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Replacing Liberal Confucianism With Progressive Confucianism, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2018

Replacing Liberal Confucianism With Progressive Confucianism, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

The core thesis of this essay is that “progressive Confucianism” is a clear and viable category, a label for many though not all contemporary Confucians, which succeeds in capturing what is useful about so-called “liberal” Confucianism without suffering from various problems to which I show “liberal Confucianism” falls prey. The essay begins with examples of progressive Confucians being labeled as “liberal” in ways that are misleading. I next turn to the use of “liberal” by influential twentieth-century New Confucians and then look at some contemporary theorists who are often labeled “liberal Confucians.” Overall, for reasons having to do both with …


Human Rights In Chinese Tradition, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2018

Human Rights In Chinese Tradition, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

This chapter in Sarah Biddulph and Joshua Rosenzweig, eds., Handbook on human rights in China (Edward Elgar, 2019) -- examines three different approaches: the Chinese tradition is (1) an obstacle to human rights, (2) an alternative to human rights, or (3) a source of human rights. While some scholars have insisted on one or another of these approaches, I will argue here that there is truth in all of them. Nothing about the Chinese tradition determines, once-and-for-all, what modern Chinese must think about human rights, but there is no question that it has had, and will continue to have, varying …


儒家领袖与儒家民主, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2017

儒家领袖与儒家民主, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

儒家民主主义者认为,如同现代儒家政治体必须从君主制转变到民主制一样,必须对儒家政 治领袖的角色进行反思,但是,这并不意味着现代儒家必须摈弃传统儒家视野下的领袖观.尽管在现代民 主儒学的新背景下,一些关键的儒家见解在某种程度上呈现出新的意涵,但这些洞见的传统内涵依旧重 要.陈祖为和陈永政在论证儒家强调领导力胜过制度这一观点上并无过错,但我们还应该重视那些儒家 所依赖的用来培养和选拔贤德领袖的制度.儒家从未认为政治的运转可单独依赖于启发型的领袖,优秀 领导力的运作依赖于一系列背景制度的支撑和推进.慈继伟认为儒家在深层次上是非民主的,但这一观 点却恰恰能够帮助我们解释,为什么儒家必须向民主演进.儒家民主仍然需要政治领袖来扮演那些能够 承继传统儒家领袖精神的角色,现代儒家需要通过拥抱人本民主,而不是民本威权主义,来解决传统儒学 中的张力.


Buddhism And Zhu Xi’S Epistemology, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2017

Buddhism And Zhu Xi’S Epistemology, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

There are at least superficial reasons for thinking that Zhu Xi’s epistemology is significantly influenced by Chinese Buddhism. For one thing, in his youth Zhu studied with Kaishan Daoqian 開善道謙 (d. 1150?), a leading disciple of the most influential Chan teacher of the era, Dahui Zonggao大慧宗杲 (1089-1163). For another, his discussions of epistemology lean heavily on terms like “genuine knowing 真知” that also figure significantly in Buddhist discussions. As is well known, subsequent critics of the Daoxue movement with which Zhu was centrally associated regularly accused it of being strongly colored by Buddhism. Finally, modern scholars have also …


Tian As Cosmos In Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2017

Tian As Cosmos In Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle


Tian” is central to the metaphysics, cosmology, and ethics of the eight-hundred-year-long Chinese philosophical tradition we call “Neo-Confucianism,” but there is considerable confusion over what tian means—confusion which is exacerbated by its standard translation into English as “Heaven.” This essay analyzes the meaning of tian in the works of the most influential Neo-Confucian, Zhu Xi (1130-1200), presents a coherent interpretation that unifies the disparate aspects of the term’s meaning, and argues that “cosmos” does an excellent job of capturing this meaning, and therefore should be adopted as our translation of tian.


德性、自由与“有根的全球哲学”——关于“进步儒学”与“自由儒学”的对话 [Virtue, Liberty, And ‘Rooted Global Philosophy’—A Dialogue Concerning Progressive Confucianism And Liberal Confucianism], Stephen C. Angle, Ping Guo Dec 2016

德性、自由与“有根的全球哲学”——关于“进步儒学”与“自由儒学”的对话 [Virtue, Liberty, And ‘Rooted Global Philosophy’—A Dialogue Concerning Progressive Confucianism And Liberal Confucianism], Stephen C. Angle, Ping Guo

Stephen C. Angle

2017年4月26日,美国著名儒家学者安靖如(Stephen C. Angle)教授应邀来到山东大学中心校区,与山东社会科学院青年儒家学者郭萍博士就“有根的全球哲学”、“进步儒学”和“自由儒学”的相关问题进行了一次对话。安靖如先生指出,他所创建的“进步儒学”是一种“有根的全球哲学”,与“综合儒学”在方法论上有着根本的区别:前者是基于单一传统认可意义上“有根的”发展,后者是“双重认可”意义上“综合性的”发展。二者虽然表面近似,而且各有好处,但作为儒家学者必须对此加以区分,以便弄清各种儒学理论据以展开的价值立场和思路方法。对此,致力于创建“自由儒学”理论的郭萍博士提出了自己的理解,并且从“有根的”和“全球的”维度上介绍了“自由儒学”的理论特质。进而,双方基于各自的理论视角,就现代语境下的儒家德性观念以及自由平等与个体权利、美国儒学研究的转向等问题做了广泛地交流,由此在保持各自不同的理论思考的同时,体现出双方坚持立足儒学传统,发展现代价值的思想共识。


生活儒学与进步儒学的对话 [Dialogue Between Life Confucianism And Progressive Confucianism] (Part 1), Stephen C. Angle, Yushun Huang Dec 2016

生活儒学与进步儒学的对话 [Dialogue Between Life Confucianism And Progressive Confucianism] (Part 1), Stephen C. Angle, Yushun Huang

Stephen C. Angle

2017年4月25日,应尼山书院邀请,中国儒家学者、山东大学儒学高等研究院教授黄玉顺先生与美国儒家学者、维思大学(Wesleyan University)哲学系教授安靖如先生共聚济南大明湖畔,以“中美儒学对话:生活儒学与进步儒学”为题举行对话,共同探讨世界儒学发展方向。安靖如先生是西方儒学代表人物之一,提出“进步儒学”(Progressive Confucianism)理论,以表达对儒学发展方向、理路等一系列问题的看法。他把儒学理解为一个活的、发展中的传统,强调进步儒学最重要的方法论概念是“有根的全球哲学”,即儒学的发展必须既是源自儒家传统的(有根的),又是敞开的(全球的)。黄玉顺先生所创立的“生活儒学”理论,意在发掘儒学所蕴涵的某些能够穿越时空、超越历史地域的观念。生活儒学突破“形上→形下”的观念架构,揭示“生活存在→形而上存在者→形而下存在者”的观念层级,强调回归生活本身及其仁爱情感,重建儒家的形上学和形下学,使儒学能够真正有效地切入当今世界的社会生活。对话过程中,两位儒家分别阐述了各自理论的创构背景、方法架构和核心观念,并且以儒学与自由主义的关系为中心进行深入地互动交流,在展现了各自独特的思想个性的同时取得了广泛共识。特别是在儒学发展之“有根的”立场和现代性的价值取向上,“进步儒学”与“生活儒学”可谓高度一致。


生活儒学与进步儒学的对话 [Dialogue Between Life Confucianism And Progressive Confucianism] (Part 2), Stephen C. Angle, Yushun Huang Dec 2016

生活儒学与进步儒学的对话 [Dialogue Between Life Confucianism And Progressive Confucianism] (Part 2), Stephen C. Angle, Yushun Huang

Stephen C. Angle

此为“生活儒学与进步儒学的对话”之下部分。


Response To Danielle Macbeth, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2016

Response To Danielle Macbeth, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

This short piece is a response to Danielle Macbeth's essay “The Place of Philosophy.” In her essay, Macbeth has two principal goals: to diagnose the plight of contemporary Western—and especially analytic—philosophy, and to argue for an alternative conception of philosophy’s role, according to which engagement with its history and with the philosophies of other cultures becomes crucial. I have a great deal of sympathy with both halves of her project, and feel I have learned a considerable amount from her essay. As Macbeth herself emphasizes, though, the a priori and dialectical nature of philosophy urges readers to see for …


Comments On Joseph Chan, Confucian Perfectionism, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2016

Comments On Joseph Chan, Confucian Perfectionism, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

I approach this encounter with Joseph Chan’s important work on Confucian perfectionism from a fundamentally sympathetic standpoint. Most basically, I agree with two of his key premises. Confucianism is more than a rich historical tradition: it is a live strand of political (and other types of) theory, able to criticize and contribute to our lives today. But for modern Confucianism to be plausible and attractive, it must find a way to embrace the idea of limited government or constitutionalism in a deeper fashion than it did historically. There are many other issues that Joseph covers in his book, and on …


Comments On Joseph Chan, Confucian Perfectionism, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2016

Comments On Joseph Chan, Confucian Perfectionism, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

I approach this encounter with Joseph Chan’s important work on Confucian perfectionism from a fundamentally sympathetic standpoint. Most basically, I agree with two of his key premises. Confucianism is more than a rich historical tradition: it is a live strand of political (and other types of) theory, able to criticize and contribute to our lives today. But for modern Confucianism to be plausible and attractive, it must find a way to embrace the idea of limited government or constitutionalism in a deeper fashion than it did historically. There are many other issues that Joseph covers in his book, and on …


Moral Virtue, Civic Virtue, And Pluralism, Stephen C. Angle Aug 2016

Moral Virtue, Civic Virtue, And Pluralism, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Kim Sungmoon’s Confucian Democracy in East Asia: Theory and Practice makes many important contributions to our understanding of what is at stake in thinking of Confucianism as a viable political theory in the modern world. One of the book’s most interesting features is its grounding in the on-going practice of Confucianism in South Korea, on the one hand, and yet its emphasis on pluralism within Korean society, on the other.[1] Kim thus aims to describe and defend a polity that, while not relying on its citizens’ unanimous acceptance of Confucianism as comprehensive doctrine, nonetheless can legitimately maintain a distinctively …


Contemporary Confucian And Islamic Approaches To Democracy And Human Rights, Stephen Angle Mar 2016

Contemporary Confucian And Islamic Approaches To Democracy And Human Rights, Stephen Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Both Confucian and Islamic traditions stand in fraught and internally contested relationships with democracy and human rights. It can easily appear that the two traditions are in analogous positions with respect to the values associated with modernity, but a central contention of this essay is that Islam and Confucianism are not analogous in this way. Positions taken by advocates of the traditions are often similar, but the reasoning used to justify these positions differs in crucial ways. Whether one approaches these questions from an intra-traditional, cross-traditional, or multi-traditional perspective, the essay shows that there is great value in getting clear …


Confucian Leadership Meets Confucian Democracy, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2015

Confucian Leadership Meets Confucian Democracy, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Many famous images of the inspirational, almost magical character of Confucian leadership seem very distant from any idea of democracy. Some modern Confucian celebrate this distance, arguing that modern Confucian polities should be ruled by elites, and perhaps that these elites should be venerated in something like the traditional way.3 Confucian democrats, in contrast, hold that the roles of Confucian political leaders must be rethought, just as the modern Confucian polity must shift from a monarchy to a constitutional democracy. This does not mean that modern Confucians must turn their backs on traditional Confucian views of leadership: the key …


Building Bridges To Distant Shores, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2015

Building Bridges To Distant Shores, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Late in 1987, having graduated from college and headed to Taiwan to study more Chinese, I decided to attend an international conference on Confucianism. At lunchtime on the first day I was sitting by myself, intimidated by the luminaries all around, when a smiling scholar sat down across from me, introduced himself as Roger Ames, and immediately made me feel at home. (Although he did question the wisdom of my intention to attend a graduate school other than Hawaii.) 1987 also saw the publication of Thinking Through Confucius, Roger’s seminal collaboration with David Hall; shortly after I met Roger …


Building Bridges To Distant Shores, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2015

Building Bridges To Distant Shores, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Late in 1987, having graduated from college and headed to Taiwan to study more Chinese, I decided to attend an international conference on Confucianism. At lunchtime on the first day I was sitting by myself, intimidated by the luminaries all around, when a smiling scholar sat down across from me, introduced himself as Roger Ames, and immediately made me feel at home. (Although he did question the wisdom of my intention to attend a graduate school other than Hawaii.) 1987 also saw the publication of Thinking Through Confucius, Roger’s seminal collaboration with David Hall; shortly after I met Roger …


Confucian Leadership Meets Confucian Democracy, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2015

Confucian Leadership Meets Confucian Democracy, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Many famous images of the inspirational, almost magical character of Confucian leadership seem very distant from any idea of democracy. Some modern Confucian celebrate this distance, arguing that modern Confucian polities should be ruled by elites, and perhaps that these elites should be venerated in something like the traditional way.3 Confucian democrats, in contrast, hold that the roles of Confucian political leaders must be rethought, just as the modern Confucian polity must shift from a monarchy to a constitutional democracy. This does not mean that modern Confucians must turn their backs on traditional Confucian views of leadership: the key …


Comparative Philosophy: Reviewing The State Of The Art, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2015

Comparative Philosophy: Reviewing The State Of The Art, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Comparative Philosophy: Reviewing the State of the Art
 
Table of Contents
 
 
0. Introduction — Stephen C. Angle                                                                                                1
 
Part 1: Pairs                                                                                                                                                               
1. Transcending Tradition through Virtue Ethics — Daniel J. Lemieux                                           7
A Review of Jiyuan Yu, The Ethics of Confucius and Aristotle: Mirrors of Virtue
 
2. Understanding a New Type of Religion — Gwendolyn R. Pastor                                            15
A Review of Ge Ling Shang, Liberation as Affirmation: The Religiosity of Zhuangzi and Nietzsche
 
3. Work Hard, Study Hard, Practice Hard — Jennie He                                                                25
A Review of Aaron Stalnaker, Overcoming Our Evil: Human …


Review Of Ziporyn, Ironies And Beyond Oneness, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2014

Review Of Ziporyn, Ironies And Beyond Oneness, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Near the end of the second volume of the two books under review (hereafter referred to as Ironies and Beyond Oneness), Brook Ziporyn says that his goal has been to provide the power to think a greater number of more greatly differing thoughts.... Truth is important, but it is important only because it makes things so much more interesting(2/314). No one who reads these books with any charity can deny that he has achieved this goalin fact, far exceeded it. Ziporyn takes on the deepest issues and most difficult texts from a …


World Virtue Ethics, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2014

World Virtue Ethics, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

As many chapters in the present volume have shown, virtue ethics has been practiced and theorized in many different ways around the world. Different times and places have different lists of virtues, or differently-conceptualized notions of unified virtue; virtues have been justified in different ways, interrelated in different ways, and had differing degrees of centrality in broader traditions of ethical thinking and practice. The goal of this chapter is to offer present-day theorists some ways of making sense of this diversity, as it informs our philosophical work and ethical living, both today and into the future. The bulk of the …


Western, Chinese, And Universal Values, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2014

Western, Chinese, And Universal Values, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Efforts to resist “Western values” and to promote “Chinese values” are often based on a crude cultural relativism which is implausible on both historical and philosophical grounds. Admittedly, worries about a facile equation of “West” with “universal” are sometimes well-founded, but the answer is not to retreat to a relativism that would limit all parties’ abilities to seek self-improvement. Rather, building on examples like Chinese new cosmopolitans and modern Confucians—including the great Confucian thinker Mou Zongsan (1909-1995)—current reformers should look to undermine dichotomous, monolithic “East versus West” views of the world. Chinese (and, for that matter, non-Chinese) education, cultural life, …


美国儒学:在传统与普世价值之间 [American Confucianism: Between Tradition And Universal Values], Stephen C. Angle Dec 2014

美国儒学:在传统与普世价值之间 [American Confucianism: Between Tradition And Universal Values], Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

“美国儒教”的说法矛盾吗?是否儒教与中国或中华文化紧密相连,以至于 美国儒教这个概念本身就自相矛盾?当然,在美国有研究儒教的学者和学习儒教 的学生,但美国儒教似乎还需要更多的东西支撑。貌似合理的是,若要使美国儒 教的说法有意义,那在美国就必须有可能存在儒教,而不单单存在儒教研究者。 1再进一步思考是,如果存在美国儒教,那它是否可能会某种方式与众不同。如 果真的如此,我们或许就能将“在美国的儒教”(Confucians in America)与“美 国儒教”(American Confucians)区分开来。尽管儒教与中国存在历史联系,但 只要稍做思考,人们就会对“美国儒教”之说自相矛盾的观点产生疑问。毕竟, 儒教在日本和韩国都已有重要而独具特色的发展。更广一点说,我们不妨想一想 其他一些始于一种文化背景,而后在其他文化背景中生根发芽的传统,比如中国 的佛教或罗马的斯多葛派。事实上,美国佛教现已成为美国发展最快的宗教之一。 儒教也会这样吗? 


美国儒学:在传统与普世价值之间 [American Confucianism: Between Tradition And Universal Values], Stephen C. Angle Dec 2014

美国儒学:在传统与普世价值之间 [American Confucianism: Between Tradition And Universal Values], Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

“美国儒教”的说法矛盾吗?是否儒教与中国或中华文化紧密相连,以至于 美国儒教这个概念本身就自相矛盾?当然,在美国有研究儒教的学者和学习儒教 的学生,但美国儒教似乎还需要更多的东西支撑。貌似合理的是,若要使美国儒 教的说法有意义,那在美国就必须有可能存在儒教,而不单单存在儒教研究者。 1再进一步思考是,如果存在美国儒教,那它是否可能会某种方式与众不同。如 果真的如此,我们或许就能将“在美国的儒教”(Confucians in America)与“美 国儒教”(American Confucians)区分开来。尽管儒教与中国存在历史联系,但 只要稍做思考,人们就会对“美国儒教”之说自相矛盾的观点产生疑问。毕竟, 儒教在日本和韩国都已有重要而独具特色的发展。更广一点说,我们不妨想一想 其他一些始于一种文化背景,而后在其他文化背景中生根发芽的传统,比如中国 的佛教或罗马的斯多葛派。事实上,美国佛教现已成为美国发展最快的宗教之一。 儒教也会这样吗? 


Virtue Ethics, Rule Of Law, And Self-Restriction, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2014

Virtue Ethics, Rule Of Law, And Self-Restriction, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

It is a provocative coincidence that 1958 saw the publication of both Elizabeth Anscombe’s “Modern Moral Philosophy,” an essay widely seen as initiating the revival of Western philosophical interest in virtue ethics, and the “Manifesto to the World’s People on Behalf of Chinese Culture,” a jointly-authored argument that Confucianism was still alive and had much to offer to the world. A great deal of research and debate has flowed from each of these sources over the last half-century, but so far there has been very little dialogue between modern Western virtue ethics and modern Confucianism.1 Scholars of ancient Confucianism …


Review Of Li, The Confucian Philosophy Of Harmony, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2013

Review Of Li, The Confucian Philosophy Of Harmony, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

The core argument of Chengyang Li’s new book is that harmony—understood in particular through the categories of “deep harmony” and “creative tension”—is the central idea of classical Confucianism. Part I contains five chapters that collectively explore the “philosophical concept” of harmony; the five chapters in Part II examine “harmony in practice” by looking at the ways that harmony structures Confucian thinking about person, family, society, world, and cosmos. The Confucian Philosophy of Harmony is a learned work, drawing on Li’s familiarity with a broader corpus of early Confucian texts than is often found in works on Confucian philosophy. I believe …


Seeing Confucian ‘Active Moral Perception’ In Light Of Contemporary Psychology, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2013

Seeing Confucian ‘Active Moral Perception’ In Light Of Contemporary Psychology, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

A central goal of my 2009 book Sagehood was to demonstrate the value of putting Neo-Confucian thinkers like Zhu Xi (1130-1200) and Wang Yangming (1472-1529) into dialogue with contemporary Western philosophers. I argued there that on a range of topics—from the scope and motivation for ethics, to understanding and responding to moral conflicts, to moral perception, to ethical education—Western philosophers could learn from Zhu and Wang, and the contemporary heirs of the Neo-Confucians could learn from their Western counterparts. In Sagehood I also dipped into some recent psychological literature on the lives and psychology of moral exemplars, which I used …


Mou Zongsan And His Nineteen Lectures On Chinese Philosophy, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2013

Mou Zongsan And His Nineteen Lectures On Chinese Philosophy, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Mou Zongsan (1909-95) was a philosophical giant whose legacy looms large over Chinese-speaking regions of the world, and who is in the process of being discovered by non- Sinophone thinkers. Faced with many challenges to earlier Chinese self-understandings, Mou and his contemporaries undertook sustained, critical engagement with philosophical thought from outside their native traditions. In the twenty-first century, philosophers in the Western world are slowly beginning to follow suit. Some are motivated by worries about the narrowness or unsustainability of present Western trends; others are prompted by worries about the rise of China; and some are simply attracted to the …


儒家的 “德性 — 礼 — 政治” 模式 ——— 进步儒学视角下的政治哲学, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2013

儒家的 “德性 — 礼 — 政治” 模式 ——— 进步儒学视角下的政治哲学, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

今天,儒家哲学应当是有根的全球哲学: 植根于儒家传统,并从全球的其他哲学传统受 到激励进步儒学即是通往儒家政治哲学的这样一条进路的一个例子它的基本理论结构像一只三脚 凳,乃是德性政治的相互关系所有三个维度皆植根于传统,但所有三个维度以及这些维度相互 联系的方式,却已经在回应新的情境与挑战中经历了新的发展伦理的德性是进步儒学最基础的目标, 但是,要使德性的获得成为可能,个人的德性就必须坎陷自身,并遵从政治的规则( 例如法律) 同 理,人类社会中,对于伦理规范与政治规范之实现来说,礼的规范也是必要的因此,所有三个维度都是 至关重要的,都是理解儒家政治哲学的必不可少的部分。 


Sages And Self-Restriction: A Response To Joseph Chan, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2013

Sages And Self-Restriction: A Response To Joseph Chan, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Many thanks to Joseph Chan for his insightful review, and to the editors of this journal for allowing me this brief response. By the time this exchange appears in print, Joseph’s important book Confucian Perfectionism will have been published, and readers will be able to see all the more clearly the many ways in which Joseph’s and my visions of broadly democratic Confucian political philosophy overlap and, I think, reinforce one another. Still, there are places where we see things differently, and so dialogue like the present exchange—and the prior workshop on my book that Joseph generously arranged at his university …


Sages And Self-Restriction: A Response To Joseph Chan, Stephen C. Angle Dec 2013

Sages And Self-Restriction: A Response To Joseph Chan, Stephen C. Angle

Stephen C. Angle

Many thanks to Joseph Chan for his insightful review, and to the editors of this journal for allowing me this brief response. By the time this exchange appears in print, Joseph’s important book Confucian Perfectionism will have been published, and readers will be able to see all the more clearly the many ways in which Joseph’s and my visions of broadly democratic Confucian political philosophy overlap and, I think, reinforce one another. Still, there are places where we see things differently, and so dialogue like the present exchange—and the prior workshop on my book that Joseph generously arranged at his university …