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Classic Article: On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss
Classic Article: On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss
Journal of Marine Research
The question as to whether the organic matter in the sea bottom is inert or is available as a nutrient for the bottom fauna and bottom-inhabiting bacteria is a problem of special interest in the cycle of life in the sea. A number of marine animals, making up the benthos or the bottom fauna, must depend upon this organic matter for their nutrition while the sea bottom also harbors an extensive bacterial population which require the energy to be derived from various nutrient elements for cell synthesis and respiration...
Validation Of Integrated Coast-Ocean Model Cche2d-Coast And Development Of Wind Model, Afshin Gazerzadeh
Validation Of Integrated Coast-Ocean Model Cche2d-Coast And Development Of Wind Model, Afshin Gazerzadeh
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The eastern and southern coastlines of the United States are two of the most cyclone-prone areas of the world. The effects of tropical cyclones vary mainly depending on wind intensity and geological features of the coast that it is crossing. Higher winds potentially generate higher storm surges and consequently larger floods occur along the coastlines. Therefore, it is critical to accurately predict winds, storm surge, and waves associated with a hurricane. In the present study, an integrated coastal and ocean process model, CCHE2D-Coast, is validated by assessing the model’s capabilities in simulating coast-ocean circulations driven by the astronomical tides on …
Transport Of Blue Crab Larvae In The Middle Atlantic Bight: A Wet And Windy Journey, Charles E. Epifanio, Charles E. Tilburg
Transport Of Blue Crab Larvae In The Middle Atlantic Bight: A Wet And Windy Journey, Charles E. Epifanio, Charles E. Tilburg
Journal of Marine Research
This paper describes the 25-year evolution of a program of research into the larval ecology of the Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) near the mouth of Delaware Bay on the east coast of the USA (38.5N, 75.1W). The investigation began as a biological study; eventually incorporated a physical component; and finally added a mathematical modeling aspect. Early work was strictly biological and demonstrated that C. sapidus larvae are exported from the estuary to the adjacent coastal ocean where larval development occurs. Once this fact was established, it was clear that further progress demanded an understanding of shelf circulation. …
Inferring Mixed-Layer Depth Variability From Argo Observations In The Western Indian Ocean, T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar, D. Swain, M. Ravichandran
Inferring Mixed-Layer Depth Variability From Argo Observations In The Western Indian Ocean, T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar, D. Swain, M. Ravichandran
Journal of Marine Research
The seasonal and spatial variability of mixed layer depth (MLD) was examined in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) (30E – 80E and 10S – 30N) for three consecutive years starting from June 2002 – May 2005 using Argo temperature and salinity (T/S) profiles. These were compared with MLD estimates from World Ocean Atlas 2001 (WOA01) T/S data. Temporal and spatial variability of MLD estimated from Argo T/S profiles were found to correspond well with the MLD obtained from WOA01 T/S data. However, slight deviations in the form of months of occurrence of minima and maxima MLDs were observed. MLD from …
Estimating Subsurface Horizontal And Vertical Velocities From Sea-Surface Temperature, J. H. Lacasce, A. Mahadevan
Estimating Subsurface Horizontal And Vertical Velocities From Sea-Surface Temperature, J. H. Lacasce, A. Mahadevan
Journal of Marine Research
We examine a dynamical method for estimating subsurface fields (density, pressure, horizontal and vertical velocities) in the upper ocean using sea-surface temperature (SST) and a climatological estimate of the stratification. The method derives from the "surface quasi-geostrophic" (SQG) approximation. The SST is used to generate a potential vorticity (PV) field which is then inverted for the pressure. We examine first the standard SQG model, in which the PV is assumed trapped in a delta-function layer at the surface. We then modify the model by introducing a subsurface PV which is proportional to the surface density and decays exponentially with depth. …
Phytoplankton Seasonal Distribution From Seawifs Data In The Agulhas Current System, E. Machu, V. Garçon
Phytoplankton Seasonal Distribution From Seawifs Data In The Agulhas Current System, E. Machu, V. Garçon
Journal of Marine Research
The interocean conduit for warm Indian Ocean water into the Atlantic Ocean is the Agulhas system which plays an important role in maintaining the global thermohaline circulation. The frontal system formed by the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) and the Subtropical Convergence (STC) is also a region of intense mesoscale activity presenting enhanced levels of biological production and chlorophyll a. We jointly analyzed three different satellite data sets to relate the remotely sensed distribution of phytoplankton (SeaWiFS ocean color data) to the dynamical environment (Topex/Poséidon-ERS sea level anomalies-SLA- and sea-surface temperature-SST-) to gain insight into the seasonal behavior of the …
Phytoplankton Patches At Fronts: A Model Of Formation And Response To Wind Events, Peter J. S. Franks, Leonard J. Walstad
Phytoplankton Patches At Fronts: A Model Of Formation And Response To Wind Events, Peter J. S. Franks, Leonard J. Walstad
Journal of Marine Research
A subsurface patch of chlorophyll is a feature common to many fronts. The dynamics underlying the patch formation are not well understood; however, there appears to be a strong link between the biological and physical dynamics. Here we test the hypothesis that patch formation is a result of wind-forced motions of the front. Frontal responses to transient wind events include acceleration of the surface layers, changes in mixed-layer depth, and excitation of nonlinear oscillations at the front. Such dynamics can affect nutrient fluxes across the pycnocline and the coupling between trophic levels. To test this hypothesis, we developed a two-dimensional …
The Role Of Mesoscale Hydrography On Microbial Dynamics In The Northeast Atlantic: Results Of A Spring Bloom Experiment, B. Karrasch, H. G. Hoppe, S. Ullrich, S. Podewski
The Role Of Mesoscale Hydrography On Microbial Dynamics In The Northeast Atlantic: Results Of A Spring Bloom Experiment, B. Karrasch, H. G. Hoppe, S. Ullrich, S. Podewski
Journal of Marine Research
During RV Meteor cruise No. 10 from May to June 1989 (JGOFS pilot study) bacterial and picocyanobacterial abundance, biomass, and bacterial production were estimated at two drift stations close to 47N, 20W and 58N, 20W in the northeast Atlantic. At 47N two different mesoscale hydrographic structures were sampled which divided the drift experiment into a cyclonic and an anticyclonic circulation phase. Transition from one phase to the next was clearly reflected by changes of the biological structure in the upper water column. Phytoplankton stocks maintained during the cyclonic phase were about 1.8 times higher than those of the anticyclonic phase …
Aggregation And Sedimentation Processes During A Spring Phytoplankton Bloom: A Field Experiment To Test Coagulation Theory, Thomas Kiørboe, Claus Lundsgaard, Michael Olesen, Jørgen L. S. Hansen
Aggregation And Sedimentation Processes During A Spring Phytoplankton Bloom: A Field Experiment To Test Coagulation Theory, Thomas Kiørboe, Claus Lundsgaard, Michael Olesen, Jørgen L. S. Hansen
Journal of Marine Research
Spring diatom blooms in temperate waters are often terminated by aggregation of the cells into large flocs and subsequent mass sedimentation of the phytoplankton to the sea floor. The rate of aggregate formation by physical coagulation depends on the concentration of suspended particles, on the turbulent shear that makes particles collide, and on their stickiness (= probability of adhesion upon collision). During a mixed diatom bloom in a shallow Danish fjord, for 3 weeks we monitored the concentration and stickiness of suspended particles and the species composition of the phytoplankton at 2–3 d intervals and we estimated the turbulent shear …
The Ecology Of Larger Microzooplankton In The Weddell-Scotia Confluence Area: Horizontal And Vertical Distribution Patterns, Viviana A. Alder, Demetrio Boltovskoy
The Ecology Of Larger Microzooplankton In The Weddell-Scotia Confluence Area: Horizontal And Vertical Distribution Patterns, Viviana A. Alder, Demetrio Boltovskoy
Journal of Marine Research
The distribution of microzooplankton > 15 μm (large dinoflagellates, foraminifers, radiolarians, tintinnids, microcrustaceans and various invertebrate larvae) was studied in samples retrieved from 10 to 400 m in two overlapping transects along 49W, between 57S and 61°30′S (27 Nov.–12 Dec. 1988, and 27 Dec. 1988–4 Jan. 1989). Dinoflagellates and tintinnids concentrated at 50–90 m (10–400 m weighted averages, dinoflagellates: 103 ind./I, 131 mg C/m2; tintinnids: 9.7 ind./I, 53 mg C/m2). Copepod nauplii had a more variable vertical pattern with maximum numbers at 100–200 m (10–400 m av.: 2.6 ind./I, 27 mg C/m2). Foraminifers and radiolarians …
The Importance Of A Plume Of Tidally-Mixed Water To The Biological Oceanography Of The Gulf Of Maine, David W. Townsend, John P. Christensen, David K. Stevenson, Joseph J. Graham, Stanley B. Chenoweth
The Importance Of A Plume Of Tidally-Mixed Water To The Biological Oceanography Of The Gulf Of Maine, David W. Townsend, John P. Christensen, David K. Stevenson, Joseph J. Graham, Stanley B. Chenoweth
Journal of Marine Research
During the warmer months of the year the eastern Gulf of Maine features a plume of cold water which extends from the tidally well-mixed area adjacent to Grand Manan Island at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy southwest along the Maine coast to well beyond Penobscot Bay. Near Grand Manan Island the plume waters are cold (ca. 10°C), nearly vertically isothermal and carry high concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients. The analysis of temperature-salinity diagrams and hydrographic vertical section plots indicate that the deeper waters in Jordan Basin, of slope water origin, upwell and contribute a significant fraction of the …
The Concentrating Of Organisms At Fronts: A Cold-Water Fish And A Warm-Core Gulf Stream Ring, Donald B. Olson, Richard H. Backus
The Concentrating Of Organisms At Fronts: A Cold-Water Fish And A Warm-Core Gulf Stream Ring, Donald B. Olson, Richard H. Backus
Journal of Marine Research
Net hauls made in and around a warm-core Gulf Stream ring in April and June 1982 suggest a concentrating of the mesopelagic fish Benthosema glaciale (family Myctophidae) in the frontal zone at the east edge of the ring. In April, Benthosema was found in very small numbers in the two-month old ring, as was to be expected from the subpolar-temperate distribution of this fish and the warm-water origin and age of the ring. By June, age-0 fish had been recruited to the population susceptible to capture by the midwater trawl. These young fish were about five times as abundant at …
Dynamics Of Temperature And Chlorophyll Structures Above A Seamount: An Oceanic Experiment, Amatzia Genin, George W. Boehlert
Dynamics Of Temperature And Chlorophyll Structures Above A Seamount: An Oceanic Experiment, Amatzia Genin, George W. Boehlert
Journal of Marine Research
Three hydrographic surveys comprised of densely spaced XBT and CTD stations were conducted over Minami-kasuga Seamount, in the northwest Pacific (21°36′N, 143°38′E). A cold dome, similar to a Taylor column, was observed above the seamount top during the first survey. Uplifted isotherms penetrated to the lower euphotic zone and were associated with higher chlorophyll concentrations. Vertical displacement of uplifted isotherms decayed with elevation above the seamount, so that both temperature and chlorophyll anomalies were undetectable at depths less than 80 m. Relatively high chlorophyll concentrations in a layer from 80 m to 100m depth formed a distinctive deep chlorophyll maximum …
Oxalic, Glyoxalic And Pyruvic Acids In Eastern Pacific Ocean Waters, Spencer M. Steinberg, Jeffrey L. Bada
Oxalic, Glyoxalic And Pyruvic Acids In Eastern Pacific Ocean Waters, Spencer M. Steinberg, Jeffrey L. Bada
Journal of Marine Research
A sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique has been used to determine the concentration and distribution of several α-keto acids and oxalic acid in seawater samples from a station (28°29′N, 128°38′W) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Glyoxalic, pyruvic and oxalic acids were found to be present. Although the pyruvic acid profile at this station was in general featureless, the profiles for glyoxalic and oxalic acids showed variations which could be attributed to both primary production and heterotropic activity. Surface waters were found to have a combined concentration of glyoxalic and oxalic acids of ∼300 to 400 nm/liter which makes …
Copper Complexation During Spring Phytoplankton Blooms In Coastal Waters, Donald M. Anderson, John S. Lively, Ralph F. Vaccaro
Copper Complexation During Spring Phytoplankton Blooms In Coastal Waters, Donald M. Anderson, John S. Lively, Ralph F. Vaccaro
Journal of Marine Research
Cupric ion bioassays were conducted throughout the spring phytoplankton bloom season at two stations-one estuarine, dominated by dinoflagellates, the other coastal, dominated by diatoms. Copper-complexing ligands were detected at both locations throughout this period. Ligand concentrations varied between 0.1 and 0.75 μM, with the estuarine concentrations typically 2–4 times higher than coastal values. Ligands from both locations were destroyed by UV-oxidation and had similar conditional stability constants (range 108.3 to 109.2) that were significantly correlated with pH, suggesting that the complexing materials are organic chelators with weak acid functional groups. All measured or calculated parameters (DOC, …
The Influence Of The Meandering Guiana Current And Amazon River Discharge On Surface Salinity Near Barbados, Gary A. Borstad
The Influence Of The Meandering Guiana Current And Amazon River Discharge On Surface Salinity Near Barbados, Gary A. Borstad
Journal of Marine Research
The seasonal surface salinity regime near Barbados, West Indies is explained in terms of the oceanography of the area. Because of its position relative to the complex and meandering Guiana Current along the northeast coast of South America, the island of Barbados receives mixtures of two fundamentally different surface water types....
Mesopelagic Fishes In Gulf Stream Cold-Core Rings, Richard H. Backus, James E. Craddock
Mesopelagic Fishes In Gulf Stream Cold-Core Rings, Richard H. Backus, James E. Craddock
Journal of Marine Research
Calculations of abundance of midwater fishes in the families Myctophidae, Gonostomatidae, Photichthyidae, and Stemoptychidae for the 1000 m water column were made in cold-core rings and in the nearby Sargasso Sea and Slope Water….
Community Structure And Species Diversity Of The Sedimentary Reefs Constructed By Petaloproctus Socialis (Polychaeta: Maldanidae), W. Herbert Wilson Jr.
Community Structure And Species Diversity Of The Sedimentary Reefs Constructed By Petaloproctus Socialis (Polychaeta: Maldanidae), W. Herbert Wilson Jr.
Journal of Marine Research
The macrofaunal community associated with the gregarious tube-building maldanid polychaete Petaloproctus socialis was monitored by monthly sampling from September, 1975 to November, 1976. The community is high in species diversity and species richness with 165 species found. 30% of the 210 pairwise combinations of 21 of the most abundant species showed significant positive correlations of their abundances. Few negative correlations of abundance were seen....
Diaphus Taaningi Norman, The Principal Component Of A Shallow Sound-Scattering Layer In The Cariaco Trench, Venezuela, Ronald C. Baird, Donald F. Wilson, Robert C. Beckett, Thomas L. Hopkins
Diaphus Taaningi Norman, The Principal Component Of A Shallow Sound-Scattering Layer In The Cariaco Trench, Venezuela, Ronald C. Baird, Donald F. Wilson, Robert C. Beckett, Thomas L. Hopkins
Journal of Marine Research
A myctophid fish, Diaphus taaningi Norman, is the principal component of a distinct daytime sound-scattering layer lying near 250 m, well above the anoxic, hydrogen-sulfide zone of the Cariaco Trench. The scattering layer produced strong sonar echoes at 12, 25, and 50 kHz; mean sound-scattering strength at layer depth at 25 kHz was approximately --73 dB and at 50 kHz was approximately --67 dB....
The Physiological Ecology Of A Marine Diatom, Skeletonema Costatum (Grev.) Cleve, Herbert Curl Jr., Guy C. Mcleod
The Physiological Ecology Of A Marine Diatom, Skeletonema Costatum (Grev.) Cleve, Herbert Curl Jr., Guy C. Mcleod
Journal of Marine Research
The marine plankton diatom, Skeletonema costatum, was isolated from local waters and cultured in enriched sea water. The effects of light, temperature, salinity, and concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen on its growth and photosynthesis were determined separately and simultaneously. The effects of exocrine production by Skeletonema and grazing by copepods also wer e tested . The experimental results were used in developing an index of the photosynthetic potential of the diatom for seasonal hydrographic conditions found in the continental shelf waters south of Long Island....
Distribution Of Phosphorus In Great Pond, Massachusetts, Edward M. Hulburt
Distribution Of Phosphorus In Great Pond, Massachusetts, Edward M. Hulburt
Journal of Marine Research
Inorganic phosphate and total phosphorus were determined during 1950 in Great Pond, Massachusetts. Except in deeper water during summer, the concentration of inorganic phosphate was less in Great Pond than in its sources of fresh and salt waters. In summer the total phosphorus concentration was greater in the Pond than in the Sound or River, this being particularly so in deep water of the Pond....
The Chaetognatha Over The Continental Shelf Of North Carolina With Attention To Their Relation To The Hydrography Of The Area, E. Lowe Pierce
The Chaetognatha Over The Continental Shelf Of North Carolina With Attention To Their Relation To The Hydrography Of The Area, E. Lowe Pierce
Journal of Marine Research
A series of vertical plankton samples and hydrographic data were obtained over and somewhat beyond the continental shelf off North Carolina by the ALBATROSS III during four cruises covering the period from 24 May to 14 June 1949. Continental shelf, continental slope, and Florida Current waters were found in the area sampled. Initial mixing between the water masses apparently occurs near the edge of the continental shelf....
The Use Of The Amidol Test For Dissolved Oxygen In Sea Water, Maxim Lieber, Rolf Eliassen
The Use Of The Amidol Test For Dissolved Oxygen In Sea Water, Maxim Lieber, Rolf Eliassen
Journal of Marine Research
For many years the Winkler method with its various modifications has been the accepted procedure to determine the dissolved oxygen (D. O.) in fresh and saline waters (Amer. Public Health Ass., 1946). The accuracy of this volumetric test has proven itself in the laboratory where proper facilities and apparatus are available for such determinations. However, this test is too awkward and elaborate to be utilized in the field for sanitary and biological studies.
Sound As A Tool In Marine Ecology, From Data On Biological Noises And The Deep Scattering Layer, Martin W. Johnson
Sound As A Tool In Marine Ecology, From Data On Biological Noises And The Deep Scattering Layer, Martin W. Johnson
Journal of Marine Research
In studies of specific populations or communities of different animals, the investigator is concerned largely with relative concentrations of individuals and with their feeding and breeding behavior, migratory habits, etc., as individuals or as groups. Information on these aspects is fundamental to an analysis and understanding of the faciors that operate as controls within the population.
On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss
On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss
Journal of Marine Research
The question as to whether the organic matter in the sea bottom is inert or is available as a nutrient for the bottom fauna and bottom-inhabiting bacteria is a problem of special interest in the cycle of life in the sea. A number of marine animals, making up the benthos or the bottom fauna, must depend upon this organic matter for their nutrition while the sea bottom also harbors an extensive bacterial population which require the energy to be derived from various nutrient elements for cell synthesis and respiration.