Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Keyword
-
- 13th Century (1)
- 14th Century (1)
- 1950s (1)
- American History (1)
- American history (1)
-
- Bacon's Rebellion (1)
- Bus (1)
- CIA (1)
- Cherif M. Bassiouni (1)
- City (1)
- Class (1)
- Constitution (1)
- Constitutionalism (1)
- Diaz Ordaz (1)
- Eisenhower (1)
- Families (1)
- Florence Kelley (1)
- Florentine (1)
- Genocide (1)
- Guilds (1)
- History (1)
- ICA (1)
- Intelligence (1)
- Iran (1)
- Josephine Goldmark (1)
- Louis Brandeis (1)
- Medici (1)
- Metro (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Middle East (1)
Articles 1 - 11 of 11
Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities
Ike’S Constitutional Venturing: The Institutionalization Of The Cia, Covert Action, And American Interventionism, Jacob A. Bruggeman
Ike’S Constitutional Venturing: The Institutionalization Of The Cia, Covert Action, And American Interventionism, Jacob A. Bruggeman
Grand Valley Journal of History
U.S. covert action from the 1950s onward was shaped, in part, by the success a CIA-orchestrated coup d'état in which the United States deposed the popular Iranian nationalist Mohammed Mossadegh. Ordered by president Eisenhower, the coup in Iran set the precedent for utilizing covert action as a means of achieving State goals. In so doing, President Eisenhower overturned the precedent set by his immediate predecessor, President Truman: that is, the precedent of using the CIA in its intended function, gathering and evaluating intelligence. The coup, then, is an exemplary case of venture constitutionalism. Eisenhower, in ordering the coup, extended his …
The Corporate Guild Order Control Of The Florentine Republic In The 13th And 14th Century, Milad D. Mohammadi
The Corporate Guild Order Control Of The Florentine Republic In The 13th And 14th Century, Milad D. Mohammadi
Grand Valley Journal of History
This paper discusses how professional guilds in the 13th and 14th century Florentine Republic rose to power and how they maintained the structure and mechanisms of their power. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates how the Florentine Republic during this period was completely dominated by these guilds through their cultural, economic, and political influence. This paper explains how the rise of aristocratic families as the new power structure ended this guild based society in the late 14th century.
Ticket To The Past: A Political History Of The Mexico City Metro, 1958-1969, Maxwell E.P. Ulin
Ticket To The Past: A Political History Of The Mexico City Metro, 1958-1969, Maxwell E.P. Ulin
Grand Valley Journal of History
This essay outlines the historic political battle between Mexico's longest serving mayor, Ernesto Uruchurtu, and the nation's president, Gustavo Diaz Ordaz, over the construction of what would become the second largest subway system in the Western Hemisphere, The Mexico City Metro. The conflict, which eventually resulted in Uruchurtu's resignation, was characterized by latent political tensions between the PRI and Mexican middle class that would erupt in 1968 and lead to the ultimate decline of PRI hegemony. I thus argue that the new Metro project did not reflect Mexico's democratic modernization--as its supporters meant it to do--but rather the vestiges of …
A Multi-Causal Approach To The Thirty Years’ War, Ethan Haan
A Multi-Causal Approach To The Thirty Years’ War, Ethan Haan
Grand Valley Journal of History
The Thirty Years’ War was arguably the most consequential war of the Wars of Religion and of the wider European conflicts in the 17th century. The historiography on the causes of the war has been present ever since literature on the conflict became available shortly after its cessation. Since 1900, the debate over the underlying motivations has intensified and has become muddied in some areas. This study aims to summarize and clarify the previous positions that historians have taken on what caused the war, from religious urges to socio-economic and political factors. This study also attempts to clearly define where …
Civil War Or Genocide? The United Nations Commission Of Experts’ Misunderstanding Of The Third Balkan War Of The 1990s, Matthew G. Morley
Civil War Or Genocide? The United Nations Commission Of Experts’ Misunderstanding Of The Third Balkan War Of The 1990s, Matthew G. Morley
Grand Valley Journal of History
When the country of Yugoslavia disintegrated into war, the United Nations created a research commission, the Yugoslav Commission of Experts, to document war crimes. This commission, led by Cherif M. Bassiouni, depicted the conflict as a perpetual problem with historical roots and also as having victims on both sides, which presented a legal-definitional paradox to the Security Council, requiring litigation of principles, categorization of conflicts, and discussion of further involvement - if applicable. This paper traces the essentialist understandings of the Commission of Experts and the International Human Rights Law Institute – two groups that otherwise had good intentions to …
Swedish Intervention And Conduct In The Thirty Years’ War, Marc C. Dubuis
Swedish Intervention And Conduct In The Thirty Years’ War, Marc C. Dubuis
Grand Valley Journal of History
This paper presents a theoretical explanation for Sweden’s intervention and behavior in the Thirty Years’ War. It echoes the contributions of scholars like Barkin (2003) by applying both realism and constructivism to achieve a more accurate depiction of empirical reality. Given Sweden’s disadvantageous strategic position, its decision to intervene in this conflict is an important subject for empirical and theoretical investigation. Realism provides an accurate explanation of Sweden’s national interests and its decision to intervene to reinstate the status quo. Constructivism also contributes to a more nuanced understanding of this conflict, since Sweden clearly recognized the existence of a broader …
Competing Visions: Political Constructions Of Memory After World War I, 1919-1936, Scott R. St. Louis
Competing Visions: Political Constructions Of Memory After World War I, 1919-1936, Scott R. St. Louis
Grand Valley Journal of History
This paper argues that officials at the Paris Peace Conference, in the White House, and in the U.S. Congress strove for the realization of competing visions for the international order following World War I, and thus were required to construct their own interpretations of how the conflict should be remembered and what must be learned from it. A pervasive sense of victors’ justice dominated the proceedings in Paris, leading to the creation of a settlement which would find lasting support from neither European nor American decision makers. The dubious postwar arrangements made at Versailles would contribute to the resurgence of …
Spartans In Vietnam: Michigan State University's Experience In South Vietnam, Jake T. Alster
Spartans In Vietnam: Michigan State University's Experience In South Vietnam, Jake T. Alster
Grand Valley Journal of History
In this article, the relations between various colleges (with special attention to Michigan State University) and the United States Government are explored in relation to America’s effort in nation building in South Vietnam in the late 1950s. During America’s efforts in Vietnam more reliance was put upon collegiate institutions to help negotiate foreign policy. One of the major issues regarding South Vietnam was technical assistance, and how we should implement assistance into the third world. Michigan State University, under the presidency of John Hannah, became the most important university in the technical assistance program. John Ernst argues that this was …
Education And Legislation: Affluent Women's Political Engagement In The Consumers' Leagues Of The Progressive Era, Scott R. St. Louis
Education And Legislation: Affluent Women's Political Engagement In The Consumers' Leagues Of The Progressive Era, Scott R. St. Louis
Grand Valley Journal of History
This paper examines the extent to which the National Consumers’ League and similar localized leagues provided middle- and upper-class women with new opportunities for involvement in American politics during the early Progressive Era, or roughly the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth. These organizations undertook various efforts – including “list” and “label” campaigns – to educate the consuming public about the poor working conditions suffered by retail employees and especially factory workers in the garment industry, with a focus on employed women and child laborers. Later on, the leagues provided their female members …
Unity, Freedom And Socialism: The Assads, The Ba’Ath And The Making Of Modern Syria, Judson C. Moiles
Unity, Freedom And Socialism: The Assads, The Ba’Ath And The Making Of Modern Syria, Judson C. Moiles
Grand Valley Journal of History
To many Westerners, the Middle East is thought of as a region torn apart from the inside by ethnic and religious strife. One incongruous case to this perception, however, is the longevity of the Assad family’s rule in Syria. Many scholars have tried to answer the question of how the Assads, members of the minority ‘Alawi community, which was, and is, considered by many Muslims to be heretical, could so wholly dominate the state and military infrastructure of Syria. This study aims to show how deep the roots of ‘Alawi military rule run, and how it can be found in …
Supporting Caste: The Origins Of Racism In Colonial Virginia, Patrick D. Anderson
Supporting Caste: The Origins Of Racism In Colonial Virginia, Patrick D. Anderson
Grand Valley Journal of History
In 17th century Virginia, lower class whites and blacks coordinated on multiple occasions to resist the power of the ruling class elites. By the late 19th century, white laborers viewed the newly freed slaves through racist precepts and the two groups clashed on a regular basis. The aim of this essay is to explain how the shift from racial solidarity to racial antagonism occurred. Racist ideology originated in the minds of the elites and they attempted to separate the restless lower class along racial lines, first, by legal reforms, second, by creating a separate class of enslaved blacks. Anti-black racism …