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Il-4 Inhibits Il-1Β-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior And Central Neurotransmitter Alterations, Hyun-Jung Park, Hyun-Soo Shim, Kyungeh An, Angela Starkweather, Kyung Soo Kim, Insop Shim
Il-4 Inhibits Il-1Β-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior And Central Neurotransmitter Alterations, Hyun-Jung Park, Hyun-Soo Shim, Kyungeh An, Angela Starkweather, Kyung Soo Kim, Insop Shim
School of Nursing Publications
It has been known that activation of the central innate immune system or exposure to stress can disrupt balance of anti-/proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the modulation of depressive-like behaviors, the hormonal and neurotransmitter systems in rats. We investigated whether centrally administered IL-1β is associated with activation of CNS inflammatory pathways and behavioral changes and whether treatment with IL-4 could modulate IL-1β-induced depressive-like behaviors and central neurotransmitter systems. Infusion of IL-4 significantly decreased IL-1β-induced anhedonic responses and increased social exploration and …
Toothbrush Contamination: A Review Of The Literature, Michelle R. Frazelle, Cindy L. Munro
Toothbrush Contamination: A Review Of The Literature, Michelle R. Frazelle, Cindy L. Munro
School of Nursing Publications
Toothbrushes are commonly used in hospital settings and may harbor potentially harmful microorganisms. A peer-reviewed literature review was conducted to evaluate the cumulative state of knowledge related to toothbrush contamination and its possible role in disease transmission. A systematic review was conducted on adult human subjects through three distinct searches. The review resulted in seven experimental and three descriptive studies which identified multiple concepts related to toothbrush contamination to include contamination, methods for decontamination, storage, design, and environmental factors. The selected studies found that toothbrushes of healthy and oral diseased adults become contaminated with pathogenic bacteria from the dental plaque, …