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Dentate Gyrus Integrity Is Necessary For Behavioral Pattern Separation But Not Statistical Learning, Helena Shizhe Wang, R. Shayna Rosenbaum, Stevenson Baker, Claire Lauzon, Laura Batterink, Stefan Köhler
Dentate Gyrus Integrity Is Necessary For Behavioral Pattern Separation But Not Statistical Learning, Helena Shizhe Wang, R. Shayna Rosenbaum, Stevenson Baker, Claire Lauzon, Laura Batterink, Stefan Köhler
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Pattern separation, the creation of distinct representations of similar inputs, and statistical learning, the rapid extraction of regularities across multiple inputs, have both been linked to hippocampal processing. It has been proposed that there may be functional differentiation within the hippocampus, such that the trisynaptic pathway (entorhinal cortex > dentate gyrus > CA3 > CA1) supports pattern separation, whereas the monosynaptic pathway (entorhinal cortex > CA1) supports statistical learning. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the behavioral expression of these two processes in BL, an individual with highly selective bilateral lesions in the dentate gyrus that presumably disrupts the trisynaptic pathway. We tested pattern …
Long Term Outcomes After Norse: Treatment With Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Poul H. Espino, Jorge G. Burneo, Gaby Moscol, Teneille Gofton, Keith Macdougall, Ana Suller-Marti
Long Term Outcomes After Norse: Treatment With Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Poul H. Espino, Jorge G. Burneo, Gaby Moscol, Teneille Gofton, Keith Macdougall, Ana Suller-Marti
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is associated with high mortality, therapy resistant epilepsy (TRE) and poor cognitive and functional outcomes. Some patients develop multifocal TRE, for whom surgery with a curative intention, is not an option. In these patients, Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) is performed as a palliative treatment. We report the long-term outcomes regarding seizure frequency, functional and cognitive outcome, and effectiveness of VNS in two patients with TRE as a consequence of NORSE. In the first patient with cryptogenic NORSE, VNS implantation occurred during the acute stage, probably contributing to the cessation of her status epilepticus. However, in …
No Statistical Learning Advantage In Children Over Adults: Evidence From Behaviour And Neural Entrainment., Christine N Moreau, Marc F. Joanisse, Jerrica Mulgrew, Laura J. Batterink
No Statistical Learning Advantage In Children Over Adults: Evidence From Behaviour And Neural Entrainment., Christine N Moreau, Marc F. Joanisse, Jerrica Mulgrew, Laura J. Batterink
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Explicit recognition measures of statistical learning (SL) suggest that children and adults have similar linguistic SL abilities. However, explicit tasks recruit additional cognitive processes that are not directly relevant for SL and may thus underestimate children's true SL capacities. In contrast, implicit tasks and neural measures of SL should be less influenced by explicit, higher-level cognitive abilities and thus may be better suited to capturing developmental differences in SL. Here, we assessed SL to six minutes of an artificial language in English-speaking children (n = 56, 24 females, M = 9.98 years) and adults (n = 44; 31 females, M …
An Open Access Resource For Functional Brain Connectivity From Fully Awake Marmosets, David J. Schaeffer, L Martyn Klassen, Yuki Hori, Xiaoguang Tian, Diego Szczupak, Cecil Chern-Chyi Yen, Justine C. Cléry, Kyle M. Gilbert, Joseph S. Gati, Ravi S. Menon, Cirong Liu, Stefan Everling, Afonso C. Silva
An Open Access Resource For Functional Brain Connectivity From Fully Awake Marmosets, David J. Schaeffer, L Martyn Klassen, Yuki Hori, Xiaoguang Tian, Diego Szczupak, Cecil Chern-Chyi Yen, Justine C. Cléry, Kyle M. Gilbert, Joseph S. Gati, Ravi S. Menon, Cirong Liu, Stefan Everling, Afonso C. Silva
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is quickly gaining traction as a premier neuroscientific model. However, considerable progress is still needed in understanding the functional and structural organization of the marmoset brain to rival that documented in longstanding preclinical model species, like mice, rats, and Old World primates. To accelerate such progress, we present the Marmoset Functional Brain Connectivity Resource (marmosetbrainconnectome.org), currently consisting of over 70 h of resting-state fMRI (RS-fMRI) data acquired at 500 µm isotropic resolution from 31 fully awake marmosets in a common stereotactic space. Three-dimensional functional connectivity (FC) maps for every cortical and subcortical gray matter voxel …
A Neural Signature Of Regularity In Sound Is Reduced In Older Adults, Björn Herrmann, Burkhard Maess, Ingrid S. Johnsrude
A Neural Signature Of Regularity In Sound Is Reduced In Older Adults, Björn Herrmann, Burkhard Maess, Ingrid S. Johnsrude
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Sensitivity to repetitions in sound amplitude and frequency is crucial for sound perception. As with other aspects of sound processing, sensitivity to such patterns may change with age, and may help explain some age-related changes in hearing such as segregating speech from background sound. We recorded magnetoencephalography to characterize differences in the processing of sound patterns between younger and older adults. We presented tone sequences that either contained a pattern (made of a repeated set of tones) or did not contain a pattern. We show that auditory cortex in older, compared to younger, adults is hyperresponsive to sound onsets, but …
Completing The Puzzle: Why Studies In Non-Human Primates Are Needed To Better Understand The Effects Of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Sebastian J. Lehmann, Brian D. Corneil
Completing The Puzzle: Why Studies In Non-Human Primates Are Needed To Better Understand The Effects Of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Sebastian J. Lehmann, Brian D. Corneil
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Brain stimulation is a core method in neuroscience. Numerous non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques are currently in use in basic and clinical research, and recent advances promise the ability to non-invasively access deep brain structures. While encouraging, there is a surprising gap in our understanding of precisely how NIBS perturbs neural activity throughout an interconnected network, and how such perturbed neural activity ultimately links to behaviour. In this review, we will consider why non-human primate (NHP) models of NIBS are ideally situated to address this gap in knowledge, and why the oculomotor network that moves our line of sight offers …
Learning Words Without Trying: Daily Second Language Podcasts Support Word Form Learning In Adults, Elise Alexander, Stephen C. Van Hedger, Laura Batterink
Learning Words Without Trying: Daily Second Language Podcasts Support Word Form Learning In Adults, Elise Alexander, Stephen C. Van Hedger, Laura Batterink
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Spoken language contains overlapping patterns across different levels, from syllables to words to phrases. The discovery of these structures may be partially supported by statistical learning (SL), the unguided, automatic extraction of regularities from the environment through passive exposure. SL supports word learning in artificial language experiments, but few studies have examined whether it scales up to support natural language learning in adult second language learners. Here, adult English speakers (n = 70) listened to daily podcasts in either Italian or English for two weeks while going about their normal routines. To measure word knowledge, participants provided familiarity ratings of …
Schizophrenia Syndrome Due To C9orf72 Mutation Case Report: A Cautionary Tale And Role Of Hybrid Brain Imaging!, A. M. Burhan, U. C. Anazodo, N. M. Marlatt, L. Palaniyappan, M. Blair, E. Finger
Schizophrenia Syndrome Due To C9orf72 Mutation Case Report: A Cautionary Tale And Role Of Hybrid Brain Imaging!, A. M. Burhan, U. C. Anazodo, N. M. Marlatt, L. Palaniyappan, M. Blair, E. Finger
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Background: Frontal variant frontotemporal dementia is a common cause of presenile dementia. A hexanucleotide expansion on chromosome 9 has recently been recognized as the most common genetic mutation cause of this illness. This sub-type tends to present psychiatrically with psychosis being a common presenting symptom before the onset of cognitive changes or brain atrophy. A few case series have been published describing the prominence of early psychotic symptoms, and lack of clear brain atrophy on clinical brain imaging imposing a challenge in reaching early accurate diagnosis. In this report, we present a case whereby the diagnosis of Schizophrenia syndrome was …
The Genetic Determinants Of Language Network Dysconnectivity In Drug-Naïve Early Stage Schizophrenia, Jingnan Du, Lena Palaniyappan, Zhaowen Liu, Wei Cheng, Weikang Gong, Mengmeng Zhu, Jijun Wang, Jie Zhang, Jianfeng Feng
The Genetic Determinants Of Language Network Dysconnectivity In Drug-Naïve Early Stage Schizophrenia, Jingnan Du, Lena Palaniyappan, Zhaowen Liu, Wei Cheng, Weikang Gong, Mengmeng Zhu, Jijun Wang, Jie Zhang, Jianfeng Feng
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Schizophrenia is a neurocognitive illness of synaptic and brain network-level dysconnectivity that often reaches a persistent chronic stage in many patients. Subtle language deficits are a core feature even in the early stages of schizophrenia. However, the primacy of language network dysconnectivity and language-related genetic variants in the observed phenotype in early stages of illness remains unclear. This study used two independent schizophrenia dataset consisting of 138 and 53 drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients, and 112 and 56 healthy controls, respectively. A brain-wide voxel-level functional connectivity analysis was conducted to investigate functional dysconnectivity and its relationship with illness duration. We …
The Genetic Determinants Of Language Network Dysconnectivity In Drug-Naïve Early Stage Schizophrenia, Jingnan Du, Lena Palaniyappan, Zhaowen Liu, Wei Cheng, Weikang Gong, Mengmeng Zhu, Jijun Wang, Jie Zhang, Jianfeng Feng
The Genetic Determinants Of Language Network Dysconnectivity In Drug-Naïve Early Stage Schizophrenia, Jingnan Du, Lena Palaniyappan, Zhaowen Liu, Wei Cheng, Weikang Gong, Mengmeng Zhu, Jijun Wang, Jie Zhang, Jianfeng Feng
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Schizophrenia is a neurocognitive illness of synaptic and brain network-level dysconnectivity that often reaches a persistent chronic stage in many patients. Subtle language deficits are a core feature even in the early stages of schizophrenia. However, the primacy of language network dysconnectivity and language-related genetic variants in the observed phenotype in early stages of illness remains unclear. This study used two independent schizophrenia dataset consisting of 138 and 53 drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients, and 112 and 56 healthy controls, respectively. A brain-wide voxel-level functional connectivity analysis was conducted to investigate functional dysconnectivity and its relationship with illness duration. We …
“Ai’S Gonna Have An Impact On Everything In Society, So It Has To Have An Impact On Public Health”: A Fundamental Qualitative Descriptive Study Of The Implications Of Artificial Intelligence For Public Health, Jason D. Morgenstern, Laura C. Rosella, Mark J. Daley, Vivek Goel, Holger J. Schünemann, Thomas Piggott
“Ai’S Gonna Have An Impact On Everything In Society, So It Has To Have An Impact On Public Health”: A Fundamental Qualitative Descriptive Study Of The Implications Of Artificial Intelligence For Public Health, Jason D. Morgenstern, Laura C. Rosella, Mark J. Daley, Vivek Goel, Holger J. Schünemann, Thomas Piggott
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Background: Our objective was to determine the impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) on public health practice. Methods: We used a fundamental qualitative descriptive study design, enrolling 15 experts in public health and AI from June 2018 until July 2019 who worked in North America and Asia. We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews, iteratively coded the resulting transcripts, and analyzed the results thematically. Results: We developed 137 codes, from which nine themes emerged. The themes included opportunities such as leveraging big data and improving interventions; barriers to adoption such as confusion regarding AI’s applicability, limited capacity, and poor data quality; and risks …
Early Protein Intake Predicts Functional Connectivity And Neurocognition In Preterm Born Children, Emma G. Duerden, Benjamin Thompson, Tanya Poppe, Jane Alsweiler, Greg Gamble, Yannan Jiang, Myra Leung, Anna C. Tottman, Trecia Wouldes, Steven P. Miller, Jane E. Harding, Jane M. Alsweiler, Janene B. Biggs, Coila Bevan, Joanna M. Black, Frank H. Bloomfield, Kelly Fredell, Greg D. Gamble, Jane E. Harding, Sabine Huth, Yannan Jiang, Christine Kevan, Myra Leung, Geraint Phillips, Tanya Poppe, Jennifer A. Rogers, Heather Stewart, Benjamin S. Thompson
Early Protein Intake Predicts Functional Connectivity And Neurocognition In Preterm Born Children, Emma G. Duerden, Benjamin Thompson, Tanya Poppe, Jane Alsweiler, Greg Gamble, Yannan Jiang, Myra Leung, Anna C. Tottman, Trecia Wouldes, Steven P. Miller, Jane E. Harding, Jane M. Alsweiler, Janene B. Biggs, Coila Bevan, Joanna M. Black, Frank H. Bloomfield, Kelly Fredell, Greg D. Gamble, Jane E. Harding, Sabine Huth, Yannan Jiang, Christine Kevan, Myra Leung, Geraint Phillips, Tanya Poppe, Jennifer A. Rogers, Heather Stewart, Benjamin S. Thompson
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
© 2021, The Author(s). Nutritional intake can promote early neonatal brain development in very preterm born neonates (< 32 weeks’ gestation). In a group of 7-year-old very preterm born children followed since birth, we examined whether early nutrient intake in the first weeks of life would be associated with long-term brain function and neurocognitive skills at school age. Children underwent resting-state functional MRI (fMRI), intelligence testing (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 5th Ed) and visual-motor processing (Beery-Buktenica, 5th Ed) at 7 years. Relationships were assessed between neonatal macronutrient intakes, functional connectivity strength between thalamic and default mode networks (DMN), and neuro-cognitive function using multivariable regression. Greater functional connectivity strength between thalamic networks and DMN was associated with greater intake of protein in the first week (β = 0.17; 95% CI 0.11, 0.23, p < 0.001) but lower intakes of fat (β = − 0.06; 95% CI − 0.09, − 0.02, p = 0.001) and carbohydrates (β = − 0.03; 95% CI − 0.04, − 0.01, p = 0.003). Connectivity strength was also associated with protein intake during the first month (β = 0.22; 95% CI 0.06, 0.37, p = 0.006). Importantly, greater thalamic-DMN connectivity strength was associated with higher processing speed indices (β = 26.9; 95% CI 4.21, 49.49, p = 0.02) and visual processing scores (β = 9.03; 95% CI 2.27, 15.79, p = 0.009). Optimizing early protein intake may contribute to promoting long-term brain health in preterm-born children.
Musical Instrument Familiarity Affects Statistical Learning Of Tone Sequences., Stephen C Van Hedger, Ingrid Johnsrude, Laura J Batterink
Musical Instrument Familiarity Affects Statistical Learning Of Tone Sequences., Stephen C Van Hedger, Ingrid Johnsrude, Laura J Batterink
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Most listeners have an implicit understanding of the rules that govern how music unfolds over time. This knowledge is acquired in part through statistical learning, a robust learning mechanism that allows individuals to extract regularities from the environment. However, it is presently unclear how this prior musical knowledge might facilitate or interfere with the learning of novel tone sequences that do not conform to familiar musical rules. In the present experiment, participants listened to novel, statistically structured tone sequences composed of pitch intervals not typically found in Western music. Between participants, the tone sequences either had the timbre of artificial, …
Family Functioning As A Moderator In The Relation Between Perceived Stress And Psychotic-Like Experiences Among Adolescents During Covid-19, Zhipeng Wu, Zhulin Zou, Feiwen Wang, Zhibiao Xiang, Mengran Zhu, Yicheng Long, Haojuan Tao, Lena Palaniyappan, Zhening Liu
Family Functioning As A Moderator In The Relation Between Perceived Stress And Psychotic-Like Experiences Among Adolescents During Covid-19, Zhipeng Wu, Zhulin Zou, Feiwen Wang, Zhibiao Xiang, Mengran Zhu, Yicheng Long, Haojuan Tao, Lena Palaniyappan, Zhening Liu
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased psychological stress among adolescents, and the relation between perceived stress (PS) and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) has been well-established. However, little is known about the role of family functioning (FF) in this relation, especially when adolescents experienced the extended lockdown period with family members. Methods: A total of 4807 adolescents completed this retrospective paper-and-pencil survey after school reopening between May 14th and June 6th, 2020 in Hunan Province, China. We measured PS with the Perceived stress scale (PSS-10), PLEs with the eight positive items from Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE-8), and FF with the …
Structural Covariance Of Cortical Gyrification At Illness Onset In Treatment Resistance: A Longitudinal Study Of First-Episode Psychoses, Olesya Ajnakina, Tushar Das, John Lally, Marta Di Forti, Carmine M. Pariante, Tiago Reis Marques, Valeria Mondelli, Anthony S. David, Robin M. Murray, Lena Palaniyappan, Paola Dazzan
Structural Covariance Of Cortical Gyrification At Illness Onset In Treatment Resistance: A Longitudinal Study Of First-Episode Psychoses, Olesya Ajnakina, Tushar Das, John Lally, Marta Di Forti, Carmine M. Pariante, Tiago Reis Marques, Valeria Mondelli, Anthony S. David, Robin M. Murray, Lena Palaniyappan, Paola Dazzan
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Treatment resistance (TR) in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) is a major cause of disability and functional impairment, yet mechanisms underlying this severe disorder are poorly understood. As one view is that TR has neurodevelopmental roots, we investigated whether its emergence relates to disruptions in synchronized cortical maturation quantified using gyrification-based connectomes. Seventy patients with FEP evaluated at their first presentation to psychiatric services were followed up using clinical records for 4 years; of these, 17 (24.3%) met the definition of TR and 53 (75.7%) remained non-TR at 4 years. Structural MRI images were obtained within 5 weeks from first …
Longitudinal White Matter Changes Associated With Cognitive Training, Emily Sophia Nichols, Jonathan Erez, Bobby Stojanoski, Kathleen Michelle Lyons, Suzanne Theisen Witt, Charlotte Anna Mace, Sameera Khalid, Adrian Mark Owen
Longitudinal White Matter Changes Associated With Cognitive Training, Emily Sophia Nichols, Jonathan Erez, Bobby Stojanoski, Kathleen Michelle Lyons, Suzanne Theisen Witt, Charlotte Anna Mace, Sameera Khalid, Adrian Mark Owen
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Improvements in behavior are known to be accompanied by both structural and functional changes in the brain. However, whether those changes lead to more general improvements, beyond the behavior being trained, remains a contentious issue. We investigated whether training on one of two cognitive tasks would lead to either near transfer (that is, improvements on a quantifiably similar task) or far transfer (that is, improvements on a quantifiably different task), and furthermore, if such changes did occur, what the underlying neural mechanisms might be. Healthy adults (n = 16, 15 females) trained on either a verbal inhibitory control task or …
The Neuroscience Of Early Intervention: Moving Beyond Our Appeals To Fear, Lena Palaniyappan
The Neuroscience Of Early Intervention: Moving Beyond Our Appeals To Fear, Lena Palaniyappan
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
This viewpoint is a continuation of the debate on the early intervention movement in psychiatry. The criticisms of Malhi and colleagues have generated some fundamental questions about the priorities of the early intervention movement and the need for further work. In particular, the summons sent to neuroscience need to be more specific in the near future. We may be doing well with what we have, but more directed efforts are needed to purposefully seek what we do not.
Regional Brain And Spinal Cord Volume Loss In Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3, Jennifer Faber, Tamara Schaprian, Koyak Berkan, Kathrin Reetz, Marcondes Cavalcante França, Thiago Junqueira Ribeiro De Rezende, Jiang Hong, Weihua Liao, Bart Van De Warrenburg, Judith Van Gaalen, Alexandra Durr, Fanny Mochel, Paola Giunti, Hector Garcia-Moreno, Ludger Schoels, Holger Hengel, Matthis Synofzik, Benjamin Bender, Gulin Oz, James Joers, Jereon J. De Vries, Jun Suk Kang, Dagmar Timmann-Braun, Heike Jacobi, Jon Infante, Richard Joules, Sandro Romanzetti, Jorn Diedrichsen, Matthias Schmid, Robin Wolz, Thomas Klockgether
Regional Brain And Spinal Cord Volume Loss In Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3, Jennifer Faber, Tamara Schaprian, Koyak Berkan, Kathrin Reetz, Marcondes Cavalcante França, Thiago Junqueira Ribeiro De Rezende, Jiang Hong, Weihua Liao, Bart Van De Warrenburg, Judith Van Gaalen, Alexandra Durr, Fanny Mochel, Paola Giunti, Hector Garcia-Moreno, Ludger Schoels, Holger Hengel, Matthis Synofzik, Benjamin Bender, Gulin Oz, James Joers, Jereon J. De Vries, Jun Suk Kang, Dagmar Timmann-Braun, Heike Jacobi, Jon Infante, Richard Joules, Sandro Romanzetti, Jorn Diedrichsen, Matthias Schmid, Robin Wolz, Thomas Klockgether
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Background: Given that new therapeutic options for spinocerebellar ataxias are on the horizon, there is a need for markers that reflect disease-related alterations, in particular, in the preataxic stage, in which clinical scales are lacking sensitivity. Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify regional brain volumes and upper cervical spinal cord areas in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 in vivo across the entire time course of the disease. Methods: We applied a brain segmentation approach that included a lobular subsegmentation of the cerebellum to magnetic resonance images of 210 ataxic and 48 preataxic spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 mutation carriers …
Depression In Pregnant Women With And Without Covid-19, Alissa Papadopoulos, Emily S. Nichols, Yalda Mohsenzadeh, Isabelle Giroux, Michelle F. Mottola, Ryan J. Van Lieshout, Emma G. Duerden
Depression In Pregnant Women With And Without Covid-19, Alissa Papadopoulos, Emily S. Nichols, Yalda Mohsenzadeh, Isabelle Giroux, Michelle F. Mottola, Ryan J. Van Lieshout, Emma G. Duerden
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
No abstract provided.
Functional Organization Of Frontoparietal Cortex In The Marmoset Investigated With Awake Resting-State Fmri, Yuki Hori, Justine C. Cléry, David J. Schaeffer, Ravi S. Menon, Stefan Everling
Functional Organization Of Frontoparietal Cortex In The Marmoset Investigated With Awake Resting-State Fmri, Yuki Hori, Justine C. Cléry, David J. Schaeffer, Ravi S. Menon, Stefan Everling
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Frontoparietal networks contribute to complex cognitive functions in humans and macaques, such as working memory, attention, task-switching, response suppression, grasping, reaching, and eye movement control. However, there has been no comprehensive examination of the functional organization of frontoparietal networks using functional magnetic resonance imaging in the New World common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), which is now widely recognized as a powerful nonhuman primate experimental animal. In this study, we employed hierarchical clustering of interareal blood oxygen level-dependent signals to investigate the hypothesis that the organization of the frontoparietal cortex in the marmoset follows the organizational principles of the macaque frontoparietal …
Sustained Neural Activity Correlates With Rapid Perceptual Learning Of Auditory Patterns, Björn Herrmann, Kurdo Araz, Ingrid S. Johnsrude
Sustained Neural Activity Correlates With Rapid Perceptual Learning Of Auditory Patterns, Björn Herrmann, Kurdo Araz, Ingrid S. Johnsrude
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Repeating structures forming regular patterns are common in sounds. Learning such patterns may enable accurate perceptual organization. In five experiments, we investigated the behavioral and neural signatures of rapid perceptual learning of regular sound patterns. We show that recurring (compared to novel) patterns are detected more quickly and increase sensitivity to pattern deviations and to the temporal order of pattern onset relative to a visual stimulus. Sustained neural activity reflected perceptual learning in two ways. Firstly, sustained activity increased earlier for recurring than novel patterns when participants attended to sounds, but not when they ignored them; this earlier increase mirrored …
Treatment Resistance: A Time-Based Approach For Early Identification In First Episode Psychosis, Kara Dempster, Annie Li, Priyadharshini Sabesan, Ross Norman, Lena Palaniyappan
Treatment Resistance: A Time-Based Approach For Early Identification In First Episode Psychosis, Kara Dempster, Annie Li, Priyadharshini Sabesan, Ross Norman, Lena Palaniyappan
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Although approximately 1/3 of individuals with schizophrenia are Treatment Resistant (TR), identifying these subjects prospectively remains challenging. The Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis working group defines <20% improvement as an indicator of TR, though its utility in First Episode Schizophrenia (FES) remains unknown. In a prospective cohort of FES (n = 129) followed up for 5 years, we evaluated two improvement thresholds for ‘probable TR’; <20% and <50% based on positive, negative, and total symptoms. We ascertained (1) the ecological validity (i.e., the ability to identify an expected subgroup of 1/3rd of patients); (2) the predictive validity (i.e., ability to predict poor global functioning) and (3) the clinical utility (association with clozapine use at the 5th year). Using the criteria of a total symptom reduction of <50% or negative symptom reduction of <20% resulted in ‘probable TR’ rates of 37% and 33%, respectively. Using <20% positive or total symptoms criteria resulted in very low rates, indicating minimal utility in FES. <50% total symptom criterion best predicted the global functioning over 5 years. Clozapine use was only predicted by positive symptom criterion. Prospective characterization of TRS is possible at 6 months after FES through a time-based approach using a 50% threshold for symptom change in treatment-adherent patients.
Amygdala Subnuclei Development In Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Association With Social Communication And Repetitive Behaviors, Diane Seguin, Sara Pac, Jianan Wang, Rob Nicolson, Julio Martinez-Trujillo, Emma G. Duerden
Amygdala Subnuclei Development In Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Association With Social Communication And Repetitive Behaviors, Diane Seguin, Sara Pac, Jianan Wang, Rob Nicolson, Julio Martinez-Trujillo, Emma G. Duerden
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Introduction: The amygdala subnuclei regulate emotional processing and are widely implicated in social cognitive impairments often seen in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Dysregulated amygdala development has been reported in young children with ASD; less is known about amygdala maturation in later adolescence, a sensitive window for social skill development. Methods: The macrostructural development of the amygdala subnuclei was assessed at two time points in a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of adolescents with ASD (n = 23) and typically-developing adolescents (n = 15). In adolescents with ASD, amygdala subnuclei growth was assessed in relation to ASD symptomatology …
The Potential Role Of Fnirs In Evaluating Levels Of Consciousness, Androu Abdalmalak, Daniel Milej, Loretta Norton, Derek B. Debicki, Adrian M. Owen, Keith St Lawrence
The Potential Role Of Fnirs In Evaluating Levels Of Consciousness, Androu Abdalmalak, Daniel Milej, Loretta Norton, Derek B. Debicki, Adrian M. Owen, Keith St Lawrence
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Over the last few decades, neuroimaging techniques have transformed our understanding of the brain and the effect of neurological conditions on brain function. More recently, light-based modalities such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy have gained popularity as tools to study brain function at the bedside. A recent application is to assess residual awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness, as some patients retain awareness albeit lacking all behavioural response to commands. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy can play a vital role in identifying these patients by assessing command-driven brain activity. The goal of this review is to summarise the studies reported on this …
Glutathione As A Molecular Marker Of Functional Impairment In Patients With At-Risk Mental State: 7-Tesla1H-Mrs Study, Peter Jeon, Roberto Limongi, Sabrina D. Ford, Cassandra Branco, Michael Mackinley, Maya Gupta, Laura Powe, Jean Théberge, Lena Palaniyappan
Glutathione As A Molecular Marker Of Functional Impairment In Patients With At-Risk Mental State: 7-Tesla1H-Mrs Study, Peter Jeon, Roberto Limongi, Sabrina D. Ford, Cassandra Branco, Michael Mackinley, Maya Gupta, Laura Powe, Jean Théberge, Lena Palaniyappan
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
A substantial number of individuals with clinical high-risk (CHR) mental state do not transition to psychosis. However, regardless of future diagnostic trajectories, many of these individuals develop poor social and occupational functional outcomes. The levels of glutathione, a crucial cortical antioxidant, may track variations in functional outcomes in early psychosis and prodromal states. Thirteen clinical high-risk and 30 healthy control volunteers were recruited for a 7-Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan with a voxel positioned within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Clinical assessment scores were collected to determine if any association was observable with glutathione levels. The Bayesian Spearman’s test …
Glutathione As A Molecular Marker Of Functional Impairment In Patients With At-Risk Mental State: 7-Tesla1H-Mrs Study, Peter Jeon, Roberto Limongi, Sabrina D. Ford, Cassandra Branco, Michael Mackinley, Maya Gupta, Laura Powe, Jean Théberge, Lena Palaniyappan
Glutathione As A Molecular Marker Of Functional Impairment In Patients With At-Risk Mental State: 7-Tesla1H-Mrs Study, Peter Jeon, Roberto Limongi, Sabrina D. Ford, Cassandra Branco, Michael Mackinley, Maya Gupta, Laura Powe, Jean Théberge, Lena Palaniyappan
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
A substantial number of individuals with clinical high-risk (CHR) mental state do not transition to psychosis. However, regardless of future diagnostic trajectories, many of these individuals develop poor social and occupational functional outcomes. The levels of glutathione, a crucial cortical antioxidant, may track variations in functional outcomes in early psychosis and prodromal states. Thirteen clinical high-risk and 30 healthy control volunteers were recruited for a 7-Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan with a voxel positioned within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Clinical assessment scores were collected to determine if any association was observable with glutathione levels. The Bayesian Spearman’s test …
A Novel Three-Choice Touchscreen Task To Examine Spatial Attention And Orienting Responses In Rodents, Faraj L. Haddad, Maryam Ghahremani, Cleusa De Oliveira, Ella E. Doornaert, Kevin D. Johnston, Stefan Everling, Susanne Schmid
A Novel Three-Choice Touchscreen Task To Examine Spatial Attention And Orienting Responses In Rodents, Faraj L. Haddad, Maryam Ghahremani, Cleusa De Oliveira, Ella E. Doornaert, Kevin D. Johnston, Stefan Everling, Susanne Schmid
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Mammalian orienting behavior consists of coordinated movements of the eyes, head, pinnae, vibrissae, or body to attend to an external stimulus. The present study aimed to develop a novel operant task using a touch-screen system to measure spatial attention. In this task, rats were trained to nose-poke a light stimulus presented in one of three locations. The stimulus was presented more frequently in the center location to develop spatial attention bias toward the center stimulus. Changes in orienting responses were detected by measuring the animals’ response accuracy and latency to stimuli at the lateral locations, following reversible unilateral chemogenetic inactivation …
Cortical Responses To The Amplitude Envelopes Of Sounds Change With Age, Vanessa C. Irsik, Ala Almanaseer, Ingrid S. Johnsrude, Björn Herrmann
Cortical Responses To The Amplitude Envelopes Of Sounds Change With Age, Vanessa C. Irsik, Ala Almanaseer, Ingrid S. Johnsrude, Björn Herrmann
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Many older listeners have difficulty understanding speech in noise, when cues to speech-sound identity are less redundant. The amplitude envelope of speech fluctuates dramatically over time, and features such as the rate of amplitude change at onsets (attack) and offsets (decay), signal critical information about the identity of speech sounds. Aging is also thought to be accompanied by increases in cortical excitability, which may differentially alter sensitivity to envelope dynamics. Here, we recorded electroencephalography in younger and older human adults (of both sexes) to investigate how aging affects neural synchronization to 4 Hz amplitude-modulated noises with different envelope shapes (ramped: …
Association Of Age, Antipsychotic Medication, And Symptom Severity In Schizophrenia With Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Brain Glutamate Level: A Mega-Analysis Of Individual Participant-Level Data, Kate Merritt, Philip K. Mcguire, Alice Egerton, André Aleman, Wolfgang Block, Oswald J.N. Bloemen, Faith Borgan, Juan R. Bustillo, Aristides A. Capizzano, Jennifer Marie Coughlin, Camilo De La Fuente-Sandoval, Arsime Demjaha, Kara Dempster, Kim Q. Do, Fei Du, Peter Falkai, Beata Galinska-Skok, Jurgen Gallinat, Charles Gasparovic, Cedric E. Ginestet, Naoki Goto, Ariel Graff-Guerrero, Beng Choon Ho, Oliver D. Howes, Sameer Jauhar, Peter Jeon, Tadafumi Kato, Charles A. Kaufmann, Lawrence S. Kegeles, Matcheri Keshavan, Sang Young Kim, Hiroshi Kunugi
Association Of Age, Antipsychotic Medication, And Symptom Severity In Schizophrenia With Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Brain Glutamate Level: A Mega-Analysis Of Individual Participant-Level Data, Kate Merritt, Philip K. Mcguire, Alice Egerton, André Aleman, Wolfgang Block, Oswald J.N. Bloemen, Faith Borgan, Juan R. Bustillo, Aristides A. Capizzano, Jennifer Marie Coughlin, Camilo De La Fuente-Sandoval, Arsime Demjaha, Kara Dempster, Kim Q. Do, Fei Du, Peter Falkai, Beata Galinska-Skok, Jurgen Gallinat, Charles Gasparovic, Cedric E. Ginestet, Naoki Goto, Ariel Graff-Guerrero, Beng Choon Ho, Oliver D. Howes, Sameer Jauhar, Peter Jeon, Tadafumi Kato, Charles A. Kaufmann, Lawrence S. Kegeles, Matcheri Keshavan, Sang Young Kim, Hiroshi Kunugi
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Importance: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies indicate that altered brain glutamatergic function may be associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the response to antipsychotic treatment. However, the association of altered glutamatergic function with clinical and demographic factors is unclear. Objective: To assess the associations of age, symptom severity, level of functioning, and antipsychotic treatment with brain glutamatergic metabolites. Data Sources: The MEDLINE database was searched to identify journal articles published between January 1, 1980, and June 3, 2020, using the following search terms: MRS or magnetic resonance spectroscopy and (1) schizophrenia or (2) psychosis or (3) UHR or …
Structural Alterations In Cortical And Thalamocortical White Matter Tracts After Recovery From Prefrontal Cortex Lesions In Macaques, Ramina Adam, David J. Schaeffer, Kevin Johnston, Ravi S. Menon, Stefan Everling
Structural Alterations In Cortical And Thalamocortical White Matter Tracts After Recovery From Prefrontal Cortex Lesions In Macaques, Ramina Adam, David J. Schaeffer, Kevin Johnston, Ravi S. Menon, Stefan Everling
Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications
Unilateral damage to the frontoparietal network typically impairs saccade target selection within the contralesional visual hemifield. Severity of deficits and the degree of recovery have been associated with widespread network dysfunction, yet it is not clear how these behavioural and functional brain changes relate with the underlying structural white matter tracts. Here, we investigated whether recovery after unilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) lesions was associated with changes in white matter microstructure across large-scale frontoparietal cortical and thalamocortical networks. Diffusion-weighted imaging was acquired in four male rhesus macaques at pre-lesion, week 1, and week 8-16 post-lesion when target selection deficits largely recovered. …