhabit humanistic urban and architectural spaces. Throughout the history of architecture, civilisations have generated different perspectives towards respecting the human rights. Temples of Ancient Egyptian Architecture crushed the human scale to introduce religious experiences to their visitors. Tibetan temples over mountains enforced people to make anti-humanistic journeys to reach them. After thousands of years, the mega-scale palaces and cathedrals …
The Feasibility Of Using A Phenomenological Approach To Explicate The Experience Of Being-In-Community: Experience Of Reviving The Marine Heritage In Bahrain, Islam Hamdy Elghonaimy, Layal Tahsine Ahmed Channaa
The Feasibility Of Using A Phenomenological Approach To Explicate The Experience Of Being-In-Community: Experience Of Reviving The Marine Heritage In Bahrain, Islam Hamdy Elghonaimy, Layal Tahsine Ahmed Channaa
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
The strategic location of Bahrain and its wealthy marine and coastal environment were the main drivers for the country’s flourishment before the discovery of oil. For a long time, Bahrain has functioned as a pioneer maritime trade center and represented a significant trade transit route between the east and west that transfers the affluent marine productions. This mainly formed an eminent cultural heritage for the country reflected within its inveterate maritime history and the authentic bond between the Bahraini grandparents and the sea. Unfortunately, along with the life evolution, this bond became weak and the biodiversity of the country’s marine …
Extensive Descriptive Literature Review Revealing The Impact Of Banking Secrecy On Money Laundering: Prominence On The Lebanese Banking Sector, Nour Mohamad Fayad, Sara Karam Nassredine
Extensive Descriptive Literature Review Revealing The Impact Of Banking Secrecy On Money Laundering: Prominence On The Lebanese Banking Sector, Nour Mohamad Fayad, Sara Karam Nassredine
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Worldwide financial institutions face complexity in balancing between business ethical standards on one hand, and the act of competitiveness on the other hand. Thus, while selecting their customers they seek customers that lead them to the optimum position of competitiveness in the market, taking into consideration the act of financial investigation to avoid money launderer customers. Money launderer customers seek to deal with financial institutions to proceed with operating their financial crimes. Therefore, this paper spots the light on “money laundering” alongside with the impact of banking secrecy on money laundering with prominence on the Lebanese banking sector. Thus, in …
Establishing A New Restoration Strategy To Use Nanomaterials In Reviving Damaged Buildings Post-Disaster, Khouloud Walid Darwiche
Establishing A New Restoration Strategy To Use Nanomaterials In Reviving Damaged Buildings Post-Disaster, Khouloud Walid Darwiche
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Nanotechnologies are a new solution of many problems of contemporary society, by creating products and processes for more specific uses with less environmental impact throughout their life cycle. The use of new technology such Nanotechnology in the restoration of damaged buildings post-disaster will be a contemporary solution to achieve sustainable development. After the explosion of Port of Beirut in August 4, 2020, it is necessary to search a new technology that restore and retrofit damaged buildings and in the other hand, to achieve the architectural quality, comfort and energy saving, in addition to its impact on energy consumption rates, its …
Optimised Retrofit Strategies For Energy Reduction And Comfort In Dwellings For Future Climate Scenario In Southeast England, Bahaa El Dine Abou El Khoudoud
Optimised Retrofit Strategies For Energy Reduction And Comfort In Dwellings For Future Climate Scenario In Southeast England, Bahaa El Dine Abou El Khoudoud
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
This paper aims to find an optimum retrofit scheme utilising adaptation and mitigation techniques to a Sub-urban English old house, for an inevitable future climate change. It seeks its aims by investigating the energy performance, as well as the summertime comfort of old dwellings in current and future weather predictions. Studies shows that pre-1990 building stock represents one of the least energy-efficient, as these houses were built before the introduction of building envelope directives in building regulation. Specifically, uninsulated semi-detached houses of the inter-war period can potentially be an essential target for retrofits to reach the 2030 carbon emission goal. …
Comparison Between Nano-Hydroxyapatite And Cpp-Acpf In Remineralizing Early Carious Lesions (In Vitro Study), Raneem Saudi, Mohamed A. Ibrahim
Comparison Between Nano-Hydroxyapatite And Cpp-Acpf In Remineralizing Early Carious Lesions (In Vitro Study), Raneem Saudi, Mohamed A. Ibrahim
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Poor oral hygiene, bacteria and orthodontic appliances mainly lead to early demineralized lesions where early detection and diagnosis of the lesion is a must so that it can be assessed and cured with the least invasive treatment. The objective was to evaluate the effect of nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) on early demineralized enamel using DIAGNOdent pen and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Materials and methods: A total of 60 enamel specimens were divided into four groups (n=15), where Group A: experimental; treated with nano-HA tooth paste, Group B: self-control for group A, Group C: experimental; …
Antecedents Of Career Development Success: Insights Into 10 Years Of Research, Sara Karam Nassredine, Nasser Fathi Easa
Antecedents Of Career Development Success: Insights Into 10 Years Of Research, Sara Karam Nassredine, Nasser Fathi Easa
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
This paper intends to review a flow of previous literature on the antecedents of career development success over ten years, from 2008 to 2018. A systematic literature review has been employed to extract the constitution of literature. A total of 41 relevant articles have been extracted from 16 different top ranked journals. Drawing on the literature, a conceptual model is provided as a clear depiction of what has been studied. Specifically, dependent, independents, mediators, and moderators variables are determined. The systematic literature review identifies six main themes; leadership, organizational and individual commitment, talent management, human resources management practices, career management …
Guidelines For Sustainable Construction Methods To Build Over Difficult Topographies, Israa R. Fadel, Marwan Halabi, Hiba Mohsen, Maged Youssef
Guidelines For Sustainable Construction Methods To Build Over Difficult Topographies, Israa R. Fadel, Marwan Halabi, Hiba Mohsen, Maged Youssef
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Sustainable construction development is a recent term that is required to create an eco-friendly built environment using renewable and recyclable resources and to reduce energy consumption and waste within protecting the natural environment. This term means such an improvement that pleases the current requirements without limitation of the prospect of sustaining requirements in future. Many problems face builders while executing projects, especially these projects were decided to be built over difficult topographies, such as rivers, falls, inclinations, caves, ridges, cliffs, and mountains. Construction challenges to build a project over a difficult topography are diverse starting by executing piles, retaining walls, …
The Reflection Of Effective Interactive Graphic Design, George Nader Naguib Morcos
The Reflection Of Effective Interactive Graphic Design, George Nader Naguib Morcos
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Graphic design has a rich history as a creative practice, which connects different design elements to build effective message. It combines typography and visual elements like Illustrations or photos to create a visual message, graphic design is considered as an important branch in the modern communication technology. Graphic design nowadays has becoming more advanced and moves from the static phase to the dynamic phase which includes unlimited technologies like virtual reality, 3D motion and interactivity, which becomes one of the important factors that affects the successes of the visual communication or the message that has to be sent via the …
Effect Of Different Visible Light Curing Systems On The Color Stability Of Resin Cements, Mohamed A. Ibrahim, Ehab A. Farghaly, Sherine B.Y. Badr
Effect Of Different Visible Light Curing Systems On The Color Stability Of Resin Cements, Mohamed A. Ibrahim, Ehab A. Farghaly, Sherine B.Y. Badr
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
The present study aimed to compare the color stability of zirconia cemented veneers, using self-etch adhesive cement after curing with various systems and aging process. Materials and methods: A total of 27 veneers zirconia samples were cemented using resin cement on 27 labially prepared extracted anterior teeth to reach a flat surface, and classified into three groups according to the light curing units (LCU); Group I (Cured with Polywave Ivoclar Bluephase style LCU), Group II (Cured with Polywave Woodpecker iLED LCU), Group III (Cured with Monowave 3M Elipar LCU). Results: Monowave LCU exhibited significantly higher color changes than the polywave …
Re-Interpretation Of City’S Radial Expansion In The Developing Countries Through Green Affordable Housingcase Study: Greater Sour Southern Expansion Axis, Lebanon, Maged Youssef, Aya Dikmak
Re-Interpretation Of City’S Radial Expansion In The Developing Countries Through Green Affordable Housingcase Study: Greater Sour Southern Expansion Axis, Lebanon, Maged Youssef, Aya Dikmak
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
The footprint of the city is at major risk. Cities are growing out in a fast and unplanned way thus increasing ground stress, both environmentally and economically. When the population increases, the suburbs are exposed to an amorphous expansion, which leads to a modification in the form and content of the city’s periphery. Greater Sour is one of the coastal cities in Lebanon that passed through major phases of expansion over time and has the potential for major future growth. This growth is resulting in a radial-shaped structure located along the major roads linking the city to the surrounding towns. …
Monitoring Participatory Approaches In Mediterranean Waterfront Developments (El Mina, Lebanon; Alexandria, Egypt; And Antalya, Turkey), Sima El-Cheikh, Mary Felix, Nabil Mohareb, Ibtihal Y. El-Bastawissi
Monitoring Participatory Approaches In Mediterranean Waterfront Developments (El Mina, Lebanon; Alexandria, Egypt; And Antalya, Turkey), Sima El-Cheikh, Mary Felix, Nabil Mohareb, Ibtihal Y. El-Bastawissi
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Public participation is an important tool for communities to influence development decisions for public spaces in general and waterfronts in particular. In coastal cities, waterfronts are an important touristic attraction and are affected by social and economic issues. Users’ activities and responsiveness to waterfront projects are affected by the development types and methods. This study is part of ongoing research aiming to evaluate the participatory approach methods in the waterfronts of Mediterranean cities. It examines three coastal cities that have developed differently based on sustainable development studies. This study is a top–down approach that investigates the applied phases and methods …
Clinical And Radiographic Evaluation Of Periodontal Infrabony Defects Treated With Chitosan In Periodontitis Patients, Nayer Aboelsaad, Roula Abiad
Clinical And Radiographic Evaluation Of Periodontal Infrabony Defects Treated With Chitosan In Periodontitis Patients, Nayer Aboelsaad, Roula Abiad
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Chitosan is a naturally derived polymer that has been investigated for its uses as a biomaterial for drug delivery and anti-inflammatory. Recently, chitosan applications in bone regeneration has gained distinct interest. The aim of this study was to. evaluate clinically and radiographically the healing of the periodontal infra-bony defects using chitosan gel in periodontitis patients .Material & methods: Twenty periodontitis patients with bilateral infrabony defects having stage II and Stage III periodontitis were selected according to the criteria of AAP (2017) classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions. Using split mouth design, 20 defects were treated using chitosan gel; while …
The Digital Fabrication Lab Contribution To The Sustainable Development Goals: Exploring Waste Materials And Fabrication Techniques, Marwan Halabi
The Digital Fabrication Lab Contribution To The Sustainable Development Goals: Exploring Waste Materials And Fabrication Techniques, Marwan Halabi
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
The SDGs, commonly known as Sustainable Development Goals, unveil the shortcomings and deficiencies of the building sector facing of the challenges of the planet. Unfortunately, the news is not positive since the objectives established by the United Nations General Assembly should be reached by 2030. From the 17 goals and 169 targets, a case study was developed in order to test its effectiveness against SDG 9, which deals with Infrastructure, Innovation and Industry. In this sense, technology should play a significant role in the mapping criteria against the objective and its targets. Therefore, an overview of the potential digital tools …
Knowledge Sharing And Innovation At The Lebanese Banking Industry, Sherine Al Ahmad, Nasser Fathi Easa, Nehale Mostapha
Knowledge Sharing And Innovation At The Lebanese Banking Industry, Sherine Al Ahmad, Nasser Fathi Easa, Nehale Mostapha
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Knowledge is considered the main critical resource for competitive advantage. By encouraging a knowledge‐sharing culture within service settings such as banks, the quality of service is enhanced and the opportunities for innovation is created. This research seeks to test the relationship between knowledge sharing (KS) and innovation. A quantitative and explanatory analysis was done by using Structural equations modeling (SEM) to investigate the effect of KS on process and product innovation. Research data were collected through a survey method. The sample result was determined through a probability stratified sampling technique of about 310 employees at 27 banks in Lebanon. The …
A Legal Perspective On Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr), Tala Zein, Sarah Zein
A Legal Perspective On Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr), Tala Zein, Sarah Zein
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Recent years have been marked by a remarkable decline in trust and confidence in the economy as well as in the business community, as a growing number of economic scandals are being reported by observers and whistleblowers. The need for better governance and higher ethical standards has become a focal issue for governments, regulators, supervisors and business actors themselves. In this context, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has come to play an increasingly important role in business and corporate regulation, paving the way for ethical business practices, as the concept of corporate social responsibility encompasses key components of economic growth, social …
Reiterpreting The Territory-Fragmentation Through Creating Cultural Promenadecase Study: Possibility To Reinterpret Zokak El-Blat District, Maged Youssef, Sarah Abou Shahine
Reiterpreting The Territory-Fragmentation Through Creating Cultural Promenadecase Study: Possibility To Reinterpret Zokak El-Blat District, Maged Youssef, Sarah Abou Shahine
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
"This paper focuses on tools and actions of urban planning that help the creation, enhancement, transformation or revitalization of cultural identity and historical meaning of central public spaces that suffer from urban disruption or fragmentation. This work uses the case study of a well-known district, Zokak el Blat, in Beirut, Lebanon, which has undergone noticeable changes in terms of morphology of the urban fabric as well as disparities in functionality. According to these facts, this district has a high potential for defining a strong central dynamic zone, where local character is reinforced, which creates a sort of fragmentation and discontinuity …
Towards A Creative Sustainable Promenade In Informal Souk Architecturecase Study: Mar Elias Camps, In Beirut, Lebanon, Maged Youssef, Farah Mefleh
Towards A Creative Sustainable Promenade In Informal Souk Architecturecase Study: Mar Elias Camps, In Beirut, Lebanon, Maged Youssef, Farah Mefleh
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Informal settlement and slums are from the past decades growing continuously with urbanization, where informal souk or small market propagate informally in slums. Mainly the informal settlement is defined as residential areas where a group of housing has been constructed on land to which the occupants have an illegal claim. These informal settlement maintain few shops in unorganized way which influence the economic conditions. There are also the lack of open spaces where small alleys are mainly allocated in these informal urban fabric. The main aim is to provide a new applicable and better living condition, by providing new retails …
The Crimes Of Child Pornography In Light Of Sustainable Development “Lebanon As A Model”, Tarteel Darwish
The Crimes Of Child Pornography In Light Of Sustainable Development “Lebanon As A Model”, Tarteel Darwish
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
This research deals with one of the most sever international crimes at the time, which is child exploitation in pornographic materials. The Lebanese legislator has recently incorporated this crime in the Electronic Transactions and Personal Data Act enacted on October 18, 2018, by replacing articles 535 and 536 of the Penal Code with article 120 under new provision entitled “Exploitation of Minors in Pornographic Materials”. Undoubtedly, this criminalization falls within the agenda of the 2030 Sustainable Development plan, developed and promoted by the United Nations, which presents a comprehensive blueprint to ensure that all humans are respected and living peacefully …
Interactive Playscapes: Explorative Design And Robotic Fabrication Techniques, Chadi El Khoury, Rasha Sukkarieh
Interactive Playscapes: Explorative Design And Robotic Fabrication Techniques, Chadi El Khoury, Rasha Sukkarieh
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
This research focuses on material-based practices and explorations by utilizing the carbon fiber fabric performance characteristics as a significant driver in the design and fabrication strategies. While the integrative aspects of computational design have been extensively used for the inclusion of environmental, manufacturing, or economic considerations, material information should be similarly employed as a generative driver. The paper describes and evaluates a full-scale prototype of installation for social play actuated in the heart of Beirut city, hence integrating material research with methodologies optimizing fabrication techniques for complex, performance-driven structures. The introduction of carbon fiber composites into the construction sector defines …
Democratic Elections And Sustainable Development:The Case Of Electoral District And Representation In Lebanon, Ali Mourad
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development addresses democracy in Sustainable Development Goal 16 recognizing the indivisible links between peaceful societies and effective, accountable and inclusive institutions. Sustainable Development Goal 16 calls on UN Member States to promote responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making, and to build effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels. Thus, Elections are an integral part of the Sustainable Development Goal 16: “Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions” offer specific guidelines to tackle imperative challenges such as building effective, accountable and inclusive institutions; guaranteeing election integrity and trust; and ensuring responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at …
Evaluation Of An Experimental Screw-Retained Retrievable Crown Versus Conventional Crown Design, Mohammad M. Rayyan, Ahmed Naguib M Hussien, Hanan A. Naguib, Hiba A. Makarem
Evaluation Of An Experimental Screw-Retained Retrievable Crown Versus Conventional Crown Design, Mohammad M. Rayyan, Ahmed Naguib M Hussien, Hanan A. Naguib, Hiba A. Makarem
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Statement of problem: Removing cemented crowns is usually a complicated procedure that may lead to irreversible damage to the tooth/crown and mostly necessitate remake of crown with added effort for both patient and clinician. Purpose: This in-vitro study evaluated an experimental two-component, screw-retained retrievable crown design in comparison to the conventional design. Materials and methods: A total of 120 extracted maxillary 2nd premolars received root canal treatment and were divided into two groups (n=60 each) according to the crown design they will receive. Gp CC received a threaded modified post, a composite core and a metal coping, while Gp RC …
Simplified Technique For Removal Of Prefabricated Threaded Posts, Mohammad M. Rayyan, Ammar M. Alwaely
Simplified Technique For Removal Of Prefabricated Threaded Posts, Mohammad M. Rayyan, Ammar M. Alwaely
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
This paper describes a time-saving procedure for the removal of prefabricated threaded posts. In this technique, a slit is prepared in the head of the post to-be-removed so that it can be engaged by a jewelers’ precision stainless steel flat-blade screwdriver which would drive it out when rotated counterclockwise. This simple technique spares the clinician valuable time and effort during removal, requires minimal or no loss of valuable tooth structure compared to other techniques. It is also conservative in the sense that it does not expose dental tissue to thermal insults from use of ultrasound.
Escape Route Designs And Specifications For Office Buildings - “Cciat” Building As A Case Study, Mostafa El-Hefnawi
Escape Route Designs And Specifications For Office Buildings - “Cciat” Building As A Case Study, Mostafa El-Hefnawi
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Many office buildings encounter various problems with their fire safety evacuation designs. The Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Tripoli - North Lebanon (CCIAT) is considered the only modern office building in its context that lacks fire escape elements and emergency plans. This paper presents an analysis and proposals for an optimal evacuation scenario for the case of the CCIAT building, and develop solutions for similar office buildings. The problem is interpreted with reference to the positions of existing staircases and lifts and their connectivity with occupants’ offices and other facilities on the floors, in order to provide a comprehensive …
Heritage Cities After Wars: Between Tradition And Innovation - A Case Study Of Beirut In Lebanon, Mary Felix
Heritage Cities After Wars: Between Tradition And Innovation - A Case Study Of Beirut In Lebanon, Mary Felix
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
Urban heritage is one of the most important aspects that identify a city’s history and evolution. Rebuilding cities after war is a concept that takes into consideration several aspects of maintaining a visual memory of urban heritage. A proper understanding of heritage aspects and elements should be considered in new extensions and the redesigning of old parts of cities, especially after wars. Beirut in Lebanon is one of the Middle Eastern cities that have been rehabilitated and rebuilt successfully after suffering from several wars. This research discusses and analyses conservation approaches that have been used in old parts of Beirut …
Impact Of Contaminated Interior Finishing Materials On The Educational Buildings, Osama Omar, Nael Al-Sarrag
Impact Of Contaminated Interior Finishing Materials On The Educational Buildings, Osama Omar, Nael Al-Sarrag
BAU Journal - Creative Sustainable Development
This paper focuses on the impact of indoor finishing material contaminations such as Formaldehyde (HCHO) and Volatile organic compounds (VOCS). These contaminations are reflected through harmful effects on the health of occupants in the indoor environment, reflecting negatively on the comfort, satisfaction, and productivity of inhabitants in the indoor environment. The research focuses particularly on educational buildings as a case study and the effect of contaminations in a design studio located in a faculty building of a university in Debbieh, Lebanon. During the first year of building use, the study checked the concentration of (HCHO) and (VOCS) through the use …