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Unleashing The Beast: Confronting Animal Trafficking As Organized Crime In The Americas, Erick J. Wilson

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

Wildlife trafficking is a serious yet often overlooked issue across the Americas. This Note examines wildlife trafficking across the Americas, analyzing the legal frameworks and challenges facing countries like the United States, Guatemala, Argentina, Peru, Mexico, and Brazil. Three key obstacles emerge: the lack of recognition of trafficking as organized crime, limited resources for enforcement, and deficient penalties. Though the United States has laws like the Lacey Act to address importation of illegally traded wildlife, weak foreign laws constrain efficacy. Many Latin American nations do not categorize wildlife trafficking as organized crime, despite its intricate parallels with activities like drug …

Climate Change, Corruption, And Colonialism: Solving The Conundrum With Regional Courts, Taylor Nchako

Northwestern University Law Review

It is no secret that climate change is the most pressing issue of our times. Global South countries, especially those in Africa, face challenges mitigating the worst impacts of climate change, adapting technological solutions, and continuing to develop their nation’s infrastructure and industry. Cameroon provides an archetypal example of the challenges many African countries face. Plagued by an economy that both exacerbates climate change and stands to collapse from it, Cameroon struggles with corruption that has roots in colonialism and neocolonialism. This corruption taints not only the forestry service and the executive branch, but the judiciary as well, leaving Cameroon’s …

Asuransi Lingkungan Berdasarkan Polluter Pay Principle Dan Command And Control Untuk Pemulihan Lingkungan Hidup Akibat Pencemaran Dan Kebakaran Hutan, Subagio Aridarmo

"Dharmasisya” Jurnal Program Magister Hukum FHUI

Mining, plantation and industrial business actors are charged with the obligation to pay environmental insurance as a condition for being able to carry out activities or business. The application of environmental insurance is based on the Polluter Pay Principle and Command and Control in the framework of law enforcement in the environmental sector. Current laws and regulations do not guarantee safety and restoration of environmental pollution and/or damage, for example, many business actors do not pay compensation in court decisions in cases of forest and land fires. This makes efforts to repair and restore the environment from pollution and/or damage …

Risk Regulation And Management Against Illegal Wildlife Trade: Europe And America, Olonyi Bosire

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

Introduction

The source or initial crime in the illegal wildlife trade chain is mostly committed beyond the shores of North America and Europe. However, the two regions continue to be massive destination markets and key transit hubs for illegal wildlife products. Illegal trade networks are shadowy and therefore problematic to study. This helps explain the wide valuation of illegal wildlife trade currently estimated by the Global Environment Facility (“GEF”) as ranging between 7 and 23 billion dollars per annum.

Policies and strategies to pre-empt or respond to illegal wildlife trade keep evolving as appreciation grows for the previously underestimated complexities, …

Brazil’S Violence Against Indigenous Peoples, Andre Taylor

Human Rights Brief

Centuries of violence and displacement define the relationship between indigenous peoples and the successive governments of Brazil. As Brazil embarks on a massive expansion of its agribusiness and mining operations, the systemic denial of land rights and illegal economic activity on protected lands has threatened traditional ways of life practiced by indigenous peoples. The most aggressive policy taken by the Brazilian government has involved legitimizing land claims on unregistered ancestral indigenous lands for development, putting 37,800 square miles of territory at risk for exploitation by loggers, ranchers, and farmers.

Beyond The Northwest Forest Plan, Melda Kamil Ariadno

Indonesian Journal of International Law

The United States of America be the main actors in the wood industry. That condition has become a burden by the government of the United States of America because the increase the pressure from the expert in the environmental field, which more support do the reforestation rather than deforestation. The changing role from the main wood exporter to the main wood importer, caused the national market of the United States of America get a loss, like raise the price of wood product. The conflict between the United States of America with Canada related to wood product become a concern by …

Belajar Dari Kegalalan Politik Pengelolaan Sda Orde Baru: Studi Kasus Kalimantan Timur, Aleksis Jemadu

Indonesian Journal of International Law

The province of East Kalimantan has the largers tropical forests in Indonesia. throughout the era of the New Order government under President Soeharto the natural resources especially tropical forests were sistematically exploited without any serious effort on the part of the government and private companies to take care of the social and environmental aspect of such exploitation. As a result, severe environmental degradation took place and the local people in the country side lost their sources of livelihood. In the midst of the presence of multinational corporations and private forest concessionaires ironically there were enclaves of poverty. In this area …

Memerangi Kejahatan Kehutanan Dan Mendorong Prinsip Kehati-Hatian Perbankan Untuk Mewujudkan Pengelolaan Hutan Yang Berkelanjutan Pendekatan Anti Pencucian Uang, Bambang Setiono, Yunus Husein

Indonesian Journal of International Law

If the illegal logging is just a criminal whose involve the poor society which their life depend to the forest, truck driver or forest guards whose underpaid, that criminal would not be difficult to stop. With the involvement of support from the illegal logging funders, which usually called cukong, illegal logging industry and government employees, the illegal logging has become a complex problem, not only in Indonesia, but also for the international forest community. The forestry law enforcement approach which now is running failed to capture the mastermind of illegal logging. But, the money laundering law enforcement approach which with …

Maritime Security In South East Asia: Indonesian Perspective, Melda Kamil Ariadno

Indonesian Journal of International Law

Maritime security is an important issue particularly for the archipelagic state. As the largest archipelagic state in the world, Indonesia has its own responsibility to guard its waters from any threat. Indonesian waters have been used for centuries to accelerate international trade. In addition, Indonesia needs to address its boundary problems, handling of piracy, combating Transnational Organized Crime, such as, human trafficking, drugs trafficking, and human smuggling. This article explains on Indonesian perspective of the maritime security in South East Asia.

A Paper Tiger? Prosecutorial Regulators In China’S Civil Environmental Public Interest Litigations, Chunyan Ding, Huina Xiao

Fordham Environmental Law Review

In July 2015, China’s national legislature brought in prosecutor-led civil environmental public interest litigation (“EPIL”) for thirteen selected provincial areas of the country. After a two-year legal experiment, this prosecutor-led civil EPIL system was then established nationwide in July 2017. Yet, can it be said that prosecutorial regulators in China are in fact a paper tiger? Drawing upon content analysis of the 655 prosecutor-led civil EPILs and in-depth interviews with twelve frontline prosecutors and judges, this article examines the dynamics of regulatory practice and the motivation of the Chinese prosecutorial organs to engage in environmental regulation through litigation. Based upon …

Deforestation Of The Brazilian Amazon Under Jair Bolsonaro’S Reign: A Growing Ecological Disaster And How It May Be Reduced, Richard Perez

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Amazon Ablaze: Are The Environmental Policies Of The Bolsanaro Administrative In Contravention Of Brazil’S Commitment To The Convention On Biological Diversity?, Jordan Johnson

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

In the Summer of 2019, the Amazonian Rainforest in Brazil experienced an unprecedented increase forest fires. This dramatic uptick in forest fires, according to environmental officials and scientists, is believed to have been caused by recent, rampant illegal deforestation of the Brazilian Amazonian Rainforest. Furthermore, some within the scientific community believe that the increased deforestation and ensuing forest fires are attributable to the anti-environmental protections and pro-development policies of Brazil's President, Jair Bolsonaro. Since taking office in January 2019, President Bolsonaro has publicly endorsed and encouraged deforestation of the Amazon as a means to spur economic development within Brazil. This …

The Right To Legally Sourced Lumber? How The Effective Enforcement Of The Lacey Act Is A U.S. Human Rights Obligation And Critical To Preventing Abuse In The Illegal Logging Industry, Melanie Hess

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

No abstract provided.

Biodiversity Impacts Of Investment And Free Trade Agreements, Lee C. Rarrick

Pace Environmental Law Review

The following Article identifies the myriad ways in which international investment and free trade agreements interact with biodiversity. It categorizes these interactions into three main groups and provides a literature review of the various real-world and policy impacts. The first part analyses arbitration procedures in these agreements that investors and trade partners can invoke to protect their economic expectations from otherwise proper State action, including regulation that is intended to promote biodiversity. The next part evaluates biodiversity provisions that are included directly in the free trade and investment agreements themselves, or in side agreements thereto. Some of these provisions reference …

Seeing The Forest For The Trees: Public And Private Law Tools For Halting Deforestation, Harriette I. Resnick

Pace Environmental Law Review

No abstract provided.

Whose Land Is It Anyway? Navigating Ghana's Complex Land System, Aimee Kline, Élan Moore, Elizabeth Ramey, Kevin Hernandez, Lauren Ehrhardt, Megan Reed, Morgan Parker, Samantha Henson, Taylor Winn, Taylor Wood

Texas A&M Law Review

This Article dives into Ghana’s complex land-registration system, which is influenced by both statutory and customary law. Section II discusses Ghana’s statutory land laws. Section III provides a brief overview of Ghana’s customary land laws. Section IV discusses several obstacles within Ghana’s land-administration system.

One Small Step For Earth, One Giant Leap For Costa Rica, Emily Canney

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

No abstract provided.

Beyond Westphalia: Competitive Legalization In Emerging Transnational Regulatory Systems, Errol E. Meidinger

Errol Meidinger

Published as Chapter 7 in Law and Legalization in Transnational Relations, Christian Brütsch & Dirk Lehmkuhl, eds.

This paper analyzes several emerging transnational regulatory systems that engage, but are not centered on state legal systems. Driven primarily by civil society organizations, the new regulatory systems use conventional technical standard setting and certification techniques to establish market-leveraged, social and environmental regulatory programs. These programs resemble state regulatory programs in many important respects, and are increasingly legalized. Individual sectors generally have multiple regulatory programs that compete with, but also mimic and reinforce each other. While forestry is the most developed example, similar …

Urgency Of Boundary Maritime Management: Strategies To Prevent Conflicts, Josina Augustina Yvonne Wattimena

Indonesian Journal of International Law

The boundary of maritime between countries is a very important issue for coastal States as well as archipelagic countries such as Indonesia. Indonesia is adjacent to the sea with ten neighboring countries. Until now, Indonesia has not completely resolved the sea border issues with neighboring countries. This is due to the determination of the sea boundary is not easy, very closely with various considerations such as; Political, legal, strategic, historical, economic, environmental, geographical, geological and geomorphological. With the enactment of the 1982 Sea Law Convention as a new constitution for the regulation of the law of the sea, consequently Indonesian …

Urgent Need For National Maritime Security Arrangement In Indonesia: Towards Global Maritime Fulcrum, Dhiana Puspitawati

Indonesian Journal of International Law

Under President Joko Widodo’s administration, Indonesia’s archipelagic outlook has been re-asserted as the basis of Indonesia’s foreign policy, by introducing the concept of Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF). GMF is aimed put Indonesia as a single maritime power with considerable diplomatic influence in becoming a central role in two vast maritime regions. The implementation requires the maintenance of three key areas national sovereignty, maritime security and regional stability. While the scope of maritime threats has been broaden, the establishment of maritime security should encompasses at least three key areas, namely settling unresolved maritime border with neighboring countries; combating illegal, unreported and …

Retooling Law Enforcement To Investigate And Prosecute Entrenched Corruption: Key Criminal Procedure Reforms For Indonesia And Other Nations, Leslie Gielow Jacobs, Benjamin B. Wagner

Leslie Gielow Jacobs

No abstract provided.

Guide To Land Contracts: Forestry Projects, International Senior Lawyers Project, Kaitlin Y. Cordes, Sam Szoke-Burke

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment Staff Publications

Agricultural investment contracts and forestry projects can be complex, with complicated provisions that are difficult to understand. To assist non-lawyers in better understanding agricultural investment contracts, such as those available on the Open Land Contracts repository, CCSI has developed a Guide to Land Contracts: Forestry Projects.

This Guide, prepared by International Senior Lawyers Project staff and volunteers in collaboration with the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment, aims to assist the Open Land Contracts repository users in unpacking the technical provisions and language typically found in forestry contracts in order to better understand the contracts and the potential implications of …

Trade Agreements, Regulatory Sovereignty And Democratic Legitimacy, Bernard Hoekman, Charles F. Sabel

Faculty Scholarship

Governments increasingly are seeking to use bilateral and regional trade agreements to reduce the cost-increasing effects of differences in product market regulation. They also pursue regulatory cooperation independent of trade agreements. It is important to understand what is being done through bilateral or plurilateral mechanisms to address regulatory differences, and to identify what, if any, role trade agreements can play in supporting international regulatory cooperation. This paper reflects on experience to date in regulatory cooperation and the provisions of recent trade agreements involving advanced economies that have included regulatory cooperation. We argue for a re-thinking by trade officials of the …

Putting The Illegal Wildlife Trade In The Crosshairs: How The Global Conservation Crisis Demonstrates The Need For Lacey Act Enforcement Of Foreign Laws, Jonathan Gonzalez

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.

Conference Report: Climate Change And Sustainable Investment In Natural Resources: From Consensus To Action, Columbia Center On Sustainable Investment, Sustainable Development Solutions Network, Sabin Center For Climate Change Law

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment Staff Publications

The Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment has produced this conference report on CCSI’s Conference on Climate Change and Sustainable Investment in Natural Resources: From Consensus to Action. A shorter outcome document, which was disseminated at COP22, is also available. These documents summarize the discussions at the eleventh annual Columbia International Investment Conference, which took place on November 2-3, 2016, at Columbia University. The Conference offered a high-level opportunity to discuss how countries can reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the Paris Agreement, while also advancing the Sustainable Development Goals, and in particular the important implications for the …

Urgency For Legal Framework On Drones: Lessons For Indonesia, India, And Thailand, Ridha Raditya Nugraha, Deepika Jayakodi, Thitipon Mahem

Indonesia Law Review

Civilian drones are revolutionizing the skies, ushering in several beneficial possibilities and along with it several questions. From checking damage to a roof and aerial photography to border patrolling and emergency response, drones are increasingly put to civil and commercial use. Such a common use requires regulation. Technology has always grown exponentially, whereas the law governing such technology has to contend with such growth. Developed western countries are not the only ones grappling with reigning in these drones. The unique geographic conditions and national interests of Indonesia, India, and Thailand, find more utility for civilian drones, welcoming in the technology …

Greenwashing The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Fossil Fuels, The Environment, And Climate Change, Matthew Rimmer, Matthew Rimmer

Santa Clara Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

Environmental Crimes And Imprisonment: Does Prison Work To Prevent And Punish Environmental Criminals?, Rafael Wolff

Dissertations & Theses

Environmental degradation is a global problem. Humans need natural resources to survive and, as those resources are limited, humans’ use of these resources should respect a sustainable pace established by law. There are many approaches to addressing environmental degradation that do not honor the legal limitations and one of them is through criminal law. The question that is posed in this thesis is whether imprisonment, one of the most severe methods of punishment, is a suitable option to repress and prevent environmental crimes.

This thesis is divided in three chapters. The first chapter discusses why environmental crimes are relevant. It …

The Brazilian Amazon Timber Industry And The International Mechanisms Of Timber Trade Control – Combating Illegal Logging And Associated Trade, Juliana Coelho Marcussi

Dissertations & Theses

Illegal logging and its associated trade are one of the main causes of degradation of the Amazonian Rainforest in Brazil. They spring from several deficiencies in the regulatory and monitoring systems. The purpose of this work is to recommend mechanisms to overcome these deficiencies to eliminate illegal logging and its associated trade in the long-term and to enhance the appreciation of the standing forests and the sustainable use of their natural resources.

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the Brazilian tropical timber market’s trends, and briefly describes the main stages of timber supply chain to build familiarity with the activities …

Improving Substantive And Procedural Protections For Indigenous Rights In Redd+ Projects: Possible Lessons From Brazil, Kristen Taylor

Student Works

Nations around the world are beginning to acknowledge that climate change is an imminent threat to our planet and are responding with mitigation efforts. REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation plus) may be a way to minimize the deforestation that has lead to the increased greenhouse gas emissions causing a change in our global climate. Although REDD+ is one the leading proposals to address climate change, it lends itself to potentially harmful effects on indigenous people, if the regulating nation does not possess adequate policy for protections of their indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples face the challenge of safeguarding access …