Digital Commons Network^™

Cross-Domain Antimicrobial Resistance In Poultry Farming: A One Health Assessment Of Antimicrobial Use And Multidrug Resistance In Kiambu County, Kenya, Ann Kangai Munene, Peter Muiruri Mwangi, Lilly Caroline Bebora, Christine Minoo Mbindyo, John Muthini Maingi

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major One Health threat driven by inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) in humans, animals, and the environment. Poultry production is recognized as a key reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, yet few studies in Kenya examine AMU and AMR across interconnected human–animal–environment domains. This study assessed AMU patterns among poultry farmers in Kiambu County and characterized phenotypic resistance in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolated from humans, chickens, and chicken environments. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2024, involving 102 poultry farms. Farm demographics and AMU data …

Mediation Partiality And The East African Community’S ‘Quiet Diplomacy’ In The Kenyan Post-Election Crisis Of 2007/2008, Rasul A. Minja

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

This article examines the role of East African Community (EAC) in mediating the 2007/2008 Kenyan post-election crisis, analysing its engagement in regional conflict resolution. Despite its mandate to promote peace, the EAC's response was constrained by institutional weaknesses, political dynamics, and reliance on quiet diplomacy. The African Union-backed Panel of Eminent African Personalities, led by Kofi Annan, ultimately led the mediation, sidelining the EAC. Through the analysis of primary and secondary sources, the article indicates that EAC lacked a binding conflict management framework and faced decision-making delays that hindered swift intervention. The partiality of key figures, particularly President Yoweri Museveni …

The Late Father Rev. John Anthony Kaiser: “A Case For Justice”, Mbuthi Gathenji

The Journal of Social Encounters

No abstract provided.

Governance And Islam In East Africa: Muslims And The State In Kenya And Tanzania, Farouk Topan, Kai Kresse, Erin E. Stiles, Hassan Mwakimako

Exploring Muslim Contexts

Explores the relationship between Muslim communities and the State in East Africa in political, institutional and legal contexts

• Focuses on the relationship between Muslims and the State in Kenya and Tanzania
• Asks which factors, both within and outside the Muslim community, shape and affect this relationship in contemporary times
• Presents 13 case studies exploring governance issues within and across the categories of politics, institutions and law in Kenya and Tanzania
• Identifies cross-cutting issues of governance and Muslim communities which are relevant beyond East Africa

Recent studies of Muslims in Kenya and Tanzania have tended either to examine governance of Muslims …

Implementation Of Evidence-Based Multiple Focus Integrated Intensified Tb Screening To End Tb (Exit-Tb) Package In East Africa: A Qualitative Study, Kahabi Isangula, Doreen Philbert, Florence Ngari, Tigest Ajeme, Godfather Kimaro, Getnet Yimer, Nicholaus P. Mnyambwa, Winters Muttamba, Irene Najjingo, Aman Wilfred

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We qualitatively evaluated the implementation of an Evidence-Based Multiple Focus Integrated Intensified TB Screening package (EXIT-TB) in the East African region, aimed at increasing TB case detection and number of patients receiving care.

Objective We present the accounts of participants from Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia regarding the implementation of EXIT-TB, and suggestions for scaling up.

Methods A qualitative descriptive design was used to gather insights from purposefully selected healthcare workers, community health workers, and other stakeholders. A total of 27, 13, 14, and 19 …

Investigating Students’ Conceptualization Of Linear Programming In Mathematics, A Case Of A Secondary School In Rachuonyo East Sub-County, Kenya, Opiyo Collince Oyaya

Master of Education

Mathematics is a compulsory subject in the Kenyan education system from pre-primary to secondary education. The ministry of education through the introduction of the 8-4-4 system of education in 1985 made Mathematics compulsory owing to its vast application in a wide range of spheres and professions. It is argued that proficiency in mathematics propels both economic and technological advancements. To further enhance delivery in this subject area, the ministry of education initiated SMASSE for science and mathematics teachers to help in simplifying the ‘high order’ concepts such as calculus, loci, and linear programming among others. Linear programming is applicable in …

An Investigation On How Lower Primary School Teachers Are Developing Learners’ Digital Literacy Competencies: A Case Study Of A Primary School In Mtwapa, Kilifi County, Kenya, Judy Kinyanjui Wangui

Master of Education

Digital literacy has become a prerequisite in today’s learning due to the much-needed technological skills required in the 21st century for academic achievements, career development, and daily living. With the introduction of the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) in Kenya, studies have shown that teachers received limited in-service induction on CBC, raising questions on how teachers are developing learners’ digital literacy competencies (LDLC), yet little has been done to enhance teachers’ understanding of how this specific competence ‘digital literacy’ should be developed. This study investigated how primary school teachers are developing lower primary school LDLC. The study employed a qualitative approach that …

Exploring Head Teachers’ Support For Online Learning During The School Closure As A Result Of Covid-19: A Case Of Two Primary Schools In Mombasa County, Kenya, Juma Rashid Haji

Master of Education

The emergence and spread of COVID-19 in the world prompted most governments to close all educational institutions to halt the spread of the virus. Schools in Kenya were closed for nearly 7 months, resulting in a learning loss. The Kenyan government promoted online learning through mass media such as television and radio, while the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD) uploaded learning resources to their i-cloud educational portal. However, students and teachers faced several challenges that made it difficult for such headteachers to provide effective support for online learning. The researcher selected two primary schools, two headteachers, two deputy headteachers, …

Exploring Teachers’ Preparedness To Conduct Competency Based Curriculum Assessment In A Selected Secondary School In Taveta Sub-County Coast Region - Kenya., Milcah Emisiko Ashiali

Master of Education

The government of Kenya has been at the forefront of advocating for a Competence Based Curriculum (CBC) to ensure that the country can produce a workforce that competes with the current market which requires 21st-century skills. This has been seen by implementing CBC in schools and being focused on a learner- centered approach. CBC Assessment has been emphasized in the curriculum since teachers are required to know how learners are progressing at different grades and identify what competencies they must go and apply in real life. Study aimed at exploring how teachers are prepared to conduct CBC assessments in secondary …

Examining The Management Of Second Chance Schools: A Case Study Of Secondary School For Teen Mothers In Kenya, Nancy Chebet

Master of Education

Teen pregnancy in Kenya is on the increase and is widely attributed to the prolonged closure of schools because of the COVID-19 pandemic, and widespread exposure to irresponsible sexual behaviours and exploitation. Approximately 13,000 girls dropped out of school in 2021 due to teenage pregnancies. However, since children command the right to education and education is a priority in sustainable development goals, the feminist movement has established ways to ensure teen mothers are educated, in Kenya, there is the rise of schools designated for teen mothers. Therefore, the study sought to examine how these schools are managed this is because …

Overcrowded Classrooms: Assessment And Evaluation Strategies By Science Secondary School Teachers In Kericho County- Kenya, Rutoh Dominic

Master of Education

This study investigated how science teachers have successfully conducted assessment and evaluation in overcrowded classrooms due to 100% transition in Kenya, and particularly, in Kericho County. Two objectivities guided the study: - to find out the strategies used by science teachers to conduct assessment and evaluation and to determine how science teachers cope with assessment and evaluation challenges in overcrowded classrooms. Purposive sampling was used to selected five science teachers instructing form three class in the sampled school. Simple random sampling was used to select 12 students who participated in the study to ensure everyone got a chance to be …

An Exploration Of Assessment Of Learners With Special Needs In An Inclusive Primary School In Kilifi County- Kenya, Saida Chepchumba Bashir

Master of Education

Assessment of learners with special needs (LSN) can be a challenge in inclusive classrooms since they may require individualized assessment approaches that account for their unique needs and abilities. Most of the disabilities in inclusive classrooms are termed invisible since they cannot be seen. There is a need to adapt assessment practices and content that will take into consideration the individual needs of LSN for appropriate assessment. The objectives of this study were to assess strategies teachers use to assess LSN in an inclusive classroom; to assess challenges teachers and learners encounter during the assessment; to explore what teachers think, …

Rsif Kenya Country Report 2022, Regional Scholarship And Innovation Fund (Rsif)

Rsif Country Progress Reports

Kenya was the first country to contribute USD 2 million to Rsif in 2018 followed by Rwanda, and Kenya is the former chair of PASET. There are 25 competitively selected Kenyan Rsif doctoral scholars (68% women) in four thematic areas in eight different Rsif African Host Universities across the continent. There are so far 3 Kenyan Rsif alumni and 32 publications by Kenyan Rsif students. Two Kenyan universities were competitively selected as Rsif African host universities: University of Nairobi in Energy, including renewables (PhD in Physics) and Kenyatta University in Minerals, Mining and Material Science area (PhD in Material Science). …

Evaluating The Efficacy Of The Hitsystem 2.1 To Improve Pmtct Retention And Maternal Viral Suppression In Kenya: Study Protocol Of A Cluster-Randomized Trial., Sharon Mokua, May Maloba, Catherine Wexler, Kathy Goggin, Vincent S. Staggs, Natabhona Mabachi, Nicodemus Maosa, Shadrack Babu, Emily A. Hurley, Sarah Finocchario-Kessler

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

BACKGROUND: Gaps in the provision of guideline-adherent prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services and maternal retention in care contribute to nearly 8000 Kenyan infants becoming infected with HIV annually. Interventions that routinize evidence-based PMTCT service delivery and foster consistent patient engagement are essential to eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The HITSystem 2.1 is an eHealth intervention that aims to improve retention in PMTCT services and viral load monitoring, using electronic alerts to providers and SMS to patients. This study will evaluate the impact, implementation, and cost-effectiveness of HITSystem 2.1.

METHOD: This cluster randomized trial will be conducted at …

A Cross-Sectional Study Of Self-Perceived Educational Needs Of Emergency Nurses In Two Tertiary Hospitals In Nairobi, Kenya, Anthony Ndung’U, Eunice Ndirangu, Ahmed Sarki, Lilian Isiaho

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Background: Many low- and middle-income countries lack resources for well-functioning emergency care systems. Emer- gency nurses interact with injured and critically ill patients as the first contact in many health care settings. However, insuffi- cient training limits nurses from providing ideal emergency care. The purpose of this research was to highlight educational needs specific to nurses working in 2 emergency departments in Nairobi, Kenya.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving emer- gency units of 2 of the largest referral and teaching hospitals (Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, and Kenyatta National Hospital) in Nairobi, Kenya, was conducted. Data were …

Exploring How The Head Teachers As Street-Level Bureaucrats Influence The Implementation Of Competency-Based Curriculum In Kenya., Gordon Odhiambo Okumu

Master of Education

Policy reform initiatives in Kenya, including educational policy reforms, fail to achieve their intended objectives. Written and intended policies are of excellent standards, but they fail to achieve their goals because of implementation pitfalls. The purpose of this study was to explore how the headteachers as Street-Level Bureaucrats (SLB) influence the implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) policy. The study employed a case study approach for in-depth inquiry of the problem. A concurrent mixed-method design where the researcher collected both QUAL and Quan data for analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to describe quantitative data while narrative thematic and descriptions for qualitative …

Psychological Distress Prevalence And Associated Stressors And Supports Among Urban-Displaced Congolese Adults In Kenya, Julie A. Tippens, Holly Hatton-Bowers, Ryan Honomichl, Lorey Wheeler, Helen M. Miamidian, Kirstie L. Bash, Michelle C Howell Smith, Dulo Nyaoro, J. Joshua Byrd, Samuel E. Packard, Nicolette I. Teufel-Shone

Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies: Faculty Publications

Background: There is limited understanding of the prevalence of psychological distress and associated stressors and supports among displaced adults in low- and middle-income first asylum countries.

Method: This article reports the findings of a cross-sectional study. We recruited 245 Congolese adults (18–80 years) residing in Nairobi, Kenya using snowball sampling. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic characteristics, the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), and a locally developed stressors and supports survey. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine associations among sociodemographic, stressor, and support variables and the likelihood of experiencing psychological distress.

Results: More than half of the …

Birth Preparedness And Complication Readiness Among Women Of Reproductive Age In Kenya And Tanzania: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey, James Orwa, Samwel Gatimu, Michaela Mantel, Stanley Luchters, Micheal Mugerwa, Sharon Brownie, Leonard Subi, Secilia Mrema, Lucy Nyaga, Grace Edwards, Loveluck Mwasha, Kahabi Isangula, Edna Selestine, Sofia Jadavji, Rachel Pell, Columba Mbekenga, Marleen Temmerman

Obstetrics and Gynaecology, East Africa

Background: Delayed health-seeking continues to contribute to preventable maternal and neonatal deaths in low resource countries. Some of the strategies to avoid the delay include early preparation for the birth and detection of danger signs. We aimed to assess the level of practice and factors associated with birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) in Kenya and Tanzania.

Methods: We conducted community-based multi-stage cross-sectional surveys in Kilifi and Kisii counties in Kenya and Mwanza region in Tanzania and included women who delivered two years preceding the survey (2016–2017). A woman who mentioned at least three out of five BPCR components was …

Introduction Of An Advanced Practice Nurse Program In Kenya: A New Era In Nursing Education, Sheila Shaibu, Eunice Ndirangu, Eunice Pallangyo, Gladys Mbuthia, Rachel Kimani, Isabel Kambo

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Purpose: The purpose of this presentation is to share the intra and interprofessional collaborative process of developing an Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) program to be offered in 2020 in Kenya, a low middle-income country.

Methods: Engagement with stakeholders (students, clinicians, regulators and educators) affirmed the need for an APN program. Faculty from Schools of Nursing and Midwifery in three East African countries developed an APN curriculum with input from local and international agencies such as the Nursing Council of Kenya with linkages to the ICN, the Nursing Now Team and partner universities in the UK and USA. The …

Wangari Maathai, Tabitha M. Kanogo

Ohio University Press Open Access Books

Wangari Muta Maathai is one of Africa’s most celebrated female activists. Originally trained as a scientist in Kenya and abroad, Professor Maathai returned to her home country of Kenya with a renewed political consciousness. There, she began her long career as an activist, campaigning for environmental and social justice while speaking out against government corruption. In 2004, Maathai was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her leadership of the Green Belt Movement, a conservation effort that resulted in the restoration of African forests decimated during the colonial era.

In this biography, Tabitha Kanogo follows Wangari Maathai from her modest, rural …

The Effects Of Sheng On The Acquisition Of Speaking And Writing Skills Of English Language. A Case Study Of A Secondary School In Kenya, Cecilia Nangeni Bilishi

Master of Education

Sheng as a language of the youth is an indication of societal growth and group identity; on the other hand, for educators and scholars, they are of the opinion that its spread has negative effects on the students in Kenyan schools. Since Sheng is dominantly spoken by the youth, it influences the acquisition of other languages. The purpose of the study was to gain an understanding of the effects of Sheng on the acquisition of speaking and writing skills of English in Machakos County. Secondary School students were the target of the study, they are the speakers mostly affected by …

Complete Blood Count Reference Intervals From A Healthy Adult Urban Population In Kenya, Geoffrey Omuse, Daniel Maina, Jane Mwangi, Caroline Wambua, Kiran Radia, Alice Kanyua, Elizabeth Kagotho, Mariza Hoffman, Peter Ojwang, Zul Premji, Kiyoshi Ichihara, Rajiv Erasmus

Pathology, East Africa

Background: There are racial, ethnic and geographical differences in complete blood count (CBC) reference intervals (RIs) and therefore it is necessary to establish RIs that are population specific. Several studies have been carried out in Africa to derive CBC RIs but many were not conducted with the rigor recommended for RI studies hence limiting the adoption and generalizability of the results.

Method: By use of a Beckman Coulter ACT 5 DIFF CP analyser, we measured CBC parameters in samples collected from 528 healthy black African volunteers in a largely urban population. The latent abnormal values exclusion (LAVE) method was used …

Metabolic Syndrome And Its Predictors In An Urban Population In Kenya: A Cross Sectional Study, Geoffrey Omuse, Daniel Maina, Mariza Hoffman, Jane Mwangi, Caroline Wambua, Elizabeth Kagotho, Angela Amayo, Peter Ojwang, Zul Premji, Kiyoshi Ichihara, Rajiv Erasmus

Pathology, East Africa

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of interrelated risk factors which doubles the risk of cardio-vascular disease (CVD) in 5–10 years and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes 5 fold. The identification of modifiable CVD risk factors and predictors of MetS in an otherwise healthy population is necessary in order to identify individuals who may benefit from early interventions. We sought to determine the prevalence of MetS as defined by the harmonized criteria and its predictors in subjectively healthy black Africans from various urban centres in Kenya.

Method: We used data collected from healthy black Africans in …

Learners’ Perceptions Of A Problem-Solving Approach On Their Mathematical Understanding In A Primary Mathematics Classroom In A School In Kinango Sub-County, Kwale County, Kenya. An Intervention Study Of Primary School In Kenya, Joseph Kisava Kilonzo

Master of Education

Many researchers have argued for the importance of problem solving in teaching mathematics. Relevant studies have focused on the role of the teacher as instructor and the teaching practices used by teachers teaching through problem solving. Most of these are western. The aim of this research study was to understand the influence of using a problem-solving approach in developing learners’ conceptual understanding in a mathematics classroom in a Kenyan private primary school. An intervention research study was adopted in a qualitative design since the study sought to examine and understand in a natural setting the implication of problem solving and …

Perceptions Of The Preparedness Of Medical Graduates For Internship Responsibilities In District Hospitals In Kenya: A Qualitative Study, Patricia Muthaura, Tashmin Khamis, Mushtaq Ahmed, Syeda Ra’Ana Hussain

Obstetrics and Gynaecology, East Africa

Background: Aga Khan University is developing its undergraduate medical education curriculum for East Africa. In Kenya, a 1 year internship is mandatory for medical graduates’ registration as practitioners. The majority of approved internship training sites are at district hospitals. The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) whether recent Kenyan medical graduates are prepared for their roles as interns in district hospitals upon graduation from medical school; (2) what working and training conditions and social support interns are likely to face in district hospital; and (3) what aspects of the undergraduate curriculum need to be addressed to overcome perceived …

An Exploration Of The Role Of The Learner In The English As A Second Language Classroom. A Case Study Of A Rural Public Primary School In Vihiga County, Kenya, John Auna Esikumo

Master of Education

Active participation of the learner in the English language class is the foundation upon which the learning of the language takes place. This is because learners‟ scholastic accomplishment may be greatly affected by their active engagement in class as they interact among themselves, with teachers and with instructional resources. Children learn best when they participate enthusiastically in the classroom so as to communicate more effectively and enhance critical thinking. Therefore, teachers should promote strategies that reinforce learning capacities to be more interactive to inculcate skills for life-long learning. This study sought to explore the role of the learner in the …

Connecting Aga Khan University's Nine Campus Libraries Across Three Continents Through A Shared Library System, Ashraf Sharif, Normand Demers

Libraries

The Aga Khan University (AKU) is the only university in the developing world that is serving through its eleven campuses spread across eight countries and three continents. It has a network of nine libraries, although small in size, in four developing courtiers in two regions (South Asia and East Africa). The university has recently implemented a library management system to integrate all nine libraries in four counties using a single shared database. The purpose of this paper is to share our experience of implementing the industry standard-base state-of-the-art library system. The geographical location of AKU libraries and multilingual collections makes …

Feasibility Of Routine Screening For Intimate Partner Violence In Public Health Care Settings In Kenya, Chi-Chi Undie, Catherine Maternowska, Margaret Mak'anyengo, Ian Askew

Reproductive Health

This Population Council study tested the feasibility of implementing intimate-partner violence (IPV) screening protocols in healthcare settings in Kenya where sexual and gender-based violence service referrals could be executed. Providers drawn from these sites were trained to routinely screen for IPV and to refer IPV-positive clients identified through this process for further care. This study demonstrates that providers, given the training, are willing and able to incorporate IPV screening into their practice—one that they perform in a severely resource-constrained context. Likewise, the findings indicate that incorporating IPV screening questions into client intake forms in a variety of public healthcare settings …

International Seminar On "Is Access Enough? Understanding And Addressing Unmet Need For Family Planning", Iussp Scientific Panel On Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

The IUSSP Scientific Panel on Reproductive Health, in collaboration with STEP UP and AFIDEP, held a seminar in Nanyuki, Kenya, in May 2013. The seminar brought together 44 scientists, policymakers, and program managers to present and discuss a range of issues relating to the definition, determinants, and consequences of unmet need for family planning and program interventions designed specifically to reduce unmet need in groups at high risk. Based on discussions and presentations, unmet need (and family planning in general) should be looked at both from a development perspective and from a service-delivery and health-sector perspective. Overall, the seminar papers, …

Spectral Analysis Of Ground Magnetic Data In Magadi Area, Southern Kenya Rift, Jg Githiri, Jp Patel, Jo Barongo, Pk Karanja

Tanzania Journal of Science

The area surrounding Lake Magadi in the southern Kenya rift is characterized by hot springs that issue from fractures distributed along the shores of the lake. Presence of earthquake swarms that cluster in northern margin of Lake Magadi strongly indicate magmatic activity in the area. This study was done as a follow-up to investigate depth to the heat source possibly causing high seismic activity and high heat flow in the area. A ground magnetic survey was conducted to investigate geothermal potential of the area and a magnetic anomaly contour map prepared. Spectral analysis involving determining power spectrum was applied to …