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The Illicit Trafficking Of Cultural Property: Are The Existing International Legal Framework And Enforcement Mechanisms No More Than Glorified Placeholders For The Real Actors?, Ma. Andrea Nicole Gecosala Jan 2024

The Illicit Trafficking Of Cultural Property: Are The Existing International Legal Framework And Enforcement Mechanisms No More Than Glorified Placeholders For The Real Actors?, Ma. Andrea Nicole Gecosala

Student Works

No abstract provided.


Drug Cartels And Government In Mexico: A Replication And Extension, Lindsey A. Beckstead Aug 2023

Drug Cartels And Government In Mexico: A Replication And Extension, Lindsey A. Beckstead

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This paper analyzes the relationship between drug cartels and the government in Mexico. It also seeks to determine the reasons for an upsurge of violence and cartel related murders in Mexico.


Lux Et Fides - Full Issue (Volume 1, 2023) Jun 2023

Lux Et Fides - Full Issue (Volume 1, 2023)

Lux et Fides: A Journal for Undergraduate Christian Scholars

Volume 1, 2023


Protecting Youth From Mexican Drug Cartel Recruitment: The Prospects Of Educational Interventions, Lisa Hochstetler May 2023

Protecting Youth From Mexican Drug Cartel Recruitment: The Prospects Of Educational Interventions, Lisa Hochstetler

Lux et Fides: A Journal for Undergraduate Christian Scholars

This investigation considers the impact of Mexico’s War on Drugs since 2006 and the influence of widespread cartel networks on the youth population. As both victims and perpetrators of drug-related crime, the young individuals of Mexico are the center of this research. The goal of this investigation was to determine how education in Mexico’s grade schools could be leveraged to protect its youth from drug-related violence and cartel recruitment. Therefore, the study examines both the challenges suffered by the education system due to the Drug War and the prospects for educational interventions to strengthen and protect youth over and against …


Modern Slavery: A Thorough Examination On Human Trafficking Of Indigenous Women And Children In Mexico, Sarah Altuwaijri May 2023

Modern Slavery: A Thorough Examination On Human Trafficking Of Indigenous Women And Children In Mexico, Sarah Altuwaijri

International Studies (MA) Theses

Modern-day slavery is an international crime against humanity which affects millions of lives each year. Human trafficking, a form of Modern Slavery, has negative long-lasting implications on trafficked victims and society, particularly vulnerable members such as indigenous women and children. This study examines human trafficking and forced labor in Mexico with a focus on indigenous women and children. It uses a mixed methodology composed of both qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data is used to analyze historical materials related to Spanish colonialism in Mexico, while quantitative data is used to measure poverty, numbers of trafficked victims, and to establish the …


Rethinking ‘Feminicide’: The Role Of Organized Crime Groups In Increased Rates Of Feminicide In Mexico, Giselle Figueroa May 2023

Rethinking ‘Feminicide’: The Role Of Organized Crime Groups In Increased Rates Of Feminicide In Mexico, Giselle Figueroa

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Why has feminicide significantly increased in Mexico over the past two decades? Previous feminicide research in Mexico has centered around the idea that the introduction of neoliberal politics changed family structures and increased the vulnerability of women as they entered the workforce. However, this explanation does not fully explain patterns of political violence against women in Mexico. I argue that Mexico’s War on Drugs and the intrinsic patriarchal ideologies and structures of organized crime groups (OCGs) reinforce gender hierarchies and increase the vulnerability of women. To evaluate my argument, I analyze state-level public government data on organized crime and feminicide …


A Satellite Imagery Approach To Estimating Migratory Flows In Guatemala Using Convolutional Neural Networks, Sarah Larimer May 2023

A Satellite Imagery Approach To Estimating Migratory Flows In Guatemala Using Convolutional Neural Networks, Sarah Larimer

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Being able to predict migratory flows is important in ensuring political, social, and economic stability. In the wake of violence, unrest, natural disasters, and social pressures, millions of mi- grants have fled Central America in search of a better life. However, due to the infrequent nature and high cost of census data, there is a need for a more remote and up to date approaches. Con- volutional Neural Networks offer a computer vision based approach that is cheaper and with significantly less lag. In this study, we seek to evaluate the effectiveness of different convolu- tional neural networks in predicting …


[Brazil] Deconstructing Cyber Security In Brazil: Threats And Responses, Diniz, Robert Muggah, Misha Glenny Apr 2023

[Brazil] Deconstructing Cyber Security In Brazil: Threats And Responses, Diniz, Robert Muggah, Misha Glenny

Security Research Hub Reports

Brazil is doubling down on its cyber-security architecture while simultaneously consolidating its emerging power status. Although organized crime is one of the major threats to Brazilian cyberspace, resources are focused instead on military solutions better suited to the exceptional case of warfare. There is less emphasis on expanding law enforcement capabilities to identify and respond to cyber-crime and related digital malfeasance. Due to the absence of a unified government position on the issue or reliable data, Brazil has evolved an imbalanced approach to cyber-security. If Brazil is to rebalance its approach, it needs to fill knowledge gaps. At a minimum, …


The Information Age: Transnational Organized Crime, Networks, And Illicit Markets, John P. Sullivan Apr 2023

The Information Age: Transnational Organized Crime, Networks, And Illicit Markets, John P. Sullivan

Journal of Strategic Security

In his landmark trilogy, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, sociologist Manuel Castells argued that networks, information technology, and global economic flows were altering the nature of politics, power, and states. This article examines the network dynamics Castells wrote about in relation to transnational crime and illicit economic markets. The article further explores Castells’s influence on the study of transnational organized crime, illicit networks, and the global illicit economy.


Crónicas De Los Inocentes: Los Efectos De La Guerra Contra El Narcotráfico En México Durante El Nuevo Milenio, Citlalli Zavala Apr 2023

Crónicas De Los Inocentes: Los Efectos De La Guerra Contra El Narcotráfico En México Durante El Nuevo Milenio, Citlalli Zavala

Senior Theses and Projects

In 2006, Felipe Calderón became Mexico’s 63rd president, and within 11 days of his presidency, he declared a “War on Drugs” to combat drug-related violence that has been pervasive for more than 17 years. His plan was to send out thousands of military troops to the states most affected by narcotrafficking and violence. However, the number of homicides, kidnappings, and extorsions surged dramatically during his 6-year term and his alleged “war.” Three years later in 2009, the Spanish journalist Judith Torrea, moved to Ciudad Juarez to document the experiences of those who daily suffered the most as a consequence …


Fixing Prior Consultation For Indigenous Empowerment, Marcela Torres-Wong, Elia Méndez-García Mar 2023

Fixing Prior Consultation For Indigenous Empowerment, Marcela Torres-Wong, Elia Méndez-García

The Journal of Social Encounters

Over the last three decades, extractive conflicts in Latin America have become increasingly violent. Hundreds of Indigenous activists have been murdered for defending their land against extractive interests. The international formula for addressing this type of conflict is for governments to conduct prior consultation procedures with Indigenous communities before affecting indigenous territories. However, the misuse of consultations by governments and companies to legitimize ecologically destructive projects has led a sector of Indigenous organizations to reject prior consultation, while others continue advocating for free, prior, and informed consent. We compare two cases of Indigenous communities from Oaxaca and Yucatán in Mexico …


Addressing Green Energy's "Resource Curse", Roger E. Meiners, Andrew P. Morriss Mar 2023

Addressing Green Energy's "Resource Curse", Roger E. Meiners, Andrew P. Morriss

Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum

Policy changes that encourage non-fossil fuel energy mean increased reliance on batteries and other technologies that must develop rapidly. This article focuses on batteries, noting that key inputs come from corrupt countries, so little of the benefits of exports flow to citizens, and many key finished mineral products come from China. The United States thereby becomes more reliant on autocratic regimes. Using cobalt as an example, this article looks at the nature of its production, the inability of the United States to shoulder its share of the environmental burden of mineral extraction and refining, and looks to previous examples of …


Guatemala Sex Traffickers Earn Millions Through Deception, Insight Crime Mar 2023

Guatemala Sex Traffickers Earn Millions Through Deception, Insight Crime

Security Research Hub Reports

Authorities in Guatemala have dismantled several human trafficking networks in a series of coordinated operations, shedding light on the tactics used and scale of profits earned through the sexual exploitation of those most vulnerable.


Two Guatemalan Nationals Plead Guilty To Human Smuggling Conspiracy Resulting In 2021 Death Of Migrant In Odessa, Texas, Department Of State, United States Mar 2023

Two Guatemalan Nationals Plead Guilty To Human Smuggling Conspiracy Resulting In 2021 Death Of Migrant In Odessa, Texas, Department Of State, United States

Security Research Hub Reports

On Thursday, Guatemalan nationals Armando Gael-Galicia aka Artemio Diego Andres Gonzalez and Luis Moreno-Gonzalez, 26, and Jose Diego Tercero-Gonzalez, 22, both of whom resided in Texas, pleaded guilty in federal court in the Western District of Texas to conspiracy to transport and harbor aliens for financial gain and resulting in death. At sentencing, each will face a statutory maximum penalty of life in prison.


Chevron: Fueling The Right Against Title 42 And The Denial Of U.S. Asylum Rights, Nicholas Pierre-Paul Feb 2023

Chevron: Fueling The Right Against Title 42 And The Denial Of U.S. Asylum Rights, Nicholas Pierre-Paul

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

This Note was inspired by the questionable treatment of Haitian asylum seekers in Del Rio, Texas, where horseback U.S. officials charged at them using reins as whips, before immediately deporting them back to Haiti. The U.S. government justified its actions by claiming that Title 42 permits U.S. officials to prohibit the entry of individuals when there is a danger of introducing certain diseases, such as COVID-19. However, Title 42 conflicts with the United States’ codified commitment to the principle of non-refoulment, prohibiting it from returning certain refugees to a country where their life or freedom would be threatened. Accordingly, the …


Mitigating Zoonotic Disease Threats To Prevent Future Pandemics: A Critical Analysis Of Policy Favoring The Closures Of Wildlife Markets In Latin America, Melany J. Danielson Feb 2023

Mitigating Zoonotic Disease Threats To Prevent Future Pandemics: A Critical Analysis Of Policy Favoring The Closures Of Wildlife Markets In Latin America, Melany J. Danielson

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

The Preventing Future Pandemics Act was introduced to mitigate zoonotic disease threats around the world by focusing policy efforts on the closure of wildlife markets that gave rise to COVID–19. This Note challenges the efficacy of wildlife market closure policy by considering cultural, socioeconomic, and legal factors for the existence of wildlife market within megadiverse countries in Latin America. Based on scientific research on the animal-to-human interface and zoonotic disease transmission, this Note suggests effective policy should incorporate a targeted species ban for reservoir species, improved sanitary measures and disease surveillance, and wildlife trafficking prevention. Ultimately, this Note calls for …


The Egyptian National Anti-Trafficking Law ‘Adoption Process And Assessment’, Nourhane Awad Feb 2023

The Egyptian National Anti-Trafficking Law ‘Adoption Process And Assessment’, Nourhane Awad

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis is about the impact of Egyptian national laws on the protection of African migrants and refugees. Egypt has been considered a transit country for African migrants and refugees fleeing their countries toward European countries or Israel in the past due to its specific geographic location. For that reason, Egypt is considered one of the essential parts of the trafficking process in the middle east. For that reason, it is essential to study and explore how the Egyptian government is controlling and governing the trafficking of persons. In addition, it is important to understand its institutional setup and framework …


Huawei, Internet Governance, And Ieepa Reform, David W. Opderbeck Feb 2023

Huawei, Internet Governance, And Ieepa Reform, David W. Opderbeck

Ohio Northern University Law Review

No abstract provided.


Corruption, Tax Evasion, And The Distortion Of Justice: Global Challenges And International Responses, Lorena Bachmaier Winter, Donato Vozza Jan 2023

Corruption, Tax Evasion, And The Distortion Of Justice: Global Challenges And International Responses, Lorena Bachmaier Winter, Donato Vozza

Law and Contemporary Problems

No abstract provided.


Tracking Elusive And Shifting Identities Of The Global Fishing Fleet, Jaeyoon Park, Jennifer Van Osdel, Joanna Turner, Courtney M. Farthing, Nathan A. Miller, Hannah L. Linder, Guillermo Ortuno Crespo, Gabrielle Carmine, David A. Kroosma Jan 2023

Tracking Elusive And Shifting Identities Of The Global Fishing Fleet, Jaeyoon Park, Jennifer Van Osdel, Joanna Turner, Courtney M. Farthing, Nathan A. Miller, Hannah L. Linder, Guillermo Ortuno Crespo, Gabrielle Carmine, David A. Kroosma

Security Research Hub Reports

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing costs billions of dollars per year and is enabled by vessels obfuscating their identity. Here, we combine identities of ~35,000 vessels with a decade of GPS data to provide a global assessment of fishing compliance, reflagging patterns, and fishing by foreign-owned vessels. About 17% of high seas fishing is by potentially unauthorized or internationally unregulated vessels, with hot spots of this activity in the west Indian and the southwest Atlantic Oceans. In addition, reflagging, a tactic often used to obscure oversight, occurs in just a few ports primarily by fleets with high foreign ownership. …


Mexican Cartels Bolster Foothold And Alliances In Colombia, Juan Rojas Jan 2023

Mexican Cartels Bolster Foothold And Alliances In Colombia, Juan Rojas

Security Research Hub Reports

Between 2018 and 2022, Colombia’s Ombudsman Office emitted more than 20 alerts that affiliates of Mexico’s largest and most powerful cartels were active on Colombian soil. Some 40 Mexican nationals, according to the Ombudsman Office, were behind bars for drug trafficking charges in Colombia as of early 2023.


Food As A Vector For Change: Lessons From The Third Sector On Improving Livelihoods With Nutritional Knowledge In Medellín And Bogotá, Solomon Treister Jan 2023

Food As A Vector For Change: Lessons From The Third Sector On Improving Livelihoods With Nutritional Knowledge In Medellín And Bogotá, Solomon Treister

Honors Theses

In this thesis I argue that improving diet in communities depends on building nutritional knowledge. In examining the role of community level organizations, I look specifically at how knowledge is conveyed through agricultural and gastronomy. This project analyzes how civil society organizations work to reintegrate individuals into food systems, compelling consumers to take agency over their diets and pursue better livelihoods. The industrialization of food systems has fundamentally changed the way humans connect with food and diet. In Colombia, internal displacements and urban migration have accelerated a loss of connection with the land and food processes. At the same time, …


Thanks, It's Second-Hand: Shifting Values Of Second-Hand Clothing In Mexico City, Sofia Arleo Jan 2023

Thanks, It's Second-Hand: Shifting Values Of Second-Hand Clothing In Mexico City, Sofia Arleo

Honors Theses

This thesis is an analysis of the relationship between people and clothing in Mexico City. Using ethnographic snapshots, local histories and scholarly research on used clothing, this thesis looks at how the economic and emotional value attached to second-hand clothing is determined by place, story and social identity. This thesis questions how clothing changes value as it travels between the United States, open air markets that have existed since the Aztec empire and curated second-hand and vintage stores in Roma Norte, one the city’s most affluent neighborhoods. Second-hand clothing is unique in that it has an added narrative from its …


Legitimate Supra-National Adjudication In The New Era: The Requirement Of Comparative Benefit, Margaret M. Deguzman Jan 2023

Legitimate Supra-National Adjudication In The New Era: The Requirement Of Comparative Benefit, Margaret M. Deguzman

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.


Getting To The Root Of The Problem: How Biden’S “Root Causes Initiative” Can Bypass The Title 42 Immigration Dilemma, Randolph Portugal Jan 2023

Getting To The Root Of The Problem: How Biden’S “Root Causes Initiative” Can Bypass The Title 42 Immigration Dilemma, Randolph Portugal

Student Works

No abstract provided.


The Un-Intended Effects Of Risky Mandates, Robert Wood Jan 2023

The Un-Intended Effects Of Risky Mandates, Robert Wood

Theses and Dissertations--Political Science

In May 1948, the United Nations launched its first peacekeeping mission named the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO). Since this first mission, the United Nations has launched over 70 peacekeeping missions in regions such as Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa (Bellamy and Williams, 2015). The overarching goal of the United Nations, and the Security Council as the organ responsible for authorizing peacekeeping missions, is to protect international peace (United Nations, 1945a). However, the means of achieving international peace differs across missions. One source of variation concerning the means of achieving peace is found in peacekeeping mission mandates. While …


Veterinary Medicine And The Covid-19 Pandemic: An International, Interdisciplinary Study Of A Globalwicked Problem, Daniella Fedak-Lengel Jan 2023

Veterinary Medicine And The Covid-19 Pandemic: An International, Interdisciplinary Study Of A Globalwicked Problem, Daniella Fedak-Lengel

International ResearchScape Journal

Building on field research in Costa Rica and Belize, this study analyzes environmental and endangered animal protection policies, rights, and practices in Central America, and assesses impacts of veterinary science and conservation biology on animal welfare concerns. Informed by the recent surge in awareness regarding the spread of zoonotic diseases, given COVID-19, the study analyzes Manis javanica and the impact of illegal trafficking of this critically endangered animal. The project theorizes if awareness of zoonotic disease transmission, especially during a global pandemic, could be key to reducing sales, legal or illegal, of wild animals in order to mitigate zoonotic infection …


Factors Influencing The Relationship Between The Latinx Community And Law Enforcement, Silvia Gramajo Mazariegos Jan 2023

Factors Influencing The Relationship Between The Latinx Community And Law Enforcement, Silvia Gramajo Mazariegos

Social Justice | Senior Theses

The study has quantitative and qualitative aspects. The quantitative aspect measures how attitudes toward law enforcement and fear are related and how attitudes toward law enforcement and willingness to seek help from law enforcement are related. The qualitative aspect explores how trust plays a role in the relationship between the Latinx community and law enforcement. The qualitative aspect of the study also seeks to address how the overall relationship between the Latinx community and law enforcement can be improves. Participants completed a quantitative survey that measured their attitudes towards law enforcement, fear towards law enforcement, and willingness to accept help …


Should I Stay Or Should I Go: The Impact Of Crossing Migrants In Local Communities In Mexico, Norma M. De La Rosa-Bustamante Dec 2022

Should I Stay Or Should I Go: The Impact Of Crossing Migrants In Local Communities In Mexico, Norma M. De La Rosa-Bustamante

Whittier Scholars Program

The interactions between migrants and Mexican local communities have positive and negative outcomes. A report by Human Rights First found that more than 630 violent crimes against asylum seekers were reported in the first few months of the “Remain in Mexico” policy. Still, some migrants have been able to assimilate and stay in Mexico, particularly in large cities such as Tijuana, Baja California and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. This research project combines qualitative data collected through interviews with local NGOs between September 2020 to February 2021 and secondary research data. It focuses on the living conditions of migrants who have stayed …


Lessons From History: The Remarkable Leadership Of Eleanor Roosevelt And Why It Matters Today (Part 1), Emilio F. Iodice Dec 2022

Lessons From History: The Remarkable Leadership Of Eleanor Roosevelt And Why It Matters Today (Part 1), Emilio F. Iodice

The Journal of Values-Based Leadership

Few people had a greater impact on their generation than Eleanor Roosevelt. She was what she professed to be: a person not afraid of criticism, willing to sacrifice and take responsibility and to lead others by her example. Her life was filled with moments of courage, wisdom, compassion, empathy, and amazing emotional intelligence. The following is Part I of an overview of her life, her leadership secrets, and how she dealt with enormous challenges as a person ― a human being and a woman who grew up in an age of prejudice and discrimination.