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2025

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Quietly, Kyong Mee Choi Dec 2025

Quietly, Kyong Mee Choi

Journal of the Association for Technology in Music Instruction

The composition Quietly is designed to incorporate music, poem, and 3-D animation.


An Innovative, Interdisciplinary Intervention For Justice-Involved Emerging Adults, Courtney M. Holmes, Jeff Ciak, Marianne Lund, Zehra Sahin Ilkorkor, Grace Kye, Miguel King, Karen Akom, Sarah Jane Brubaker, Molly Hyer, Gary Cuddeback Dec 2025

An Innovative, Interdisciplinary Intervention For Justice-Involved Emerging Adults, Courtney M. Holmes, Jeff Ciak, Marianne Lund, Zehra Sahin Ilkorkor, Grace Kye, Miguel King, Karen Akom, Sarah Jane Brubaker, Molly Hyer, Gary Cuddeback

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

Interdisciplinary collaboration is an effective training model for counselors in training. As it is becoming increasingly likely that counselors will work in multidisciplinary teams post-graduation, engagement in clinical and research intervention teams is essential to promote learning. Benefits for counseling students include the development of self-efficacy, cultural humility, research skills, counseling skills, and interdisciplinary communication and collaboration skills. This article will discuss a federally funded, interdisciplinary intervention for justice-involved emerging adults that provides supported employment, trauma-informed mental health counseling, and peer support interventions. We will outline the interventions, structure of the project, as well as research and assessment outcomes. Future …


Discussion Of Living Through Capitalism, By James A. Chamberlain, James Chamberlain Dec 2025

Discussion Of Living Through Capitalism, By James A. Chamberlain, James Chamberlain

Emancipations: A Journal of Critical Social Analysis

A discussion of Chamberlain's recent book, Living Through Capitalism: Resisting Devastation Through Communities of Life .


Chantal Mouffe And Albena Azmanova, Forty Years After Hegemony And Socialist Strategy (A Conversation), Chantal Mouffe, Albena Azmanova Dec 2025

Chantal Mouffe And Albena Azmanova, Forty Years After Hegemony And Socialist Strategy (A Conversation), Chantal Mouffe, Albena Azmanova

Emancipations: A Journal of Critical Social Analysis

No abstract provided.


The Present Interregnum: The Ultra-Right Revolution, María Pía Lara Dec 2025

The Present Interregnum: The Ultra-Right Revolution, María Pía Lara

Emancipations: A Journal of Critical Social Analysis

This paper deals with recent political consequences of presentism as conceptualized by the historian Francois Hartog. It clarifies how our experiences of time and history have enlarged the present and the past and have almost disappeared the future (except for catastrophic views). The consequences of these changes in the experiences reflect profound changes in expectations about the future, and how this regime of historicity allows people to become disoriented. They were moved into the margins of precarity. As a result, many of their views on politics find resonance redesigned by the distorted narratives of ultra-right leaders who blame those who …


Analgesic Safety And Efficacy Of Intrathecal Morphine In Elective Posterior Lumbar Fusion: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses, Luke J. Weisbrod, Jordan M. Rasmussen, Cindy Schmidt, Daniel L. Surdell Dec 2025

Analgesic Safety And Efficacy Of Intrathecal Morphine In Elective Posterior Lumbar Fusion: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses, Luke J. Weisbrod, Jordan M. Rasmussen, Cindy Schmidt, Daniel L. Surdell

Graduate Medical Education Research Journal

Background. We evaluated perioperative intrathecal morphine (ITM) compared with placebo or standard postoperative pain strategies in adults undergoing elective posterior lumbar fusion.

Methods. A systematic search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar (December 12, 2023) identified studies involving ITM in posterior lumbar fusion. Eligible patients were ≥18 years. Two reviewers extracted outcomes and assessed non-randomized studies with the Newcastle- Ottawa scale. Odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed- and random-effects models.

Results. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. ITM significantly lowered opioid requirements within 24 hours (MD -0.72, …


Pluralism And Critique In A Renewed Environmental Anthropology, Helen Kopnina Dec 2025

Pluralism And Critique In A Renewed Environmental Anthropology, Helen Kopnina

Journal of Ecological Anthropology

Environmental anthropology has evolved from early ethnographic traditions that emphasized the interplay between culture and ecology to a field increasingly influenced by ideological perspectives across the political spectrum. Traditionally, anthropologists examined how human societies adapted to their environments through cultural practices, laying the groundwork for ecological anthropology. However, in recent decades, the field has increasingly been shaped by political and theoretical shifts that prioritize critiques of capitalism, colonialism, and environmental injustice—sometimes at the cost of empirical diversity and democratic debate. There are critiques of the broader trend in academia where intellectual discourse becomes dominated by elite-driven ideological conformity. Critics warn …


Role-Playing For Rehabilitation: Enhancing Empathy Among Juveniles In Correctional Facilities, Nina Permatasari, Muhammad Arsyad, Muhammad Andri Setiawan, Hendro Yulius Suryo Putro, Muhammad Fajar Riva’I, Wiwik Widyanti Dec 2025

Role-Playing For Rehabilitation: Enhancing Empathy Among Juveniles In Correctional Facilities, Nina Permatasari, Muhammad Arsyad, Muhammad Andri Setiawan, Hendro Yulius Suryo Putro, Muhammad Fajar Riva’I, Wiwik Widyanti

Buletin Konseling Inovatif

This study examines the effectiveness of role-playing-based counseling services in enhancing empathy among children at Juvenile Rehabilitation Center Class I Martapura. Employing a quantitative approach, the research utilized a one-group pre-test post-test experimental design to measure changes in empathy levels before and after the intervention. A total of 32 children participated in the study. Data were collected using two instruments: the Empathy Scale and the Role-Playing Engagement Questionnaire. The intervention consisted of structured role-playing sessions designed to improve both cognitive and affective components of empathy. Data analysis using paired sample t-tests revealed a statistically significant increase in empathy scores, with …


Development Of Mooc Content In Case-Method-Based Psychodynamic Counseling Courses As Online Learning Media, Rizka Apriani, Devy Probowati, Diniy Hidayatur Rahman, Faza Kasyiva Az-Zahra, Fauziah Ilmi Qonita, Nurul Ain Mohd Daud Dec 2025

Development Of Mooc Content In Case-Method-Based Psychodynamic Counseling Courses As Online Learning Media, Rizka Apriani, Devy Probowati, Diniy Hidayatur Rahman, Faza Kasyiva Az-Zahra, Fauziah Ilmi Qonita, Nurul Ain Mohd Daud

Buletin Konseling Inovatif

The psychodynamic counseling course is one of the compulsory courses to provide students with an understanding of theories, concepts, and techniques based on psychodynamic views. With various existing goals, it shows that implementing this course requires technology-based media to support the optimal running of lectures. The MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) platform is an answer to implementing psychodynamic counseling courses with existing flexibility and accessibility. The purpose of this research is to develop content on the MOOC platform to improve the quality of learning by utilizing interactive technology and learning content can be presented dynamically using various media such as …


Lost In Ambiguity: Ai And The Limits Of Processing Turkish Morphology, Engin Evrim Önem Dec 2025

Lost In Ambiguity: Ai And The Limits Of Processing Turkish Morphology, Engin Evrim Önem

Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Despite rapid progress in natural language processing, artificial intelligence (AI) systems continue to struggle with languages characterized by high morphological complexity, such as Turkish. A central difficulty lies in their limited ability to resolve ambiguity, which is deeply embedded in Turkish through features like flexible word order, extensive case marking, and agglutinative structures. Current AI models, primarily shaped by exposure to massive corpora of performance data, excel at detecting surface-level statistical regularities but fall short of grasping the grammatical principles and semantic nuances that underpin genuine linguistic competence. This reliance on performance over competence makes disambiguation especially problematic, as the …


It’S Giving Nonfactive Small Clause Selection, David Garsten Dec 2025

It’S Giving Nonfactive Small Clause Selection, David Garsten

Yale Working Papers in Grammatical Diversity

In this paper I examine the syntax and semantics of English nonfactive verbs, bare nominals, and small clauses through the colloquial constructions it’s giving and screams+NP. I aim to explain the formality of nonfactives with DP small clauses in American English, as well as the informality of bare nominals in adjectival positions. First I propose a semantics for two nonfactive heads: vATT and vEVI. I demonstrate that all variation in the selection of English small clause type can be reduced to selection by category, and that these nonfactive heads have lost the ability to c-select for …


Green Connectivity In Metropolitan Jabodetabek: Climate Change And The Challenge Of Urban Forest, Safira Maharani Putri, Hendricus Andy Simarmata Dec 2025

Green Connectivity In Metropolitan Jabodetabek: Climate Change And The Challenge Of Urban Forest, Safira Maharani Putri, Hendricus Andy Simarmata

CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development

Urban areas in Indonesia, particularly the Greater Jakarta metropolitan region (Jabodetabek), are increasingly experiencing the adverse effects of climate change, such as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. Rapid urbanization has contributed significantly to rising greenhouse gas emissions and deteriorating environmental quality. Urban forests are one of the key solutions to mitigate these impacts; however, their spatial distribution in Jabodetabek remains suboptimal and poorly connected. This study uses NDVI as a proxy for urban forest density, where “urban forest” refers to vegetated areas within cities as defined by Presidential Regulation No. 60/2020. The research addresses the following question: How has …


Cme For Family Mediators, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef) Dec 2025

Cme For Family Mediators, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef)

Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum 2025

Meeting proceedings of a seminar by the same name, held September 19, 2025.


Powerful Powerpoint Presentations For Lawyers, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef) Dec 2025

Powerful Powerpoint Presentations For Lawyers, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef)

Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum 2025

Meeting proceedings of a seminar by the same name, held February 25, 2025.


Time Management For The Overworked Law Office Professional, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef) Dec 2025

Time Management For The Overworked Law Office Professional, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef)

Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum 2025

Meeting proceedings of a seminar by the same name, held Feb. 4, 2025.


Managing & Assisting Business Clients In An A.I. World, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef) Dec 2025

Managing & Assisting Business Clients In An A.I. World, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef)

Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum 2025

Meeting proceedings of a seminar by the same name, held February 27, 2025.


Winning Your Case With A Better Memory, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef) Dec 2025

Winning Your Case With A Better Memory, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef)

Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum 2025

Meeting proceedings of a seminar by the same name, held April 24, 2025.


Task & Deadline Management, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef) Dec 2025

Task & Deadline Management, Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum (Iclef)

Indiana Continuing Legal Education Forum 2025

Meeting proceedings of a seminar by the same name, held August 26, 2025.


Chia Seed Gel Powder As A Clean-Label Enhancer Of Texture, Physicochemical Quality, Antioxidant Activity, And Prebiotic Function In Probiotic Low-Fat Yogurt, Mahmoud E. A. Hamouda, Ratul Kalita, Abdelfatah K. Ali, Pratibha Chaudhary, Pramith U. Don, Omar A. A. Abdelsater, Anjali Verma, Yaser Elderwy Dec 2025

Chia Seed Gel Powder As A Clean-Label Enhancer Of Texture, Physicochemical Quality, Antioxidant Activity, And Prebiotic Function In Probiotic Low-Fat Yogurt, Mahmoud E. A. Hamouda, Ratul Kalita, Abdelfatah K. Ali, Pratibha Chaudhary, Pramith U. Don, Omar A. A. Abdelsater, Anjali Verma, Yaser Elderwy

Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science Student Research

This study evaluated the effect of incorporating chia seed gel powder (CSGP) as a natural, clean-label stabilizer on the physicochemical, functional, microbiological, microstructural, antioxidant, and sensory properties of probiotic low-fat yogurt (PLFY) during 21 days of refrigerated storage. Six formulations were prepared using 0–2.5% CSGP, including Control (0% CSGP), YOG1 (0.5% CSGP), YOG2 (1.0% CSGP), YOG3 (1.5% CSGP), YOG4 (2.0% CSGP), and YOG5 (2.5% CSGP). Results showed that increasing CSGP levels noticeably enhanced the total solids, protein content, viscosity, hardness, and water-holding capacity of the PLFY (p < 0.05), while consistently reducing syneresis. Antioxidant activity also rose with higher CSGP concentrations, with YOG5 exhibiting the greatest DPPH scavenging activity (35.12%). Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a denser and more uniform protein network in PLFY fortified with CSGP, consistent with rheological measurements showing increased storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli. Probiotic viability significantly increased (p < 0.05) in CSGP-added samples, indicating a potential prebiotic effect of CSGP. Sensory results demonstrated that although higher CSGP levels slightly darkened the yogurt color, body, texture, flavor, and total sensory scores improved markedly, with YOG5 gaining the highest total score (81.77). The results demonstrate that CSGP acts as a highly effective, multifunctional ingredient that enhances texture, stability, probiotic viability, and antioxidant capacity, making it a strong clean-label candidate for developing high-quality, functional probiotic low-fat yogurt.


Molecular Detection Of Blaimp And Ompa Genes In Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolated From Burn Wound Infections, Zeinah Jawad Kadham, Manal Mohammed Kadham Dec 2025

Molecular Detection Of Blaimp And Ompa Genes In Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolated From Burn Wound Infections, Zeinah Jawad Kadham, Manal Mohammed Kadham

Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Background: antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii can be acquired rapidly due mainly to chromosomal mutation, and its antibiotic-resistant metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production has been claimed to have a great contribution to nosocomial infection. Objective: This study aimed to detect the presence of the blaIMP carbapenemase-producing gene and the ompA gene in bacterial isolates obtained from burn patients, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate the role of these genes in antibiotic resistance. Methods: Cross-sectional research was conducted among a total of 150 clinical samples for patients of various ages and both sexes at the Specialist …


Operating Fund Budget/ Expenditure Summary Report 2nd Quarter 2025-26, Csusb Budget Office Dec 2025

Operating Fund Budget/ Expenditure Summary Report 2nd Quarter 2025-26, Csusb Budget Office

University Budget Office records

No abstract provided.


Applications Of Artificial Intelligence In Dental Malocclusion: A Scoping Review Of Recent Advances (2020-2025), Man Hung, Owen Cohen, Nicholas Beasley, Cairo Ziebarth, Connor Schwartz, Alicia Parry, Martin S. Lipsky Dec 2025

Applications Of Artificial Intelligence In Dental Malocclusion: A Scoping Review Of Recent Advances (2020-2025), Man Hung, Owen Cohen, Nicholas Beasley, Cairo Ziebarth, Connor Schwartz, Alicia Parry, Martin S. Lipsky

Institute on Aging Publications

Introduction:

Dental malocclusion affects more than half of the global population, causing significant functional and esthetic consequences. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into orthodontic care for malocclusion has the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and clinical efficiency. However, existing research remains fragmented, and recent advances have not been comprehensively synthesized. This scoping review aimed to map the current landscape of AI applications in dental malocclusion from 2020 to 2025. Methods: The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The authors conducted a systematic search across four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and …


Computational Design Of Nanoporous Materials For The Adsorption Of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Daniel D. Mottern Dec 2025

Computational Design Of Nanoporous Materials For The Adsorption Of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Daniel D. Mottern

Dissertations

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of chemicals that have seen wide usage due to their fluorinated carbon backbone. The presence of strong C-F bonds in the backbone lends PFAS molecules high thermal and chemical stability, as well as strong hydrophobicity and lipophobicity. This combination of properties has led to heavy use of PFAS as surfactants, non-stick coatings, and aqueous foam forming films and flame retardants. However, these properties bring their own consequences. The high chemical and thermal stability of PFAS renders them persistent, with the C-F bonds resisting naturally occurring forms of degradation. Existing forms of …


Computational Methods For Single-Cell And Multi-Omic Data Integration And Regulatory Network Inference, Jianlan Ren Dec 2025

Computational Methods For Single-Cell And Multi-Omic Data Integration And Regulatory Network Inference, Jianlan Ren

Dissertations

Single-cell and multi-omic technologies have transformed the dissection of cellular heterogeneity and regulatory dynamics in health and disease. However, the high dimensionality, technical variability, and biological complexity of these datasets present significant challenges for integration, annotation, and interpretation. In this dissertation, a suite of computational approaches is introduced to address key problems in single-cell and multi-omic data analysis through model-based innovations and applied statistical frameworks.

First, a constrained deep learning framework for single-cell data integration, label transfer, and clustering is proposed. By incorporating biologically motivated constraints into the training process, robust performance is achieved across simulated and benchmark datasets spanning …


The Role Of The Scenario In Formulating The Contemporary Architectural Text, Rounaq Arif Mohsin, Abbas Ali Hamza, Bashar Shamil Alkhafaji Dec 2025

The Role Of The Scenario In Formulating The Contemporary Architectural Text, Rounaq Arif Mohsin, Abbas Ali Hamza, Bashar Shamil Alkhafaji

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Engineering Sciences

In order to create an integrated architectural text, which is a complicated art that blends beauty and practical elements, a rigorous design procedure is necessary. In this situation, the scenario’s role becomes crucial in developing the current architectural text and directing architectural approaches. In order to better understand how the scenario influences the design process and the interactions between various architectural aspects, this project intends to explore and analyze the impact of the scenario in developing and refining architectural text formulation approaches.

The study looks at the idea of a scenario and how it has been used in architecture, as …


Comparison Of Intraperitoneal And Intraductal Routes In The Growth Of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Breast Cancer In Sprague Dawley Rats: A Systematic Review 2014–2024, Adilla Soraya Prameswari, Ruendhita Azzahra Sari Sompokan, Annisa Annisa, Rachma Greta Perdana Putri, Dewi Yuniasih, Muhamad Danian, Muhammad Tri Yoga Tianotak Dec 2025

Comparison Of Intraperitoneal And Intraductal Routes In The Growth Of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Breast Cancer In Sprague Dawley Rats: A Systematic Review 2014–2024, Adilla Soraya Prameswari, Ruendhita Azzahra Sari Sompokan, Annisa Annisa, Rachma Greta Perdana Putri, Dewi Yuniasih, Muhamad Danian, Muhammad Tri Yoga Tianotak

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Breast cancer is one of the[-6pc]AU: Please provide affiliations for your paper. leading causes of death for women worldwide, characterized by malignant tumors in the mammary epithelium. Breast cancer modelling using Sprague Dawley animals induced by N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU) compounds is commonly used through various administration routes. The intraperitoneal route is the conventional route and the intraductal route is a new route capable of directly targeting the mammary ducts. Both routes affect the speed and characteristics of breast cancer cells in experimental animals. This systematic review using PubMed and Scopus databases from 2014-2024 aims to compare the effects of intraperitoneal and …


Pet Shops And Preemption, Genevieve Schaaf Dec 2025

Pet Shops And Preemption, Genevieve Schaaf

Georgia Law Review

In December 2019, the Georgia Office of the Attorney General released an Opinion stating that the City of Canton Code of Ordinances, Chapter 18, Article XIV restricting the sale of pets by retail pet shops was in direct conflict with the Georgia Animal Protection Act and therefore preempted under the Georgia Constitution’s Uniformity Clause.

This Note seeks reconsideration of the Attorney General’s Opinion and argues that despite the Attorney General’s Opinion, local ordinances restricting the kinds of animals available at pet shops should remain a legally viable way for local governments to reduce the retail sale of cats and dogs.


The Impact Of Social Media Activities On ‘Labubu The Monsters' Brand Awareness And Brand Image, Grace Javiera Sadihin, Patricia Evelyn Angelika, I Ketut Rangga Wardana Putra, Fari Agil Aryaputra, Theodorus Otniel Dec 2025

The Impact Of Social Media Activities On ‘Labubu The Monsters' Brand Awareness And Brand Image, Grace Javiera Sadihin, Patricia Evelyn Angelika, I Ketut Rangga Wardana Putra, Fari Agil Aryaputra, Theodorus Otniel

ASEAN Marketing Journal

This study aims to investigate the impact of social media activities on brand image and brand awareness. A quantitative study was conducted using a validated questionnaire distributed to a sample of 348 respondents of Gen Z, Gen Y, and Gen X who use social media and are familiar with Labubu The Monsters. Multiple regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 27 to test the hypotheses. The results revealed a significant impact of social media activities on brand awareness and brand image. It was found that entertainment, trendiness, and influencers affect brand awareness, while entertainment, EWOM, trendiness, and influencers affect brand …


Banyuhay Ng Makabayang Bakla: Ang Naratibo At Pagkakakilanlan Ng Mga Aktibistang Lgbtq+ Sa Metro Manila, Areeya Christine P. Bueno, Kaela Marie G. De Gorio, Precious Aerielle V. Ebardo, Raven Lukas L. Vergara, Belle Beatriex' M. Alemania Dec 2025

Banyuhay Ng Makabayang Bakla: Ang Naratibo At Pagkakakilanlan Ng Mga Aktibistang Lgbtq+ Sa Metro Manila, Areeya Christine P. Bueno, Kaela Marie G. De Gorio, Precious Aerielle V. Ebardo, Raven Lukas L. Vergara, Belle Beatriex' M. Alemania

Dalumat: Multikultural at Multidisiplinaryong E-Journal sa Araling Filipino

Ang salitang banyuhay o “bagong anyo ng buhay” ay isang metapora na sumasalamin sa pag-usbong ng pagkakakilanlan ng mga aktibistang LGBTQ+. Ginamit ang disenyong narrative case study upang masiyasat ang (1) pagbabago sa pagkakakilanlan bago at pagkatapos sumali sa mga pagkilos, (2) mga salik na nag-udyok na kilalanin ang sarili bilang ganap na aktibista, at (3) pagkakakilanlan batay sa mga kategorya ng Social Identity Theory–Self-Categorization Theory (SIT-SCT). Bilang unang hakbang, pinasagutan ng mga mananaliksik ang pre-interview questionnaire upang makakalap ng inisyal na impormasyon sa mga kalahok. Sumunod dito, isinagawa ang semi-structured interview sa anim na kalahok mula sa iba't ibang …


“Do We Play By The Same Rules?”: Exploring The Involvement Of The Magic Circle In Navigating Relationships In Popular Multiplayer Video Games, Nathan Toshihiro A. Villanueva, Julianne Margaret M. Lao, Thea Juliana Alvarez Jocom, Liezl R. Astudillo Dec 2025

“Do We Play By The Same Rules?”: Exploring The Involvement Of The Magic Circle In Navigating Relationships In Popular Multiplayer Video Games, Nathan Toshihiro A. Villanueva, Julianne Margaret M. Lao, Thea Juliana Alvarez Jocom, Liezl R. Astudillo

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

Just like leveling up in a game, dating has transcended the physical world into the realm of multiplayer games where individuals are able to communicate and interact with one another within the virtual third space, the magic circle–the boundary that separates life from play. Within these immersive environments, players create shared experiences that often extend beyond the screen, blurring the line between in-game interactions and real-life emotions. This blurring can lead to emotional spillovers and identity challenges as players navigate the complexities of digital intimacy in world and relationship formation. To define the fluidity of the magic circle, the study …