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Articles 1 - 29 of 29
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Healthcare Acquired Infection Risk And Toothbrush Contamination In The Icu., Michelle Frazelle
Healthcare Acquired Infection Risk And Toothbrush Contamination In The Icu., Michelle Frazelle
Theses and Dissertations
Healthcare acquired infections (HAIs) are a complex and multi-factorial problem associated with high morbidity, mortality, and cost. Toothbrushes (TBs) may be at risk for contamination with potential pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) from the patient care environment or autoinnoculation from the patient. We focused on three PPMs: multiply resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and Acinetobacter. Specific aims were to (1) describe environmental factors associated with TB contamination in the ICU; (2) describe the relationship between TB contamination and oral colonization in critically ill adults.
Characterization Of The Effect Of Serum And Chelating Agents On Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Formation; Chelating Agents Augment Biofilm Formation Through Clumping Factor B, Nabil Mathew Abraham
Characterization Of The Effect Of Serum And Chelating Agents On Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Formation; Chelating Agents Augment Biofilm Formation Through Clumping Factor B, Nabil Mathew Abraham
Theses and Dissertations
Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of a diverse array of acute and chronic infections, and some these infections, including infective endocarditis, joint infections, and medical device-associated bloodstream infections, depend upon its capacity to form tenacious biofilms on surfaces. Inserted medical devices such as intravenous catheters, pacemakers, and artificial heart valves save lives, but unfortunately, they can also serve as a substrate on which S. aureus can form a biofilm, attributing S. aureus as a leading cause of medical device-related infections. The major aim of this work was take compounds to which S. aureus would be exposed during infection and …
Functional Characterization Of The Streptococcus Sanguinis Com Regulon, Jill Callahan
Functional Characterization Of The Streptococcus Sanguinis Com Regulon, Jill Callahan
Theses and Dissertations
Streptococcus sanguinis is an important component of the dental plaque biofilm and is believed to play a beneficial role in the oral cavity. S. sanguinis is also a leading cause of infective endocarditis (IE), a potentially lethal infection of the cardiac valves. S. sanguinis possesses genetic competence, the ability to acquire exogenous DNA into its genome. In the well characterized system of S. pneumoniae, genetic competence requires a quorum sensing system encoded by the early comCDE genes, as well as late genes controlled by the alternate sigma factor, ComX. Previous studies in other streptococcal species have suggested functions for the …
Intracellular Signaling Contributions To Behaviors Relevant To Nicotine Addiction, Lauren Thompson
Intracellular Signaling Contributions To Behaviors Relevant To Nicotine Addiction, Lauren Thompson
Theses and Dissertations
Nicotine is the primary addictive substance in tobacco, and most smokers who quit will relapse within a year. Evidence shows that cigarette craving increases over time, termed “incubation.” The purpose of these studies was to see if protracted abstinence from chronic nicotine increases rat self-administration, an animal model with good face validity for human tobacco use, and if nicotine self-administration during daily exposure/after 8+ days of abstinence is regulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell or anterior cingulate cortex (PFC). ERK kinase inhibitor U0126 was infused in the NAc shell or PFC of Long …
Three-Dimensional Photographic Evaluation Of Immediate Soft Tissue Changes Following Rapid Maxillary Expansion, Nathan Granillo
Three-Dimensional Photographic Evaluation Of Immediate Soft Tissue Changes Following Rapid Maxillary Expansion, Nathan Granillo
Theses and Dissertations
The skeletal and dental changes associated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) are well documented. Effects on the soft tissues and the potential impact on facial esthetics have not been well researched. The purpose of this study was to evaluate immediate changes in facial soft tissues as a result of RME by comparing threedimensional digital photogrammetric images before and after RME treatment. The 3dMDface System was used to obtain photographic images of 21 patients (mean age = 11.8 years) before and after RME treatment for transverse maxillary deficiency. A control group of 13 patients (mean age = 12.7 years) also had …
Self-Perception Of Smile Aesthetics And Self-Esteem, Larry Scarborough
Self-Perception Of Smile Aesthetics And Self-Esteem, Larry Scarborough
Theses and Dissertations
Introduction: Self-perception of smile aesthetics has been suggested as the most common reason for seeking orthodontic treatment. A recent study concluded that an improvement of dental attractiveness at the end of orthodontic treatment had positive effects on self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between one’s self-perceived smile aesthetics and their self-esteem. Methods: A survey was conducted where each subject completed an evaluation of their smile aesthetics and a Rosenberg Self-esteem Test (RST). A smiling photograph of each subject was evaluated by dental professionals for dental aesthetics and straightness. Results: Female students rated their …
Impact Of Medicare Part D Coverage Gap On Beneficiaries' Adherence To Prescription Medications, Urvi Desai
Impact Of Medicare Part D Coverage Gap On Beneficiaries' Adherence To Prescription Medications, Urvi Desai
Theses and Dissertations
INTRODUCTION: Medicare Part D provides prescription drug coverage to seniors through a benefit plan with a major deductible inserted in the middle. It is important to study the extent to which this structure affects seniors’ adherence to prescription medications. Therefore, this study had the following objectives: (1) To identify characteristics of beneficiaries reaching and not reaching the coverage gap, (2) To study the entry and exit times from the coverage gap, (3) To study the impact of a complete gap in coverage on beneficiaries’ adherence to prescription medications, (4) To study the impact of a partial gap in coverage on …
The Effect Of Insulating K-Type Files On Accuracy And Reliability As Used In Two Electronic Apex Locators, Timothy Finkler
The Effect Of Insulating K-Type Files On Accuracy And Reliability As Used In Two Electronic Apex Locators, Timothy Finkler
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this in-vitro study is to compare the accuracy and reliability of a 3rd and 4th generation electronic apex locator (EAL) in locating the apical foramen when using insulated and non-insulated K files. Forty extracted human adult single-rooted teeth were coronally sectioned and placed in agar. EAL determined tooth length measurements were compared to actual tooth measurements. Comparisons to the standard measures used correlation and paired t-test. Preliminary comparisons of the groups used ANOVA to compare the means and the Brown-Forsythe test to compare variance. In the final analyses, the measurements were compared using a repeated-measures mixed-model multiway …
Comparison Of Epiphany® And Ah-Plus® Root Canal Sealer Penetration Of Dentinal Tubules: A Sem Study, Kalisha Jordan
Comparison Of Epiphany® And Ah-Plus® Root Canal Sealer Penetration Of Dentinal Tubules: A Sem Study, Kalisha Jordan
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a final rinse of ethanol on depth of sealer penetration in teeth obturated with Gutta Percha (GP)/AH-Plus® (Dentsply, De Trey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) or Resilon/Epiphany® SE™ (Pentron Clinical Technologies, LLC, Wallingford, CT). Extracted human anterior teeth (n= 32) were shaped to size 30, 0.06 taper using nickel-titanium rotary files and subjected to an identical irrigation protocol. Specimens were randomly divided into eight groups according to final irrigating solution (saline, 70%, 95%, or 100% ethanol) and obturation material (GP/AH-Plus® or Resilon/EpiphanyÒ SE™). A 2mm thick slice was obtained by sectioning …
Comparison Of Adhesion Of Gutta Percha/Ah Plus® And Resilon/Epiphany® Se™ After A Final Rinse With Different Concentrations Of Ethanol, Suren Paravyan
Comparison Of Adhesion Of Gutta Percha/Ah Plus® And Resilon/Epiphany® Se™ After A Final Rinse With Different Concentrations Of Ethanol, Suren Paravyan
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of final rinse of ethanol on bond strength in teeth obturated with Gutta Percha (GP)/AH Plus® or Resilon/Epiphany®SE™. Thirty-two extracted human anterior teeth were shaped to size 30, 0.06 taper and subjected to an identical irrigation protocol. Specimens were randomly divided into eight groups according to final irrigating solution (saline, 70%, 95%, 100% ethanol) and obturation material. Two millimeter thick slices were obtained by sectioning each obturated root. Bond strength was determined using micropush-out assay. Data was analyzed using Student’s t-test. Obturation with GP/AH Plus® formed a statistically significant stronger bond …
The Effects Of A Fluoride Releasing Orthodontic Primer On Demineralization Around Brackets: An In-Vivo Study., Daniel Pennella
The Effects Of A Fluoride Releasing Orthodontic Primer On Demineralization Around Brackets: An In-Vivo Study., Daniel Pennella
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a fluoride releasing orthodontic primer on demineralization adjacent to brackets. Twenty-two patients were recruited for this study. One premolar was randomly chosen as the experimental tooth, the contralateral tooth was the control. Teeth were visually analyzed for white spot lesions (WSLs). Knoop microhardness was used to determine hardness. Visual examination results showed no significant difference in the number of WSLs observed between Opal Seal and Transbond XT over the duration of this study. Solid conclusions could not be drawn from the results of microhardness testing. Therefore, it cannot be …
A Novel Bioactive Glass-Enhanced Orthodontic Bonding Resin: A Shear Bond Strength Study, Cole Johnson
A Novel Bioactive Glass-Enhanced Orthodontic Bonding Resin: A Shear Bond Strength Study, Cole Johnson
Theses and Dissertations
Enamel decalcification caused by poor oral hygiene is a significant problem in orthodontics. Bioactive glass-containing resins have been shown to release Ca2+ ions into surrounding solution. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength of four different compositions of orthodontic resin prepared with bioactive glass (N=20). Premolars were bonded using one of four BAG-BOND compositions. Brackets were debonded and ARI scores were given. The mean shear bond strength was 7.23 ± 2.47 MPa (62 BAG-BOND), 8.25 ± 2.87 MPa (65 BAG-BOND), 8.78 ± 3.08 MPa (81BAG-BOND) and 5.80 ± 2.27 MPa (85 BAG-BOND). 65 and 81 …
Defining The Bacterial Flora Of Periodontal Pockets In Chronic Periodontitis Patients, Rafael Rodriguez
Defining The Bacterial Flora Of Periodontal Pockets In Chronic Periodontitis Patients, Rafael Rodriguez
Theses and Dissertations
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to describe the subgingival bacterial biodiversity in untreated chronic periodontitis patients through the use of next generation 16S rRNA molecular analysis, and to determine similarities or differences between deep and shallow pockets within the same patients. METHODS: The analysis involved paired subgingival plaque samples from 24 subjects diagnosed with Generalized Moderate to Severe Chronic Periodontitis. One sample was selected from a single site having a probing depth >5 mm (i.e. Deep Site), and the other from a site with a probing depth <3mm (i.e. Shallow Site) within each subject. Bacterial DNA amplification of the V4-V6 region of the 16S rRNA was performed. The amplicons were sequenced via 454 Roche Genome Sequencer FLX System. The identified sequences were evaluated, and then compared to calculated false discovery rates. RESULTS: A total of 119 independent microbial genera were identified within the samples analyzed. Seven genera were identified to be statistically significant (p<0.05) in their association to deep or shallow sites following t-test and boot strap randomization: Actinomyces (p=0.004), Methylobacterium (p=0.028), Veillonella (p=0.028), and Rothia (p=0.038), and Streptococcus (p=0.033) in Shallow sites; while Mycoplasma (p=0.007) and Fusobacterium (p=0.016) were associated with deep sites. However, taking into account the calculated false discovery rates, it is suggested that none of the 119 microbial genera identified in this study were significantly associated with either deep nor shallow sites. CONCLUSION: The microbial genera identified within this study to be associated with deep and shallow sites follows the traditional pattern anticipated from the literature. However, the calculated false discovery rates suggest that these results may have occurred by chance and not due to a true difference.
Patient Satisfaction With Sedation For Periodontal Surgery: A Randomized, Cross-Over Clinical Study, Jason Streem
Patient Satisfaction With Sedation For Periodontal Surgery: A Randomized, Cross-Over Clinical Study, Jason Streem
Theses and Dissertations
PURPOSE: To create a study designed to assess patient satisfaction and preference for oral versus intravenous sedation in conjunction with periodontal surgical procedures. METHODS: Twenty-six patients who required at least two periodontal surgery procedures and requested sedation for treatment, participated in our study at VCU Department of Periodontics. This was a randomized, cross-over design with groups which received an intravenous sedative regimen with or without oral sedation premedication for one surgery and oral sedation medication alone for the other surgery. The primary outcome measurement was the type of sedation preferred by the subject. RESULTS: 14/26 (53.8%) subjects indicated a preference …
Trends In Dental Care For Individuals With Ectodermal Dysplasia, Justin Edwards
Trends In Dental Care For Individuals With Ectodermal Dysplasia, Justin Edwards
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: The specific aim of this study is to evaluate the trends in dental health care for individuals with ectodermal dysplasia. Methods: This was a cross sectional analysis of subjects recruited through the National Foundation of Ectodermal Dysplasia (NFED). From 1997 to 2000, individuals with ectodermal dysplasia or their caregiver (if the individuals were too young to selfreport) voluntarily completed questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of 37 items consisting of demographics, ectodermal dysplasia diagnosis, access to dental care, level of dental utilization, and type of dental services received. Descriptive statistics were used in addition to ANOVA analyses to evaluate the changing …
Role Of Two-Component System Response Regulators In Virulence Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Tigr4 In Infective Endocarditis, My Trinh
Theses and Dissertations
Streptococci resident in the oral cavity have been linked to infective endocarditis (IE). While viridans streptococci are commonly studied and associated with IE, less research has been focused on Streptococcus pneumoniae. Two-component systems (TCSs), consisting of a histidine kinase (HK) protein and response regulator (RR) protein, are bacterial signaling systems that may mediate S. pneumoniae TIGR4 strain virulence in IE. To test this hypothesis, TCS RR mutants of TIGR4 were examined in vivo through use of rabbit models. There were 14 RR proteins identified and 13 RR mutants synthesized because SP_1227 was found to be essential. The requirement of the …
Maternal Influences On The Development Of Infant Oral Biofilm, James Dibelka
Maternal Influences On The Development Of Infant Oral Biofilm, James Dibelka
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: The purpose was to examine the maternal influences on the development of infant oral biofim and dominant bacterial strains of at risk populations. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design to examine factors influencing biofilm colonization and the identification of bacterial strains transmitted from mother to child. Participants were enrolled in Children’s Health Involving Parents of Greater Richmond (CHIP). Plaque and saliva samples were collected from mothers and their children ages 6-36 months. The colonized oral bacteria strains of the mother infant dyads were then compared. Oral bacterial strain identification was completed using the HOMIM Forsythe microbe identification array. …
The Effects Of Sdf-1Α Treatment On The Migration Of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells After Traumatic Brain Injury, Corey Evans
The Effects Of Sdf-1Α Treatment On The Migration Of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells After Traumatic Brain Injury, Corey Evans
Theses and Dissertations
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability among young adults and has been a significant field in medical research over the past decades. Intensive studies focusing on how to repair tissue damage resulting from head injuries have discovered that the central nervous system (CNS) retains a regenerative capacity throughout life due to the persistent presence of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/NPCs) in the neurogenic regions. In the normal brain, cells generated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb and cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) …
Dental Plan Performance With Medicaid Reform In Virginia, James Reed
Dental Plan Performance With Medicaid Reform In Virginia, James Reed
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: To assess the effect of dental Medicaid reforms in the state of Virginia on dental plan performance. Methods: This project is a retrospective cohort study of 825,000 dental claims obtained from the Virginia Department of Medical Assistance Services. This cohort includes dental claims for children enrolled in Virginia’s Medicaid program from July 1, 2002 through June 30, 2008. The independent variable was enrollment pre or post policy reform with July 1, 2005 as the period dividing date. The dependent variable was dental benefit utilization measured as the average number of restorative, preventative, and total procedures. Statistical methods include Welch’s …
Evaluating Dental Surgery Post-Operative Pain In Children Following Treatment Under General Anesthesia, Malinda Husson
Evaluating Dental Surgery Post-Operative Pain In Children Following Treatment Under General Anesthesia, Malinda Husson
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if there is a difference in post-operative pain experience for children following dental restorations and/or extractions under general anesthesia (GA), with and without local anesthetic (LA). The alternative hypothesis is that children will experience less post-operative discomfort and soft tissue trauma when using intra-ligamental local anesthetic during the intra-operative time period. Methods: Patients were recruited for this single blind, randomized, prospective cohort study with the following inclusion criteria, children age 2-6 years requiring general anesthesia for dental treatment. Patients were randomized into categories of either receiving a standardized local anesthetic …
An In Vitro Comparison Of Cyclic Fatigue Of Profile® Vortex™ And Endosequence™ Rotary Nickel-Titanium Files, Fawaz Al-Foraih
An In Vitro Comparison Of Cyclic Fatigue Of Profile® Vortex™ And Endosequence™ Rotary Nickel-Titanium Files, Fawaz Al-Foraih
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to determine the number of rotations to fracture (cyclic fatigue) of the Profile® Vortex™ files (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK) compared to the EndoSequence™ files (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA) using an in-vitro apparatus simulating a curved canal. Two hundred Profile® Vortex™ files of 25mm length were divided equally into ten groups, one for each of the Profile® Vortex™ files 20/0.04, 20/0.06, 25/0.04, 25/0.06, 30/0.04, 30/0.06, 35/0.04, 35/0.06, 40/0.04, and 40/0.06. Two hundred EndoSequence™ files of 25mm length were divided equally into ten groups of the same tip and taper sizes analogous to the …
A Comparative Study Of Rotary Instrumentation Of The Maxillary First Premolar Buccal Root Utilizing Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Stephan Zigo
Theses and Dissertations
The study objective was to determine cementum-dentin wall thickness along the furcation groove in maxillary bifurcated first premolars after preparation with three successively larger, 0.04 tapered, nickel titanium rotary files. Pre-instrumentation and post-instrumentation imaging was accomplished utilizing Cone Beam Computed Tomography. All data was analyzed using an ANOVA. Instrumentation resulted in a significant reduction in dentin-cementum wall thickness (p < .001). At mid-groove, predicted dentin-cementum wall thickness (95% CI) was equal to or less than the proposed standard (0.50 mm) for apical file sizes 30, 35, and 40 respectively. Instrumentation of the mid-groove in maxillary first premolars reduces dentin-cementum wall thickness to levels that may be insufficient to ensure tooth integrity.
Faculty Impressions Of Dental Students’ Performance With And Without Virtual Reality Simulation, Riki Gottlieb, Sharon K. Lanning, John C. Gunsolley, Judith A. Buchanan
Faculty Impressions Of Dental Students’ Performance With And Without Virtual Reality Simulation, Riki Gottlieb, Sharon K. Lanning, John C. Gunsolley, Judith A. Buchanan
Periodontics Publications
This study compared faculty perceptions and expectations of dental students’ abilities using virtual reality simulation (VRS) to those who did not use virtual reality simulation (non-VRS) in an operative dentistry preclinical course. A sixteen-item survey with a ten-point rating scale and three open-ended questions asked about students’ abilities in ergonomics, confidence level, performance, preparation, and self-assessment. The surveys were administered three times to a small group of preclinical faculty members. First, faculty members (n=12, 92 percent response rate) gave their perceptions of non-VRS students’ abilities at the end of their traditional course. Secondly, faculty members (n=13, 100 percent response rate) …
The Streptococcus Sanguinis Competence Regulon Is Not Required For Infective Endocarditis Virulence In A Rabbit Model, Jill E. Callahan, Cindy L. Munro, Todd Kitten
The Streptococcus Sanguinis Competence Regulon Is Not Required For Infective Endocarditis Virulence In A Rabbit Model, Jill E. Callahan, Cindy L. Munro, Todd Kitten
Philips Institute for Oral Health Research Publications
Streptococcus sanguinis is an important component of dental plaque and a leading cause of infective endocarditis. Genetic competence in S. sanguinis requires a quorum sensing system encoded by the early comCDE genes, as well as late genes controlled by the alternative sigma factor, ComX. Previous studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mutans have identified functions for the >100-gene com regulon in addition to DNA uptake, including virulence. We investigated this possibility in S. sanguinis. Strains deleted for the comCDE orcomX master regulatory genes were created. Using a rabbit endocarditis model in conjunction with a variety of virulence assays, …
Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 88, No. 4, 2011)
Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 88, No. 4, 2011)
Virginia Dental Journal
No abstract provided.
Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 88, No. 3, 2011)
Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 88, No. 3, 2011)
Virginia Dental Journal
No abstract provided.
Systematic Study Of Gene Functions For Morphological Chain Formation In Streptococcus Sanguinis, Karra Evans
Systematic Study Of Gene Functions For Morphological Chain Formation In Streptococcus Sanguinis, Karra Evans
Theses and Dissertations
Streptococcus sanguinis is a gram-positive facultative anaerobe that is indigenous to the oral cavity and a primary colonizer of the oral cavity. It serves as a tether for the attachment of several oral bacteria that colonize the tooth surface, form dental plaque, and cause periodontal disease. Previous experiments with streptococcal strains have suggested that cellular chain morphology of streptococci may influence the competitiveness, susceptibility to phagocytosis, acidurance, and aggregation of the bacterium. The purpose of this study was to systematically determine gene functions that contribute to cellular chain length morphology in the SK36 strain of S. sanguinis. Gene functions for …
Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 88, No. 1, 2011)
Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 88, No. 1, 2011)
Virginia Dental Journal
No abstract provided.
Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 88, No. 2, 2011)
Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 88, No. 2, 2011)
Virginia Dental Journal
No abstract provided.