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2021

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Optical And Chemical Properties Of Fragaria Ananassa And Galena: Potential Photosensitizers In A Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell, Ibukun S Akinsola, Aderemi B Alabi, Coppede Nicola Dec 2021

Optical And Chemical Properties Of Fragaria Ananassa And Galena: Potential Photosensitizers In A Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell, Ibukun S Akinsola, Aderemi B Alabi, Coppede Nicola

Tanzania Journal of Science

Dye is one of the major components for high power conversion efficiency in a dye-sensitized solar cell. There are challenges natural dyes encounter, especially with quick degradation of the dye molecules. This work considered mineral dye in comparison with plant dye to address the challenge of degradation of natural plant dyes. The optical properties and functional groups of the two natural dyes were studied in this work. The absorption spectra, the optical band gaps and the absorption coefficients of the dyes were reported and found to be suitable for use as photosensitizers in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), as they …

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Paleodepositional Environment And Sequence Stratigraphy Of Miocene Sediments In Well Tn-1, Coastal Swamp Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria, Jerry Osokpor, Efetobore G Maju-Oyovwikowhe Dec 2021

Paleodepositional Environment And Sequence Stratigraphy Of Miocene Sediments In Well Tn-1, Coastal Swamp Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria, Jerry Osokpor, Efetobore G Maju-Oyovwikowhe

Tanzania Journal of Science

This research focused on the interpretation of paleodepositional environment and development of a sequence stratigraphic framework for the well TN-1 section, located in the coastal swamp depositional belt of the Niger Delta Basin. Integration of interpreted litho- and biofacies data sets that facilitated the interpretation of the paleodepositional environment enabled the erection of a sequence-stratigraphic framework. Three lithotypes (sand, clay, and shale) distributed within fourteen facies variants were integrated with palynomorph components to delineate five paleodepositional cycles ranging from distal delta plain to bathyal. Eight systems tracts (closely related to depositional cycles, but transcended depositional boundaries in some intervals) that …

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Effects Of Copper Fungicides Spray On Nutrient Contents In Soils Of Cocoa Growing Areas Of Southwestern Nigeria, Musibau O Azeez, Olusola O Adesanwo, Joseph A Adepetu Dec 2021

Effects Of Copper Fungicides Spray On Nutrient Contents In Soils Of Cocoa Growing Areas Of Southwestern Nigeria, Musibau O Azeez, Olusola O Adesanwo, Joseph A Adepetu

Tanzania Journal of Science

The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of copper fungicides spray on physical and chemical properties of soils of cocoa growing areas of southwestern Nigeria. Samples were collected from selected cocoa farms and adjacent plots across three states (9 samples from Osun State, 9 samples from Ondo State and 7 samples from Ekiti State), within rainforest zone of Nigeria. The physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were determined. Copper contents of the cocoa plantation soils were significantly higher (16.23 mg Cu/kg) than the adjacent plots (6.31 mg Cu/kg) indicating accumulation of Cu in the soil because of …

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Rural Electrification Using Iliceto Shield Wire Scheme In Developing Countries: Tanzania Case Study, Heavenlight M Munisi, Santos Kihwele Dec 2021

Rural Electrification Using Iliceto Shield Wire Scheme In Developing Countries: Tanzania Case Study, Heavenlight M Munisi, Santos Kihwele

Tanzania Journal of Science

Rural electrification rate in Tanzania is still very low despite the efforts made by the Rural Energy Agency (REA) in Tanzania. Rural electrification using medium voltage (MV) method has two major obstacles. First obstacle is high cost associated with the cost of extending the grid electricity to rural areas. Second obstacle is remoteness of the villages, which leads to high power loss during transmission. In lieu of economic extension of rural electrification areas, this paper proposes a low cost solution of Iliceto Shield Wire Scheme (ISWS). This technique involves insulating shield wires (SW) from high voltage (132-400 kV) transmission line …

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Determination Of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (Crlb) And Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator Of A Dc Signal In Awgn Using Laplace Transform, Abdi T. Abdalla Dec 2021

Determination Of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (Crlb) And Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator Of A Dc Signal In Awgn Using Laplace Transform, Abdi T. Abdalla

Tanzania Journal of Science

This paper presents an alternative approach for the determination of Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) and Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator (MVUE) using Laplace transformation. In this work, a DC signal in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) was considered. During the investigation, a number of experiments were conducted to analyze different possible outputs under different conditions, and then the patterns of the outcomes were studied. Finally closed-form expressions for the CRLB and MVUE were deduced employing the Laplace transformation. The resulting expressions showed that the proposed method has almost the same number of steps as the existing method. However, the latter requires …

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Temperature Effects On The Corrosion Inhibition Of Mild Steel In Sulfuric Acid Solution By Acacia Senegal Gum With Halide Ions, Jovine Emmanuel, Joseph Buchweishaija Dec 2021

Temperature Effects On The Corrosion Inhibition Of Mild Steel In Sulfuric Acid Solution By Acacia Senegal Gum With Halide Ions, Jovine Emmanuel, Joseph Buchweishaija

Tanzania Journal of Science

The effects of temperature on the inhibitive effect of naturally occurring Acacia senegal gum exudate on the corrosion of mild steel in sulfuric acid was studied between 35 and 70 °C using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization methods. Findings showed that Acacia senegal gum exudate decreases the corrosion rate of mild steel. The inhibition efficiency declined with raising temperature above 35 °C. The increase in the corrosion rate with increasing temperature was observed for both uninhibited and inhibited systems. Addition of halide ions to the Acacia senegal gum exudate solution enhanced the corrosion inhibition efficiency because of synergistic effects, …

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Physico-Chemical Properties Of Mechanically Extracted Banana Juice At Different Ripening Stages, Mathayo G Mathias, Lilian D Kaale, Oscar Kibazohi Dec 2021

Physico-Chemical Properties Of Mechanically Extracted Banana Juice At Different Ripening Stages, Mathayo G Mathias, Lilian D Kaale, Oscar Kibazohi

Tanzania Journal of Science

This paper presents the findings of a study on physico-chemical properties of low viscosity banana juice from five banana cultivars: Pisang Awak (PSA) an ABB genome, Yangambi km5 (YKM5) an AAA genome and cultivars from AAA-EA genome, namely Mbilabile, Ndeshi and Mlonga. Low viscosity banana juice was extracted using improved mechanical method at five ripening stages. The physico-chemical properties significantly varied according to cultivars and ripening stages (p < 0.05). Yields, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and pH were in the range of 19.50–74.03%, 7.33–27.64 ºBrix, 0.37–0.76% malic acid equivalent and 4.09–4.70, respectively. Yields decreased in the order of Mbilabile > Ndeshi > Mlonga > YKM5 > PSA whereas the total soluble solids increased as follows Mlonga < Mbilabile < Ndeshi < YKM5 < PSA. Furthermore, ashes and mineral contents decreased with ripening stages whereas the low viscosity banana juice was rich in potassium and magnesium. Finally, the study recommends stage 5 of the ripeness as ideal for producing low viscosity banana juice. Keywords: Mechanical extraction, Banana cultivar, Ripening stage, Tannin, Banana juice.

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Atmospheric Instability Conditions During Rainy Seasons Over Tanzania, Pasvolo J Mwinuka, Christian Bs Uiso, Ladslaus B Chang’A, Mwingereza J Kumwenda Dec 2021

Atmospheric Instability Conditions During Rainy Seasons Over Tanzania, Pasvolo J Mwinuka, Christian Bs Uiso, Ladslaus B Chang’A, Mwingereza J Kumwenda

Tanzania Journal of Science

The amount of rainfall and its distribution in time and space is dependent on the atmospheric instability conditions, and on its moisture content. The aim of this study was to determine the atmospheric instability conditions during January to March (JFM), February to April (FMA), March to May (MAM), and October to December (OND) rainy seasons over local climate zones in Tanzania. Zone area average seasonal Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), Convective Inhibition (CIN), Precipitable Water (PW) and Lifted index (Li) were calculated and analyzed. Results showed Li < 0 in JFM and FMA over whole Tanzania. During MAM and OND, Li < 0 over the Lake Zone, Western Highlands Zone and Central Zone only. CAPE ranged from 793 J/kg to 1183 J/kg during JFM, and 700 J/kg to 1080 J/kg during FMA. During MAM, CAPE ranged from 170 J/kg to 921 J/kg and from 173 J/kg to 833 J/kg during OND. Results also showed CAPE > 1000 J/kg over the Lake Zone, Western Highlands Zone, Island Zone, and Central …

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Placental Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor, Protein Kinase B And Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin Are Downregulated In Hiv-1 Positive Women On Antiretroviral Drugs, Winifrida B. Kidima, Gatambwa D. Mukandala, Osiana Leonard, Daniel Nkungu Dec 2021

Placental Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor, Protein Kinase B And Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin Are Downregulated In Hiv-1 Positive Women On Antiretroviral Drugs, Winifrida B. Kidima, Gatambwa D. Mukandala, Osiana Leonard, Daniel Nkungu

Tanzania Journal of Science

HIV-1 and ARV drugs uptake during pregnancy may change placental phenotype during pregnancy affecting fetal growth. We investigated the influence of maternal HIV-1 and ARV drugs on expression of placental genes important for fetus growth. A total 51 HIV-1 positives and 46 HIV-1 negative pregnant women were studied. Placental gene expression changes of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1) R, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (AKT-1), sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Slc38a1, Slca38a2, Slc38a4), inhibin A, adrenomedullin and 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type (HSD)-2 were assessed by RT-qPCR. There was a significant decrease in mRNA expression of placental …

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Design And Performance Analysis Of Composite Airfoil Wind Turbine Blade, Hegespo H Mwanyika, Yusufu Ac Jande, Thomas Kivevele Dec 2021

Design And Performance Analysis Of Composite Airfoil Wind Turbine Blade, Hegespo H Mwanyika, Yusufu Ac Jande, Thomas Kivevele

Tanzania Journal of Science

Small horizontal axis wind turbine rotors with composite airfoil rotor blades were designed and investigated in the present study in order to improve its performance in low wind speed and low Reynolds number (Re) conditions for standalone system. The geometrical and aerodynamic nature of a single airfoil small horizontal axis wind turbine blade curtails efficient energy harnessing of the rotor blade. The use of composite airfoil rotor blade improves energy production but imposes uncertainty in determining an optimal design angle of attack and the off design aerodynamic behaviour of the rotor. This research investigated the effects of two airfoils used …

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Optimal Design Of Hybrid Renewable Energy For Tanzania Rural Communities, Ester T Marcel, Joseph Mutale, Aviti T Mushi Dec 2021

Optimal Design Of Hybrid Renewable Energy For Tanzania Rural Communities, Ester T Marcel, Joseph Mutale, Aviti T Mushi

Tanzania Journal of Science

Rural communities in developing countries lack access to electricity due to high costs of grid extension. This paper proposes a hybrid system of renewable energy (HRES) as solution. The HRES consists of solar, wind, and battery energy storage (BES). The village called Ngw’amkanga in Shinyanga region of Tanzania, East Africa is selected as a case study. An iterative method to determine the size of wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) generation required assuming a project life of 25 years at minimum annualised cost of the system ( ) is proposed. The project life time is fixed on the life span of …

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Smart Electric Meter Deployment In Tanzania: A Survey, Theresia B Maziku, Kwame S Ibwe, Abdi Abdalla, Ellen A Kalinga Dec 2021

Smart Electric Meter Deployment In Tanzania: A Survey, Theresia B Maziku, Kwame S Ibwe, Abdi Abdalla, Ellen A Kalinga

Tanzania Journal of Science

Using information and communication technologies (ICT) to make the electrical power network intelligent and smarter (smart grid) has been the focal point in transforming electrical power industry. The idea behind smart grid is to transform the Tanzanian power sector into a secure, adaptive, sustainable, and digitally enabled ecosystem that provides reliable and quality energy for all with active participation of stakeholders. Smart metering is a central segment in realizing smart grid. However, a big question is whether Tanzanian power stakeholders are ready for smart metering technology investments for household applications. Operation and maintenance of a smart metering solution is a …

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Improved Modified Ratio Estimation Of Population Mean Using Information On Size Of The Sample, Sikiru A Suleiman, Amos A Adewara Dec 2021

Improved Modified Ratio Estimation Of Population Mean Using Information On Size Of The Sample, Sikiru A Suleiman, Amos A Adewara

Tanzania Journal of Science

In sample surveys, auxiliary information is used for estimation to improve the efficiency of estimators. Increased precision can be obtained when the variable under study is highly correlated with auxiliary information. In this study, the sample size has been used as information for improved estimation of population mean of the main variable under study. A new modified generalized ratio type estimator of population mean has been proposed and the efficiency was examined using Murthy (1967) and Mukhopadhyay (2009) dataset. The large sample properties, the bias and the mean squared error of the newly proposed modified ratio estimator were obtained up …

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Risk Factors Associated With Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Felix Elias, Nyimvua Shaban, Edwin Rutalebwa Dec 2021

Risk Factors Associated With Mother-To-Child Transmission Of Hiv In Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Felix Elias, Nyimvua Shaban, Edwin Rutalebwa

Tanzania Journal of Science

Despite Tanzania's efforts and substantial progress in PMTCT, about 11% new infections were recorded among Tanzanian children in 2019 (UNAIDS 2020a). The objective of this study was to determine the rate of HIV transmission and to identify its risk factors among HIV exposed infants born to HIV-positive mothers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted using retrospective data collected from HIV-positive mothers and their exposed babies who were followed and registered in health facilities in four administrative districts (Ilala, Temeke, Kinondoni, and Ubungo) in Dar es Salaam between January 2016 and December 2019.  To identify risk factors …

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Application Of F-Waspas In The Ranking Of Crops For Agro-Processing: The Case Of Ikondo Ward In Njombe, Tanzania, Benito G Mng'ong'o, David Koloseni Dec 2021

Application Of F-Waspas In The Ranking Of Crops For Agro-Processing: The Case Of Ikondo Ward In Njombe, Tanzania, Benito G Mng'ong'o, David Koloseni

Tanzania Journal of Science

The purpose of this work was to develop and apply a Fuzzy Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (F-WASPAS) method in ranking selected crops for agro-processing at Ikondo Ward in Njombe Region, Tanzania. The fuzzy technique for order preferences by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was applied in determining the fuzzy importance weights of criteria, while the fuzzy WASPAS successfully ranked the crops, and maize was ranked the highest. Keywords:    F-WASPAS, Linguistic variables, Fuzzy aggregation, Agro-processing, Decision making, Multi-Criteria Decision Making.

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Absence Of Germline Brca1 C.68_69delag And C.5266dupc Mutations Among Hormone Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer Patients: A First Impression At A Tertiary Cancer-Care Facility In Tanzania, Linus P Rweyemamu, Gokce Akan, Christopher H Mbotwa, Nazima Dharsee, Lucy A Namkinga, Sylvester L Lyantagaye, Ted F Mselle, Fatmahan Atalar Dec 2021

Absence Of Germline Brca1 C.68_69delag And C.5266dupc Mutations Among Hormone Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer Patients: A First Impression At A Tertiary Cancer-Care Facility In Tanzania, Linus P Rweyemamu, Gokce Akan, Christopher H Mbotwa, Nazima Dharsee, Lucy A Namkinga, Sylvester L Lyantagaye, Ted F Mselle, Fatmahan Atalar

Tanzania Journal of Science

The germline BRCA1 c.68_69delAG (185delAG) and c.5266dupC (5382insC) mutations are associated with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer (BC).  Limited studies have examined their contribution to alarming BC incidence in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Our study aimed to examine the contribution of  germline BRCA1 c.68_69delAG and c.5266dupC mutations to BC incidence among hormone receptor-negative BC patients admitted to Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Tanzania. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to capture socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, family history of cancer and reproductive information from each patient. Their  histopathological data were extracted from the hospital medical records. The germline BRCA1 founder mutations were analyzed on …

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Preparation, Characterization, And Antimicrobial Activities Of Mixed Ibuprofen-Salicylic Acid Metal-Drug Complexes, Mercy O Bamigboye, Ikechukwu P Ejidike, Racheal O Awolope, Joshua A Obaleye, Favour K. Ejimofor Dec 2021

Preparation, Characterization, And Antimicrobial Activities Of Mixed Ibuprofen-Salicylic Acid Metal-Drug Complexes, Mercy O Bamigboye, Ikechukwu P Ejidike, Racheal O Awolope, Joshua A Obaleye, Favour K. Ejimofor

Tanzania Journal of Science

Most variants of bacteria are resistant to traditional antibiotics which are organic. To overcome the growing infections, bacteria resistant infections, and multiple drug resistance (MDR) rates, transition metals with biological importance were coordinated to organic ligands (Ibuprofen and Salicylic acid) with anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, metal complexes of mixed Ibuprofen and Salicylic acid were prepared using a standard method to give of the type [M(Ibu)(Sal)X] (where M = Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and X = Cl2, Ibu = Ibuprofen, Sal = Salicylic acid). The complexes were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, melting points, FT-IR, and X-ray diffraction. The metal …

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Identification And Characterization Of Cassava Mosaic Begomoviruses In Non-Crop Plants From Unguja And Pemba Islands, Joseph A. Mwakosya, Gladness E. Temu, Joseph C. Ndunguru Dec 2021

Identification And Characterization Of Cassava Mosaic Begomoviruses In Non-Crop Plants From Unguja And Pemba Islands, Joseph A. Mwakosya, Gladness E. Temu, Joseph C. Ndunguru

Tanzania Journal of Science

Cassava mosaic disease caused by cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) remains one of themajor constraints to cassava production since it causes yield losses up to 100%. Researchesshowed that some of CMBs infecting cassava plants may be coming from non-crop plants. Thisstudy intended to identify and characterize CMBs isolated from non-crop plant species inUnguja and Pemba Islands. A total of 108 viral symptomatic and asymptomatic non-crop leafsamples were collected using stratified sampling. DNA was extracted by using CTAB protocolfollowed by polymerase chain reaction using universal and specific primers for cassava mosaicbegomoviruses identification. Results showed that, among eleven samples that were amplified,four were …

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Mitigating The Spread Of Measles Under Constrained Health Care Resources In Tanzania Using Social Contact Network Models, Herieth Rwezaura, Seán Mcgarraghy Dec 2021

Mitigating The Spread Of Measles Under Constrained Health Care Resources In Tanzania Using Social Contact Network Models, Herieth Rwezaura, Seán Mcgarraghy

Tanzania Journal of Science

Tanzania revaccinates individuals during measles outbreaks, despite having scant healthcare resources. We construct epidemiological models of measles spread by employing a hybrid of existing social contact networks models to develop SEIR simulation model. Using demographic and measles surveillance data from three rural villages in Tanzania, we simulate the spread of measles and examine which vaccination strategies can effectively control outbreaks. Results strongly indicate the spread of measles largely depends on contact rates among infected individuals within a population. Findings indicate a need for targeted vaccination for children of 6 months to 15 years of age, but equally for unvaccinated older …

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Analysis Of The Current And Future Land Use/Land Cover Changes In Peri-Urban Areas Of Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania Using Remote Sensing And Gis Techniques, Erick T Mnyali, Silvia F Materu Dec 2021

Analysis Of The Current And Future Land Use/Land Cover Changes In Peri-Urban Areas Of Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania Using Remote Sensing And Gis Techniques, Erick T Mnyali, Silvia F Materu

Tanzania Journal of Science

A rapid increase in population and urban development has direct impacts on the natural environment of peri-urban areas of big cities, especially in the developing countries. This study examined land use and land cover changes (LULCC) of peri-urban areas of Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam city for the period between 1999 and 2019 and predicted future changes by 2039. The specific objectives were to; (i) map the spatial-temporal land use and cover changes (ii) analyze settlements (built-up areas) patterns and factors influencing their changes (iii) predict changes that might happen for the next two decades. LULCC for 1999 to …

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Environmental Noise Pollution And Its Impacts On The Hearing Ability Of Men And Women In Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, Afolabi M. Tunde, Salamat Abdulquadri Dec 2021

Environmental Noise Pollution And Its Impacts On The Hearing Ability Of Men And Women In Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, Afolabi M. Tunde, Salamat Abdulquadri

Tanzania Journal of Science

Noise is an environmental disturbance that has harmful effects on the physiological and psychological lives of human beings and animals. This work examined the perceived health implications associated with noise pollution on both genders in Ilorin, Nigeria. It specifically identified the major sources of noise pollution, assessed noise pollution levels in the selected areas and determined the differences in the impacts of noise pollution on the health of both genders in Ilorin. A total of 384 respondents were sampled. Sound Level Meter (SLM) was used to ascertain the levels of noise in the study areas. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA were …

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Development Of Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials From Agricultural Biomass, Jerome M Bidu, Arnold Towo, Liberato Haule, Joshua C William, Lilian D Kaale Dec 2021

Development Of Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials From Agricultural Biomass, Jerome M Bidu, Arnold Towo, Liberato Haule, Joshua C William, Lilian D Kaale

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study utilised maize husk fibres and pulp to prepare a biocomposite fabric for food packaging. The optimum conditions for extracting maize husk fibres were determined experimentally to be 5 g/l of sodium hydroxide concentration at 100 °C for 60 minutes and liquor ratio of 1:20. The fabric was manufactured by solution casting of maize husk pulp on a web prepared by aligning maize husk and sisal fibres using a deckle and frame. The sisal fibre content was varied from 5 to 50% at ratios ranging from 95:5 to 50:50 (maize: sisal fibres). The biodegradable fabric was characterised using three …

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Heavy Metal Contamination And Potential Ecological Risks In Surface Sediments Along Dar Es Salaam Harbour Channel, Benard Mwakisunga, Harishchandra B. Pratap, John F. Machiwa, Flora Stephano Dec 2021

Heavy Metal Contamination And Potential Ecological Risks In Surface Sediments Along Dar Es Salaam Harbour Channel, Benard Mwakisunga, Harishchandra B. Pratap, John F. Machiwa, Flora Stephano

Tanzania Journal of Science

Investigation of heavy metal contamination along Dar es Salaam harbour channel was carried out in order to determine their current concentrations, sources and potential ecological risks to benthic biota. Sampling was carried out from January to May 2019 and samples analysed using ICP-OES and C-H-N-S analyser. Analysis of heavy metal relationships showed that, Cu, Zn, Cr, As, Ni, Co, Fe, Cd had strong relationships with each other, while Pb only related to Zn. Principal component analysis partitioned metals into two groups; PC1: Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, As, Cu, Cd, and Zn explaining 73.6% variance and PC2: Pb, Zn, and Cd …

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Effects Of Ripeness And Blending Speed On The Extraction Yield And Physical Chemical Properties Of Low Viscosity Banana Juice, Oscar Kibazohi, Victor V Matabura Dec 2021

Effects Of Ripeness And Blending Speed On The Extraction Yield And Physical Chemical Properties Of Low Viscosity Banana Juice, Oscar Kibazohi, Victor V Matabura

Tanzania Journal of Science

Low viscosity banana juice can be extracted from banana by blending and pressing the resulted semi-solid pulp to separate the juice. This juice extraction technology is relatively new and further studies to understand key parameters for juice release is vital for scaling up production and commercialisation. This study, investigated the influence of blending speed and ripeness stage on banana juice yield using two banana cultivars; the East African highland banana (Mbile) and the exotic banana (Pisang awak). Types of sugars and organic acids in the juice were analysed using an HPLC. Changes with ripening of fruit firmness, juice pH and …

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Analogue Sandbox Scaled Modelling Of Oblique And Orthogonal Extension Rifting In Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania, Tonny Ojok, John Bk Duot, Majorine Namaganda, Nasra Sadiki, Michael Msabi Dec 2021

Analogue Sandbox Scaled Modelling Of Oblique And Orthogonal Extension Rifting In Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania, Tonny Ojok, John Bk Duot, Majorine Namaganda, Nasra Sadiki, Michael Msabi

Tanzania Journal of Science

Fault evolution in oblique and orthogonal rift systems in the brittle upper crust of the Rukwa rift basin was simulated using scaled sandbox modelling by varying the angle between the rift axis and the extension direction, α, through 45° and 90°, over a 10 cm displacement. The 45° oblique model exhibits a half-graben architecture bounded by a planar fault, intra-rift faults and a conjugate fault in some vertical sections. The map view of the model’s basin trends in the NW-SE direction, and is comparable with the Rukwa rift basin orientation. The 90° oblique model forms a basin structure which is …

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Critical Analysis Of Material Consumption And Cost Reduction Techniques For The Apparel Cutting Processes, Ismael Taifa, Ibrahim Twaha, Mboka A Mwakibambo Dec 2021

Critical Analysis Of Material Consumption And Cost Reduction Techniques For The Apparel Cutting Processes, Ismael Taifa, Ibrahim Twaha, Mboka A Mwakibambo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Revenues generation in the garment industry is synonymous with material consumption. This study thus analysed material consumption and cost reduction techniques in the Tanzanian garment industry. The research employed quantitative (experimentation) and qualitative approaches (document review and observation technique) in the apparel cutting processes. Experimental results of material consumption from ten tests averaged efficiency of 78.67%, the wasted pieces (19.2%), and unnoticed waste (2.03%). Essential considerations to reduce material waste include: digitalising the fabric cutting processes; providing workers training; deploying appropriate practices in the cutting room (e.g. pattern engineering and pattern accuracy); considering the quality of the procured fabric and …

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Adaptive Sliding Mode Contouring Control Design Based On Reference Adjustment And Uncertainty Compensation For Feed Drive Systems, Mathew Renny Msukwa, Santos Kihwele Dec 2021

Adaptive Sliding Mode Contouring Control Design Based On Reference Adjustment And Uncertainty Compensation For Feed Drive Systems, Mathew Renny Msukwa, Santos Kihwele

Tanzania Journal of Science

Industrial feed drive systems, particularly, ball-screw and lead-screw feed drives are among the dominating motion components in production and manufacturing industries. They operate around the clock at high speeds for coping with the rising production demands. Adversely, high-speed motions cause mechanical vibrations, high-energy consumption, and insufficient accuracy. Although there are many control strategies in the literature, such as sliding mode and model predictive controls, further research is necessary for precision enhancement and energy saving. This study focused on design of an adaptive sliding mode contouring control based on reference adjustment and uncertainty compensation for feed drive systems. A combined reference …

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Modelling The Impact Of Undetected Cases On The Transmission Dynamics Of Covid-19, Herieth Rwezaura Dec 2021

Modelling The Impact Of Undetected Cases On The Transmission Dynamics Of Covid-19, Herieth Rwezaura

Tanzania Journal of Science

The spread of COVID-19 globally has caused negative impacts to the public, making understanding the dynamics of transmission a necessity. Essential factors such as undetected cases, asymptomatic cases, and several non-pharmaceutical interventions have played significant roles in the spreading mechanism of COVID-19 in the human population. It is imperative to understand the significance of these factors in order to determine whether COVID-19 will be eradicated or will continue to persist in the population. A mathematical model is formulated to investigate the impacts of vaccination and several non-pharmaceutical interventions on the dynamics of a COVID-19 accounting for asymptomatic cases, detected (identified) …

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Biodiesel Generation From Palm Kernel Biomass Via An In-Situ Transesterification Approach, Chikaodili D Ikechukwu, Ikhazuagbe H Ifijen, Nyaknno U. Udokpoh Dec 2021

Biodiesel Generation From Palm Kernel Biomass Via An In-Situ Transesterification Approach, Chikaodili D Ikechukwu, Ikhazuagbe H Ifijen, Nyaknno U. Udokpoh

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study investigated an in-situ transesterification of palm kernel biomass at variable reaction times (4 h, 5 h and 6 h) and catalyst loading (2 wt%, 3 wt.% and 5 wt.%). The biodiesel yields were observed to vary with these parameters. GC-MS analysis showed high fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) contents for all the prepared biodiesel samples (C-18:1, C-14:0, C-16:0, and C-18:0). 2 wt.% catalyst loading and 4 h reaction time were observed to be the best reaction conditions from the experimented parameters that gave the best biodiesel yield at 300 rpm mixing intensity. The in-situ method recorded a higher …

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Assessment Of Seasonal Variations In Forage Quality In Saanane Island National Park, Mwanza, Tanzania, George M. Sangu, Cuthbert L. Nahonyo Dec 2021

Assessment Of Seasonal Variations In Forage Quality In Saanane Island National Park, Mwanza, Tanzania, George M. Sangu, Cuthbert L. Nahonyo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Seasonal variations in proteins, vitamin A, vitamin C, carbohydrates and minerals (Ca, Fe, Na, K and P) for seven most grazed and four most browsed plant species were assessed using laboratory analysis to determine what nutrient resources were available to grazers and browsers inhabiting the Saanane Island. The results indicated great seasonal variations in proteins, vitamin A, vitamin C and carbohydrates which were statistically significant with P < 0.01, F 3.444 at DF 5. Similarly, the minerals (Ca, Fe, Na, K and P) showed greater seasonal variations with K and P being higher during wet season, while Na and Fe were higher in dry season. The levels of proteins, vitamins, fibres and minerals were well above daily dietary requirements for grazers and browsers. These results suggested that both grazers and browsers were benefiting from seasonal differences in terms of available resources at disposal as animal health is regulated by levels of proteins and vitamins available in grazing and browsing materials.  Keywords: Forage Quality, Minerals, Protein Saanane, Seasonality, Vitamin

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