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Articles 1 - 30 of 131
Full-Text Articles in Philosophy of Science
"The Indeterminacy Of Race: The Dilemma Of Difference In Medicine And Health Care", Jamie P. Ross
"The Indeterminacy Of Race: The Dilemma Of Difference In Medicine And Health Care", Jamie P. Ross
Jamie P Ross
The indeterminacy of race:The dilemma of difference in medicine and health careHow can researchers use race, as they do now, to conduct health-care studies when its very definition is in question? The belief that race is a social construct without “biological authenticity” though widely shared across disciplines in social science is not subscribed to by traditional science. Yet with an interdisciplinary approach, the two horns of the social construct/genetics dilemma of race are not mutually exclusive. We can use traditional science to provide a rigorous framework and use a social-science approach so that “invisible” factors are used to adjust the …
Knowledge In Society And The Knowledge Society: Opening The Debate For A New Millennium, Ananya Vajpeyi
Knowledge In Society And The Knowledge Society: Opening The Debate For A New Millennium, Ananya Vajpeyi
Ananya Vajpeyi
No abstract provided.
In Search Of Justification For The Unpredictability Paradox, Jeremy Howick, Alexander Mebius
In Search Of Justification For The Unpredictability Paradox, Jeremy Howick, Alexander Mebius
Alexander Mebius
A 2011 Cochrane Review found that adequately randomized trials sometimes revealed larger, sometimes smaller, and often similar effect sizes to inadequately randomized trials. However, they found no average statistically significant difference in effect sizes between the two study types. Yet instead of concluding that adequate randomization had no effect the review authors postulated the “unpredictability paradox”, which states that randomized and non-randomized studies differ, but in an unpredictable direction. However, stipulating the unpredictability paradox is problematic for several reasons: 1) it makes the authors’ conclusion that adequate randomization makes a difference unfalsifiable—if it turned out that adequately randomized trials had …
Argument Map: Loewi's Argument That Neuro-Transmission Works With Chemical Signals Instead Of Eletrical (Short Version), Michael Hoffmann
Argument Map: Loewi's Argument That Neuro-Transmission Works With Chemical Signals Instead Of Eletrical (Short Version), Michael Hoffmann
Michael H.G. Hoffmann
This argument shows how the hypothesis that muscles are probably stimulated exclusively by chemical signals and not by electrical ones can be justified by Loewi's experimentum crucis.
Argument Map: Devoloping Scientific Hypotheses And Experimental Designs In Form Of An Argumentation. Loewi's Crucial Experiment On Chemical Neurotransmission, Michael Hoffmann
Argument Map: Devoloping Scientific Hypotheses And Experimental Designs In Form Of An Argumentation. Loewi's Crucial Experiment On Chemical Neurotransmission, Michael Hoffmann
Michael H.G. Hoffmann
This argument map presents Paul Loewi’s crucial experiment in which he showed that neural transmissions of signals are chemical in nature, not electrical, in form of an argumentation. The map can be used in science education to show how the formulation of hypotheses should be related to a corresponding determination of experimental designs.
A Weakened Mechanism Is Still A Mechanism: On The Causal Role Of Absences In Mechanistic Explanation, Alexander Mebius
A Weakened Mechanism Is Still A Mechanism: On The Causal Role Of Absences In Mechanistic Explanation, Alexander Mebius
Alexander Mebius
Much contemporary debate on the nature of mechanisms centers on the issue of modulating negative causes. One type of negative causability, which I refer to as ‘‘causation by absence,’’ appears difficult to incorporate into modern accounts of mechanistic explanation. This paper argues that a recent attempt to resolve this problem, proposed by Benjamin Barros, requires improvement as it overlooks the fact that not all absences qualify as sources of mechanism failure. I suggest that there are a number of additional types of effects caused by absences that need to be incorporated to account for the diversity of causal connections in …
Epistemological-Scientific Realism And The Onto-Relationship Of Inferentially Justified And Non-Inferentially Justified Beliefs, Max Lewis Edward Andrews
Epistemological-Scientific Realism And The Onto-Relationship Of Inferentially Justified And Non-Inferentially Justified Beliefs, Max Lewis Edward Andrews
Max L.E. Andrews
The traditional concept of knowledge is a justified true belief. The bulk of contemporary epistemology has focused primarily on that task of justification. Truth seems to be a quite obvious criterion—does the belief in question correspond to reality? My contention is that the aspect of ontology is far too separated from epistemology. This onto-relationship of between reality and beliefs require the epistemic method of epistemological realism. This is not to diminish the task of justification. I will then discuss the role of inference from the onto-relationships of free invention and discovery and whether it is best suited for a foundationalist …
Three Appraoches To Human Cognitive Development: Neo-Nativism, Standard Neuroconstructivism, And Dynamic Enskilment, Mirko Farina
Three Appraoches To Human Cognitive Development: Neo-Nativism, Standard Neuroconstructivism, And Dynamic Enskilment, Mirko Farina
Mirko Farina
In section 1, I introduce three approaches that explain human cognitive development from different standpoints: Marcus’ neo-nativism, standard neuroconstructivism, and neo-neuroconstructivism. In section 2, I assess Marcus’ attempt to reconcile nativism with developmental flexibility. In section 3, I argue that in structurally reconfiguring nativism, Marcus ends up transforming it out of a recognizable form, and claim that his view can be accommodated within the more general framework provided by standard neuroconstructivism. In section 4, I focus on recent empirical findings in neuropsychology and cultural/social neuroscience, and propose a significant revision to standard neuroconstructivism, thus developing the neo-neuroconstructivism view. I conclude …
Commentary: Critical Analysis Of Chiropractic At The Crossroads Or Are We Just Going Around In Circles., Dennis M. Richards
Commentary: Critical Analysis Of Chiropractic At The Crossroads Or Are We Just Going Around In Circles., Dennis M. Richards
Dennis M Richards
This commentary presents critical analysis of a paper published by Dr John Reggars, and based, as he admitted, on his perceptions and opinions. Many of those are wrong. Others raise important questions. Sourced from a lecture presented by him at the 2010 annual conference of the Chiropractic and Osteopathic College of Australia (‘COCA’), this polemic is best understood in its historical and political contexts. COCA’s objects include political activity and Reggars is its vice president, which he failed to declare.
Three Paradigms Of Scientific Realism : A Truthmaking Account, Jamin Asay
Three Paradigms Of Scientific Realism : A Truthmaking Account, Jamin Asay
Prof. ASAY Jamin, Frederick
This paper investigates the nature of scientific realism. I begin by considering the anomalous fact that Bas van Fraassen's account of scientific realism is strikingly similar to Arthur Fine's account of scientific non-realism. To resolve this puzzle, I demonstrate how the two theorists understand the nature of truth and its connection to ontology, and how that informs their conception of the realism debate. I then argue that the debate is much better captured by the theory of truthmaking, and not by any particular theory of truth. To be a scientific realist is to adopt a realism-relevant account of what makes …
On The Possibility Of Inductive Knowledge, Raam P. Gokhale
On The Possibility Of Inductive Knowledge, Raam P. Gokhale
Raam P Gokhale
In this paper, we utilize a disjunction of familiar inductive beliefs—the disjunction being deductively valid—to show that we most likely have inductive knowledge, the likelihood depending on the usual inductive considerations like size and robustness of the sample, etc., i.e. on what it should depend on, not the usual 'philosophical' culprits like the old and new riddles of induction. While this is in itself philosophically significant, the implications of this for a justification of induction are also explored. Induction will be found to be supported but not justified by the proposed example. Lastly, to address this lacuna, and deriving support …
Allowing For Every Contingency, Raam P. Gokhale
Allowing For Every Contingency, Raam P. Gokhale
Raam P Gokhale
A Dialogue on Determinism, Contingency and Free Will
Origins Shrouded In Myth, Raam P. Gokhale
Origins Shrouded In Myth, Raam P. Gokhale
Raam P Gokhale
A Dialogue Exploring the Philosophical Roles of Myths
Ideologies: The Prisons Of Modern People, Ferit Uslu
Ideologies: The Prisons Of Modern People, Ferit Uslu
Ferit Uslu
We can examine and assess ideologies in different ways: Sociological, physiological and historical ways are among those. But here, I will analyze and assess ideologies according to their epistemological structure and try to give reasons of why they are prisons of human mind and modern people.
Prison Through A Philosophic Prism, Raam P. Gokhale
Prison Through A Philosophic Prism, Raam P. Gokhale
Raam P Gokhale
A Dialogue Between Prisoners Past, Present and Future
Forced Displacement In Colombia, Fernando Estrada
Forced Displacement In Colombia, Fernando Estrada
Fernando Estrada
No abstract provided.
Desarrollo Cientifico Tecnologico Y Universidades, Jorge Gibert-Galassi
Desarrollo Cientifico Tecnologico Y Universidades, Jorge Gibert-Galassi
jorge gibert-galassi
The paper shows how scientific and technological activities are embodied at universities in emegent peripheric countries and regions.
La Construccion Social Del Cientifico, Jorge Gibert-Galassi
La Construccion Social Del Cientifico, Jorge Gibert-Galassi
jorge gibert-galassi
The interview-based paper describes structures and mechanisms which link market, State and the university, in order to explain, in principle, what a scientist is meant to be in Chile. By analysing four communities (astronomers, molecular biologists, sociologists, and communication scientists), it attempts to uncover the social and cultural reasons why there are these scientific communities with patent social and intellectual identity; latent but constituted identities, evolving; and communities in path-searching definable identity. Reinforcing a utilitarian historical relationship between university and society, and exacerbated by Neo-liberalism, these structures and mechanisms have been precipitated during the last 20 years. Finally, the paper …
The East Unleashed, Raam P. Gokhale
The East Unleashed, Raam P. Gokhale
Raam P Gokhale
A Dialogue Concerning the Political Ramifications of the Developing World
The Study Of Social Sciences In Developing Societies: Towards An Adequate Conceptualization Of Relevance, Syed Farid Alatas
The Study Of Social Sciences In Developing Societies: Towards An Adequate Conceptualization Of Relevance, Syed Farid Alatas
farid alatas
Since the 19th century, there has been a strong awareness of a lack of fit between the western1 social sciences and non-western realities. Many examples of the irrelevance of western concepts, theories and assumptions have been noted in the literature. The fact that the social sciences emerged in the West, were initially practised in the Third World by colonialists and other European scholars, and then finally implanted among the locals during and after formal independence, had raised the question of the relevance of these bodies of knowledge to Third World societies and their problems. Some nonwestern scholars in the 19th …
Just-If-Ication, Raam P. Gokhale
Una Reflexión Entorno A “El Espíritu De La Ilustración” De Tzvetan Todorov., Mariado Hinojosa
Una Reflexión Entorno A “El Espíritu De La Ilustración” De Tzvetan Todorov., Mariado Hinojosa
Mariado Hinojosa
Tomando como referencia la obra de Tzvetan Todorov, el presente artículo reflexiona brevemente sobre algunos de los presupuestos heredados de la Ilustración y que marcaron profundamente el horizonte social, cultural y político del pasado siglo XX.
The Two Envelopes Problem: A 'Back Of The Envelope' Solution, Raam P. Gokhale
The Two Envelopes Problem: A 'Back Of The Envelope' Solution, Raam P. Gokhale
Raam P Gokhale
We give a simple solution of the two envelopes problem by considering an alternate situation to which the problem’s expectation formula more properly applies. The flaw in reasoning in the original problem is apparent once the difference in the two problems is examined.
Slumdog Philosopher, Richdog Philosopher, Raam P. Gokhale
Slumdog Philosopher, Richdog Philosopher, Raam P. Gokhale
Raam P Gokhale
A dialog concerning God, Necessity and Perfection.
From Slumdog To Maddog, Raam P. Gokhale
From Slumdog To Maddog, Raam P. Gokhale
Raam P Gokhale
A hearing in the court of Sanity
Resolution Of Grue Using A Support Measure, Raam P. Gokhale
Resolution Of Grue Using A Support Measure, Raam P. Gokhale
Raam P Gokhale
Goodman’s grue paradox is unassailable if we hold that instances confirm generalizations, for the evidence at hand is both an instance of ‘All emeralds are green’ and ‘All emeralds are grue’. But if we consider what bearing the denials of the two hypotheses have on the evidence, a very different picture emerges. This paper argues that the denial of ‘All emeralds are grue’ is more positively relevant to the evidence to date than the denial of ‘All emeralds are green’ is to the evidence and that therefore ‘All emeralds are green’ is better supported by the evidence than ‘All emeralds …
Morphogrammatics Of Reflection, Rudolf Kaehr
Morphogrammatics Of Reflection, Rudolf Kaehr
Rudolf Kaehr
Turning back from the studies of morphogrammatics to some open questions of reflectional programming, the recountered problematics might be put into a different light and new methods of handling formal aspects of reflection and reflectionality shall be introduced. Albeit the use of light-metaphors, morphogrammatic reflection is not sketched along the paradigm of optical metaphors. Morphograms are presenting neither propositions nor perceptions able for mirroring (representation). Exercises in defining morphogrammatic retro-grade recursion and reflection schemata are continued from the paper “Sketches to Morphogrammatic Programming”.
Know Thyself, Raam P. Gokhale
Know Thyself, Raam P. Gokhale
Raam P Gokhale
An Imagined Dialog on Eastern and Western Philosophy and the Nature of Knowledge
Memristics: Memristors, Again? – Part Ii, How To Transform Wired ‘Translations’ Between Crossbars Into Interactions?, Rudolf Kaehr
Memristics: Memristors, Again? – Part Ii, How To Transform Wired ‘Translations’ Between Crossbars Into Interactions?, Rudolf Kaehr
Rudolf Kaehr
The idea behind this patchwork of conceptual interventions is to show the possibility of a “buffer-free” modeling of the crossbar architecture for memristive systems on the base of a purely difference-theoretical approach. It is considered that on a nano-electronic level principles of interpretation appears as mechanisms of complementarity. The most basic conceptual approach to such a complementarity is introduced as an interchangeability of operators and operands of an operation. Therefore, the architecture of crossbars gets an interpretation as complementarity between crossbar functionality and “buffering” translation functionality. That is, the same matter functions as operator and at once, as operand – …
Memristics: Memristors, Again?, Rudolf Kaehr
Memristics: Memristors, Again?, Rudolf Kaehr
Rudolf Kaehr
This collection gives first and short critical reflections on the concepts of memristics, memristors and memristive systems and the history of similar movements with an own focus on a possible interplay between memory and computing functions, at once, at the same place and time, to achieve a new kind of complementarity between computation and memory on a single chip without retarding buffering conditions.