Digital Commons Network^™

Lay Down And Wait For Good News Unless You Are Bowling Alone: A Comparison Of The Identity Crisis Confronting The Japanese Corporate Warrior And The American Corporate Law Firm Associate, Mi Kim

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

No abstract provided.

Undefined By Design: The Fragmented Public Understanding Of Diversity, Equity, And Inclusion (Dei) By Americans, Caroline Umphlet

Theses and Dissertations

Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) policies have become a contentious issue in contemporary United States public discourse, yet a critical question remains as to whether the public shares a common foundational understanding of these terms. While DEI as a concept has developed and evolved significantly since the 1960s, public understanding remains ardently fragmented.

This thesis aims to answer the research questions: how does the 60+ age group in the US define and understand diversity, equity, and inclusion and DEI policies? The 60+ age group was specifically chosen because their definitions give insight into the publics’ understanding of policy topics when …

Eviscerating The State: An Update, Jean L. Cohen

Emancipations: A Journal of Critical Social Analysis

A year after the publication of her article “Eviscerating the State: The New Oligarchic and Authoritarian Project to Undermine American Constitutional Democracy (Emancipations, Vol.4: Iss.2, July 2025) Jean Cohen looks again at the threats to American constitutional democracy posed by new oligarchic and authoritarian actors in the economy, the state, and society.

Book Review: The Coming Storm: Power, Conflict, And Warnings From History, Jadwiga Biskupska

Parameters Bookshelf – Online Book Reviews

Author: Odd Arne Westad

Reviewed by: Jadwiga Biskupska, Harold K. Johnson Chair of Military History, US Army War College

A historian’s warning on how great powers stumble into war, this study draws sharp lessons from the past for today’s fragile global order. As rival powers rise and tensions mount, it reveals how missteps and misperceptions can turn regional crises into global catastrophe—and how leaders might navigate a shifting balance of power without repeating the failures that once reshaped the world.

©2026 Jadwiga Biskupska

Blinatumomab Care Delivery For Pediatric B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Daniel Zheng, Katelyn Oranges, Subhash Ramakrishnan, Lingyun Ji, Melissa Beauchemin, Sarah Alexander, Allison Leahy, Kira Bona, Emi Caywood, Sharon Castellino, Sumit Gupta, Douglas Hawkins, Olga Militano, Kathleen Montgomery, Haley Newman, Rachel Rau, Susan Rheingold, Joanna Robles, Michael Roth, David Teachey, Sarah Vargas, Sue Zupanec, Susan Parsons

Department of Pediatrics Faculty Papers

IMPORTANCE: Blinatumomab, a novel immunotherapy administered as a 28-day continuous infusion, has fundamentally shifted the treatment paradigm for pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and is now considered a component of standard therapy for the most common childhood cancer. However, the care delivery challenges in transitioning from an experimental agent on a clinical trial to widespread clinical implementation are unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical landscape of pediatric blinatumomab care-delivery practice and challenges in the US from the perspective of treating centers.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This survey study was conducted from February to March 2025 among US member institutions …

Diversity Among Academic Orthopaedic Surgery Sports Medicine Faculty Across Us Residency Programs, Terence L. Thomas, Alexander Zavitsanos, Claude Regis, John Czarnicki, Harrison S. Fellheimer, Gabriel I. Onor, William Justice, Jalen Broome, Damon V. Briggs, Edward S. Chang, Meghan Bishop, Christopher C. Dodson

Rothman Institute Papers

BACKGROUND: Despite growing attention to workforce diversity in orthopaedic surgery, limited data exist describing the demographic composition of academic sports medicine faculty. This study examines the diversity of sports medicine fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgery faculty across US orthopaedic surgery residency training programs.

METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of all ACGME-accredited orthopaedic surgery sports medicine faculty was conducted. Faculty data included sex, race, level of professorship, residency attended, year of residency graduation, and h-index. Underrepresented in Orthopaedics (URiO) was defined as non-White and non-Asian by race and all women. Descriptive statistics were performed.

RESULTS: A total of 812 sports medicine-fellowship trained faculty were …

The American Society Of Extracorporeal Technology Standards And Guidelines For Pediatric And Congenital Perfusion Practice: 2025 Update☆., Molly Elisabeth Oldeen, Carrie Whittaker Striker, Ronald Angona, Dafne Andrea Chianella, Chelsea Capone, Ashley B Walczak, Thomas Klein

Heart and Vascular Articles

Background: In 2019, the American Society of ExtraCorporeal Technology (AmSECT) approved the inaugural Standards and Guidelines for Pediatric and Congenital Perfusion Practice. These standards and guidelines were created with the intent of periodic revision to ensure continued alignment with evolving best practices. In 2023, an AmSECT subcommittee initiated this review in consideration of current literature and contemporary clinical practices.

Methods: The subcommittee, consisting of pediatric and congenital perfusionists, conducted a systematic literature review assessing each standard and guideline to determine if current evidence supports elevation of guidelines to standards, incorporation of new guidelines or standards, or whether existing standards and …

Book Reviews, Usawc Press

The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters

No abstract provided.

Summit Report: Nuclear Deterrence In An Uncertain World, Manolis Priniotakis

GNSI Summit Reports

The Global and National Security Institute’s Tampa Summit 6 took place on March 24-25, 2026, and examined a nuclear weapons environment marked by renewed uncertainty, weakened institutions, and rapid strategic change. General (Ret.) Frank McKenzie’s opening keynote framed the central challenge: The nuclear age never ended, but the United States and its allies spent much of the post-Cold War period looking away at other threats while Russia, China, North Korea, and others adapted. The world is now moving from the longstanding and relatively stable “two-body” nuclear order centered on the United States and Russia toward a far more complex “three-body” …

African American Gold Star Mothers: Race, Black Motherhood, Loyalism And European Superiority In The First World War, Giovanni Nickolette Gibbs

Masters Theses, 2020-current

This thesis examines the US government’s pilgrimages for Gold Star Mothers of the First World War. It focuses on the Jim-Crowing of black Gold Star Mothers. Through the analysis of archival records, letters, telegrams, newspaper articles, poems, and secondary literature, the thesis explores how two domineering forces, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the federal government of the United States of America, captured dissension when seeking to send black Gold Star Mothers on segregated pilgrimages to Europe. The War Department’s announcement that the widows’ pilgrimages to Europe in the 1930s would be segregated caused a great …

Premarket Clinical Evidence Strength And Recalls Of High-Risk Therapeutic Medical Devices, Maryam Mooghali, Faaizah Arshad, Vinay K Rathi, Kushal T Kadakia, Alexander O Everhart, Joseph S Ross, Sanket S Dhruva

2020-Current year OA Pubs

IMPORTANCE: High-risk medical devices approved through the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) premarket approval (PMA) pathway may be supported by limited premarket clinical evidence, leaving uncertainties about safety. Whether device, premarket clinical evidence, or regulatory characteristics are associated with subsequent device recalls is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between device, premarket clinical evidence, and regulatory characteristics and serious recalls among high-risk therapeutic devices.

DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study reviewed 193 high-risk therapeutic medical devices approved through the FDA's PMA pathway between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2023. Data were analyzed between August 2025 and December 2025. …

Conceptual Framework And Key Considerations For Field-Based Infrastructure In Food Is Medicine Research, Shreela V Sharma, Colleen Tewksbury, Christopher R Long, Colleen Spees, Ronit A Ridberg, Reshma Gupta, Erin P Ferranti, Naomi Tice, Eric Peterson, Brian Levine

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

In 2023, the American Heart Association launched the Healthcare by Food (HCXF) initiative to establish a rigorous evidence base for Food Is Medicine (FIM) programs, so that patients with acute or chronic disease could access FIM programs as a covered benefit under their health insurance. The HCXF initiative is engaging in research, advocacy, and education to support the development and testing of interventions that improve health outcomes. The HCXF initiative launched 9 task forces aligned with research progress, including the Field-Based Infrastructure task force designed to examine broader questions to help support either earlier or later stages of the HCXF …

Attrition Of The Midwifery Workforce: Understanding Factors Associated With Leaving The Profession, E. Brie Thumm, Amy H. Goh, Elizabeth G. Phillips, Zachary Giano

College of Health Professions Faculty Papers

OBJECTIVE: To understand why advanced practice midwives (certified nurse-midwives and certified midwives) leave the workforce.

STUDY SETTING AND DESIGN: A multi-method, multi-source investigation included secondary analysis of certification data of advanced practice midwives and a cross-sectional online survey with closed- and open-ended items. Advanced practice midwives' active certification data were used to compare self-reported demographic characteristics of advanced practice midwives who reported working in the discipline of midwifery to those who did not (n = 9704). A survey was conducted in 2022 with individuals who allowed their certification to lapse between 2017 and 2021 (n = 303) and individuals who …

Perceived Effectiveness Of Cigar Warnings Among Young People In The U.S., Leah M. Ranney, Rime Jebai, Michael Jetsupphasuk, Sonia A. Clark, Kristen L. Jarman, Sarah D. Kowitt, Jim Thrasher Ph.D., Ma, Ms, Adam O. Goldstein, Jennifer Cornacchione Ross

Faculty Publications

Introduction: The effectiveness of warning size and format on cigar packaging in influencing youth and young adult smoking behaviors is not well understood. This study tested these cigar warning characteristics among youth and young adults who use or are susceptible to using little cigars or cigarillos.

Methods: The study recruited 506 U.S. youth and young adults, aged 15−20 years, between April and June 2023. Participants reported ever or past 30-day use of little cigars or cigarillos or were susceptible to using little cigars or cigarillos. A 2 £ 2 between-subjects online experiment was conducted where youth and young adults were …

Patterns Of Presidential Executive Orders And Democratic Quality: Evidence From The United States, 2017-2025, Karyn Sofie Sanford

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Democratic backsliding has become an increasingly prominent topic in political science, yet relatively little attention has been devoted to how observable expressions of executive authority correspond with changes in democratic quality. Using the United States as a case study, this study examines the relationship between presidential executive orders and democratic quality from 2017 to 2025. More specifically, it investigates whether characteristics of executive orders correspond with changes in democratic quality, measured using the Liberal Democracy Index and the Judicial Constraints Index from the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.

Presidential executive order issued between 2017 and 2025 were collected from the …

“It’S Not Just Cost”: Barriers To Mammography Screening Access Among Low-Income Women In The United States—A Scoping Review, Julia Messerman, Callia Nickels, Nigel C. James

Health Studies Faculty Publications

Despite the recognized importance of early detection, disparities in mammography access persist among low-income women in the United States. While financial barriers are often emphasized, less is known about how multiple barriers interact to shape access to screening. We conducted a scoping review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines to synthesize evidence on barriers to mammography access among low-income women in the United States. A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar identified peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025, of which 47 met inclusion criteria. Extracted barriers were categorized into …

Womanhood On The Veranda: Maternalism And The Expansion Of American Women's Public Life, Abigail J. Swanson

History ETDs

Motherhood and child welfare became central organizing principles for reform during the United States Progressive Era.  From these guiding principles, the government formed the United States Children’s Bureau. It was the country's first governmental agency that focused solely on the welfare of children. Mothers writing to the federal government for motherhood advice was a phenomenon that was completely new to twentieth century mothers. Women took pride in their roles as mothers, particularly when it came to child health matters. To the generation of mothers who came before these early twentieth century letter writers, asking the government for advice on child …

Under Pressure: Negative Urgency And Disordered Eating In The Context Of Parental Differential Support, Hamide Gozu, Jenna K. Rieder

College of Humanities and Sciences Faculty Papers

Disordered eating behaviors are prevalent in emerging adulthood and may be shaped by family dynamics. This study examined associations among maternal and paternal differential support, weight-shape concerns, and binge eating and compensatory behaviors in emerging adulthood, while testing the moderating role of negative urgency. Participants were 517 emerging adults from across the United States (ages 18-29; M = 22.60, SD = 3.81; 76% female). Participants reported on parental differential support, weight-shape concerns, eating behaviors, and negative urgency. Using moderated-mediation analyses, we found that weight-shape concerns mediated associations between differential support and eating behaviors. Unequal maternal support and paternal favoritism showed …

Technology Platform (Peer Plus) Supporting The Work Of Peer Recovery Coaches And The Communication Needs Of Individuals In Recovery From Substance Use Disorder: Protocol For An R21 Development And Usability Trial., Amanda Coupe, Jessica Pater, Rachel Pfafman, Victor P Cornet, Elisabeth Andrews, Mindy Flanagan, Dana Albright, Abhinay Balasani, Christopher Becker, Brian Parise, Erik Hess, Tammy Toscos

Health Services and Informatics Research

BACKGROUND: Substance use disorder (SUD) represents a significant public health concern in the United States. SUD recovery is complex and individualized, and support provided by peer recovery coaches (PRCs) can improve outcomes. The PRC-client relationship requires bidirectional mediated communication that is often informal but should be trackable, efficient, and aligned with health care privacy and security regulations. Current workflows and available apps do not meet these needs, illustrating the opportunity for client-centered technology tools. We have developed Peer PLUS (People Leveraging Urgent Support; Parkview Health System, Inc), a HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)-compliant mobile app and client management …

Digital Empowerment For South Asian Immigrants: An Intervention For Metabolic Syndrome (Desi-Mets), Amir U. Islam, Sharon Wexler, Lin Drury, Jeffery A. Stahl

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: South Asian immigrants (SAIs) in the US have a disproportionately high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), leading to increased risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Increased waist circumference and early-onset heart disease further potentiate health disparities, underscoring the need for culturally tailored interventions. Digital health interventions (DHIs) have been recognized for their potential to effectively support lifestyle modifications in minority populations, including SAIs, by providing accessible and culturally tailored health management solutions.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a culturally tailored digital health intervention (CT-mHealth) in reducing MetS among SAIs in Hudson Valley, …

Relationship Between Sociodemographic Characteristics At Presentation And Outcomes Of Provoked Venous Thromboembolism In United States Children: A Secondary Analysis Of The Multinational Kids-Duration Of Therapy For Thrombosis Trial., Hope P. Wilson, Maua M. Alleyne, Sanjay Ahuja, Ernest Amankwah, Aisha Bruce, Shannon L. Carpenter, Fernando F. Corrales-Medina, Craig A. Mullen, Arun Panigrahi, Lakshmi Srivaths, Courtney D. Thornburg, Anupam Verma, Gary Woods, Neil A. Goldenberg, Madhvi Rajpurkar

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with adverse long-term sequelae, including recurrence and development of chronic venous insufficiency following limb deep vein thrombosis (postthrombotic syndrome [PTS]). Adult VTE studies have demonstrated that lower socioeconomic status, Black race, and Latinx ethnicity are associated with an increased risk of recurrence. Clinical trial-derived pediatric VTE data are limited.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess whether clinical features of provoked VTE and outcomes vary across sociodemographic characteristics and proxies for social determinants of health among children enrolled in the Kids-duration of therapy for thrombosis trial.

METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis …

A Multifaceted Approach To Human Papillomavirus (Hpv) Vaccine Uptake Among Adolescents Ages 10-14 In A Public Health Clinic, Amy T. Norris

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and a leading cause of several preventable cancers. Although the HPV vaccine is safe, highly effective, and routinely recommended for adolescents, vaccination rates remain below national targets, particularly in rural and public health settings. Multiple internal and external factors contribute to low HPV vaccination rates in public health settings.

Purpose: The Doctor of Nursing Practice quality improvement project aimed to increase HPV vaccine uptake through the implementation of a multifaceted, evidence-based intervention.

Project Design: Guided by Pender’s Health Promotion Model and the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, …

Current Adoption Of The Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index For Clinical Care-A Cross-Sectional Survey Study, Esther O Kuyinu, Joseph B Breitman, Arthur Nimmo, Jay S Patel

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Purpose: To assess current utilization of the Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI), identify perceived benefits and limitations, and evaluate support for future updates.

Materials and methods: A survey regarding the use of the PDI was made available through email invitations to 68 US dental school prosthodontic/restorative department chairs (PD), 48 graduate prosthodontic program directors (GP), and 1834 private practice prosthodontists (PP) from the American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) member database. The results of this initial survey were inconclusive due to low response rates. The survey was also administered during the 2024 ACP Annual Session with an improved response rate for educators. …

Board Exam Preparation Resource Trends In Academic Health Sciences Libraries Serving Colleges Of Osteopathic Medicine Programs., Joanne Muellenbach, Kyle Robinson, Hsin-Liang (Oliver) Chen, Harold S Bright, Lori Fitterling

PCOM Scholarly Works

BACKGROUND: The study seeks to identify the board exam preparation (prep) resources made available to medical students by academic health sciences libraries and other departments within U.S. colleges of osteopathic medicine (COM) programs, and the extent to which these resources are utilized by medical students and educators.

METHODS: The study was conducted in two phases. In phase one, forty-two COM library directors were invited to complete a survey regarding their usage, funding, and access models for available board prep resources. In phase two, semi-structured interviews were conducted via Zoom to explore the library's role in providing access to these resources. …

Na-Gst-1 Adsorbed On Alhydrogel Co-Administered With Different Toll-Like Receptor Agonists In Hookworm-Naive Adults Using A Controlled Human Infection Model In The Usa: A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial, Caroline K Dirosato, Elissa M Malkin, Sean M Lee, Guacyara Erwin, Lara Hoeweler, Larissa Scholte, Maria Elena Bottazzi, David I Pritchard, Peter J Hotez, Jeffrey M Bethony, David J Diemert

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Necator americanus glutathione S-transferase-1 (Na-GST-1) performs a crucial enzymatic step in hookworm blood feeding and is a leading target for vaccine development. Phase 1 trials in Brazil, Gabon, and the USA of recombinant Na-GST-1 adsorbed on Alhydrogel (Na-GST-1/Al), co-administered with or without AP 10-701 (Toll-like receptor [TLR] 4 agonist) or CpG 10104 (TLR9 agonist), showed the vaccine was well tolerated, safe, and immunogenic. A controlled human hookworm infection (CHHI) model was previously developed to evaluate the effect of candidate hookworm vaccines on infection. We aimed to assess the effect of vaccination with three different Na-GST-1 vaccine formulations on subsequent …

Online Rights Defense Among Chinese Americans Against Racial Aggression In The U.S. During The Covid-19, Fangzhu Lu, Wenshan Jia

Communication Faculty Articles and Research

Purpose

This study investigates how Chinese American communities responded to heightened racial discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing social media platforms to safeguard their civil rights, articulate collective concerns, and mobilize resistance against racial aggression.

Methodology

Through qualitative case study analysis, the research examines the social media activities of six advocacy organizations, including three X accounts (WashTheHate, Chinese for Affirmative Action, Asian Americans Advancing Justice) and three Instagram accounts (Stop AAPI Hate, Stop Asian Hate, Advancing Justice: AAJC). The analysis focuses on the content strategies and communication mechanisms employed to counteract racial hostility.

Findings

The selected organizations used social …

Policy Whiplash: Tariffs And Uncertainty Among Firms And Investors In 2025, Boau Lilly Shepherd

Economics Undergraduate Senior Theses

On April 2, 2025, President Donald Trump announced a series of reciprocal tariffs on U.S. trading partners, set to be implemented on April 9, 2025, a day he referred to as “Liberation Day”. Although these tariffs were paused almost immediately, they were subsequently renegotiated and revised throughout the summer of 2025. This paper finds evidence that Liberation Day caused a spike in uncertainty among firms and a spike in volatility among investors, while the subsequent summer revisions reduced uncertainty and volatility, despite tariff levels remaining substantially higher than those at the start of the year. These findings suggest that firms …

Practice Patterns In Pediatric Cardiothoracic Presurgical Conferences: A Multicenter Survey Study., Britney Reed, Poonam Puranik, Andrew Rodenbarger, Mira Trivedi, Dilachew A. Adebo, Gary Beasley, Louis Bezold, M Jay Campbell, Michael R. Carr, Joshua Daily, Mark Debrunner, Erica Del Grippo, Carlen G. Fifer, Timothy M. Hoffman, Susan R. Hupp, Joshua D. Kurtz, Gira Morchi, Carl Owada, Renuka Peterson, Michael D. Puchalski, Ryan Romans, Arwa Saidi, Rajesh U. Shenoy, Anoop K. Singh, Robert D. Tunks, Thomas M. Yohannan, Carolyn M. Wilhelm, Jyoti K. Patel

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Pediatric cardiothoracic surgeries are high-stakes, complex procedures, typically undergoing prior review at multidisciplinary conferences. This study evaluates practice patterns of conferences throughout the United States (US). Surveys were distributed to fellowship program directors or division directors in 124 US pediatric cardiology centers seeking information on conference logistics, fellow roles, quality improvement (QI), and satisfaction. All 47 responding centers (response rate 38%) conduct presurgical conferences, mostly on a weekly basis (92%) lasting 60-120 min (79%). The conferences are solely virtual (19%) or hybrid (81%). High-volume centers (> 300 surgical cases/year) are more likely to hold multiple conferences (13/20 vs 7/27, p <  0.01) and less likely to designate a moderator (11/20 vs 22/26, p = 0.027). Categorical pediatric cardiology fellows at 33 centers present clinical data (97%), echocardiograms (85%), catheterizations (82%), and cross-sectional imaging (39%), typically beginning in their first year. Most centers report that minor (98%) or major changes (51%) are made to patient management at least "sometimes." Responders rate conferences as very important (median 10/10 on a 10-point Likert scale, IQR 9-10), but satisfaction is more modest (median 7/10, IQR 7-9). Only 17% of centers have a formal QI process. Comments from 42 centers reveal positive themes of collaboration (68%) but also concerns about lengthy (30%) or inefficient (36%) discussion. Conclusions: This survey highlights common practices for pediatric cardiothoracic presurgical conferences. Conferences are collaborative and seen as highly impactful. However, satisfaction varies, and QI efforts are infrequent. These findings highlight opportunities for process improvement and standardization.

Science-Related Rhetoric And Action By United States Presidents From 1977-2017, Amanda E. Shea

Interdisciplinary Studies

Presidential rhetoric and executive action have played an important role in shaping how scientific issues are presented to the American public. This project examined how United States presidents from Jimmy Carter through Barack Obama (1977–2017) employed science-related rhetoric and policy regarding climate science and reproductive health. Findings suggest that reproductive health remained a partisan issue throughout the study period, while climate science shifted from a largely bipartisan concern to a more partisan one over time. The results also indicate that presidential rhetoric and executive action were not always aligned, with several administrations using science-related rhetoric more extensively than corresponding policy.

Trust In Cancer Information Sources And Awareness Of Human Papillomavirus As A Cause Of Cervical Cancer Among Us Adults, Olajumoke Ope Oladoyin, Paula Cuccaro, Lara S Savas, Robert Yu, Joel Fokom Domgue, Sheryl Mccurdy, Sanjay Shete

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Importance: Religiosity, trust in physicians, and trust in government health agencies influence individual decision-making and behavior toward public health programs. However, trust in information about cancer from these sources and their association with public awareness of human papillomavirus (HPV) as a cause of cervical cancer remain understudied.

Objective: To assess the association of trust in cancer information sources with awareness that HPV causes cervical cancer among US adults.

Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study used the nationally representative 2022 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) data on noninstitutionalized US adults aged 18 years or older collected between March 7 …