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2018

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Chinese Immigrants With Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Nutritional Self-Management Approach, Winnie Manlai Wong Dec 2018

Chinese Immigrants With Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Nutritional Self-Management Approach, Winnie Manlai Wong

Student Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Background: Chinese immigrants (CIs) with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) generally have poor control in their diet regimen. Due to the variation in body mass, physiology, and cultural differences as compare with the general American population, special attention must be conducted in treating diabetes in Cis, emphasizing culturally sensitive care and nutrition therapy that acknowledge the differences. Purpose: The purpose of this project was to assess cultural challenges in self-management for CIs living with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and evaluate the effectiveness of a diabetic nutritional self-management guide tailored to this population. Theoretical Framework: Havelock’s theory of change is a …


Undergraduate Bulletin, 2019-2020, Minnesota State University Moorhead Dec 2018

Undergraduate Bulletin, 2019-2020, Minnesota State University Moorhead

Undergraduate Bulletins (Catalogs)

No abstract provided.


Numerical Simulations Of Premixed Flames Of Multi Component Fuels/Air Mixtures And Their Applications, Essa Kh I J Salem Dec 2018

Numerical Simulations Of Premixed Flames Of Multi Component Fuels/Air Mixtures And Their Applications, Essa Kh I J Salem

Theses and Dissertations--Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Combustion has been used for a long time as a means of energy extraction. However, in the recent years there has been further increase in air pollution, through pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, acid rain etc. To solve this problem, there is a need to reduce carbon and nitrogen oxides through lean burning, fuel dilution and usage of bi-product fuel gases. A numerical analysis has been carried out to investigate the effectiveness of several reduced mechanisms, in terms of computational time and accuracy. The cases were tested for the combustion of hydrocarbons diluted with hydrogen, syngas, and bi-product fuel in …


Differential In Vitro Infection Of Neural Cells By Astroviruses, Andrew B. Janowski, Robyn S. Klein, David Wang Dec 2018

Differential In Vitro Infection Of Neural Cells By Astroviruses, Andrew B. Janowski, Robyn S. Klein, David Wang

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.


Part 2: Preparing Entry-Level Occupational And Physical Therapy Students To Promote Healthy Lifestyles Emphasizing Healthy Eating With Individuals With Disabilities, Brooks C. Wingo, Donald H. Lein, Beth A. Barstow, Christopher A. Eidson, Tara S. Pearce, Laurie A. Malone, David M. Morris Dec 2018

Part 2: Preparing Entry-Level Occupational And Physical Therapy Students To Promote Healthy Lifestyles Emphasizing Healthy Eating With Individuals With Disabilities, Brooks C. Wingo, Donald H. Lein, Beth A. Barstow, Christopher A. Eidson, Tara S. Pearce, Laurie A. Malone, David M. Morris

Journal of Occupational Therapy Education

Rehabilitation professionals including occupational therapists (OT) and physical therapists (PT) are increasingly called upon to incorporate health promotion of lifestyle behaviors including physical activity and healthy eating into routine clinical care. While OTs and PTs may be comfortable promoting activity-related behaviors, many are less comfortable with nutrition behaviors. To address entry-level OT and PT students’ perceived discomfort with discussing diet-related behaviors, faculty developed a healthy eating module for students to use during a community-based service learning program. The purpose of this paper is to describe the formative evaluation process of developing the healthy eating module, and to discuss results of …


Cortical Stimulation Mapping Of Heschl’S Gyrus In The Auditory Cortex For Tinnitus Treatment, Austin Huang Dec 2018

Cortical Stimulation Mapping Of Heschl’S Gyrus In The Auditory Cortex For Tinnitus Treatment, Austin Huang

CMC Senior Theses

Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of an actual sound stimulus. Recent developments have shifted the focus to the central nervous system and the neural correlate of tinnitus. Broadly, tinnitus involves cortical map rearrangement, pathological neural synchrony, and increased spontaneous firing rates. Various cortical regions, such as Heschl’s gyrus in the auditory cortex, have been found to be associated with different aspects of tinnitus, such as perception and loudness. I propose a cortical stimulation mapping study of Heschl’s gyrus using a depth and subdural electrode montage to conduct electrocorticography. This study would provide high-resolution data on abnormal …


Cost Effectiveness Analysis Of Enzalutamide, Abiraterone Plus Prednisone And Cabazitaxel Plus Predinsone For The Treatment Of Visceral Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (Mcrpc) After Docetaxel Therapy, Yazan K. Barqawi Dec 2018

Cost Effectiveness Analysis Of Enzalutamide, Abiraterone Plus Prednisone And Cabazitaxel Plus Predinsone For The Treatment Of Visceral Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (Mcrpc) After Docetaxel Therapy, Yazan K. Barqawi

Pharmaceutical Sciences ETDs

Background: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death after lung cancer among men in the US. The America Cancer Society predicts 164,690 new cases and 29,430 prostate cancer deaths in 2018. Of those diagnosed with prostate cancer, about 10-20 % will develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within 5 years of diagnosis and 70 % of those cases will metastasize to mCRPC. In 2014, nearly US $13.4 billion was spent on prostate cancer in the US and expected to reach US $15.4 billion by 2020; making prostate cancer the fifth most costly cancer.

Objective: To conduct a cost-effective analysis …


State V. Harrod Respondent's Brief Dckt. 45988 Dec 2018

State V. Harrod Respondent's Brief Dckt. 45988

Not Reported

No abstract provided.


Arkansas Water Resources Center Annual Technical Report, 2018, Arkansas Water Resources Center Dec 2018

Arkansas Water Resources Center Annual Technical Report, 2018, Arkansas Water Resources Center

Arkansas Water Resources Center Annual Report

No abstract provided.


The Cooperative Effects Of Channel Length-Bias, Width Asymmetry, Gradient Steepness, And Contact-Guidance On Fibroblasts’ Directional Decision Making, Quang Long Pham Dec 2018

The Cooperative Effects Of Channel Length-Bias, Width Asymmetry, Gradient Steepness, And Contact-Guidance On Fibroblasts’ Directional Decision Making, Quang Long Pham

Dissertations

Cell migration in complex micro-environments, that are similar to tissue pores, is important for predicting locations of tissue nucleation and optimizing scaffold architectures. Firstly, how fibroblast cells - relevant to tissue engineering, affect each other’s directional decisions when encountered with a bifurcation of different channel lengths was investigated. It was found that cell sequence and cell mitosis influence the directional choices that the cells made while chemotaxing. Specifically, the fibroblasts chose to alternate between two possible paths - one longer and the other shorter - at a bifurcation. This finding was counter-intuitive given that the shorter path had a steeper …


Methods To Improve The Remediation Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) In Aerobic And Anaerobic Environments, Brian Wartell Dec 2018

Methods To Improve The Remediation Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) In Aerobic And Anaerobic Environments, Brian Wartell

Dissertations

Oil spills occur regularly in terrestrial environments and crude oil can contain many compounds that are highly resistant to degradation. Among these compounds are high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are not only toxic but can also be carcinogenic and/or mutagenic. The first chapter of this dissertation includes an extensive review chapter on the variables affecting the anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons, with a particular focus on PAHs. Electron acceptors, electron donors, temperature, salinity, pH all play key roles in determining the possibility effective of effective degradation occurring. Thus, by addressing solutions, such as biostimulation, improving environmental variables for …


Fwer Controlling Procedures In Simultaneous And Selective Inference, Li Yu Dec 2018

Fwer Controlling Procedures In Simultaneous And Selective Inference, Li Yu

Dissertations

With increasing complexity of research objectives in clinical trials, a variety of relatively complex and less intuitive multiple testing procedures (MTPs) have been developed and applied in clinical data analysis. In order to make testing strategies more explicit and intuitive to communicate with non-statisticians, several flexible and powerful graphical approaches have recently been introduced in the literature for developing and visualizing newer MTPs. Nevertheless, some theoretical as well as methodological issues still remain to be fully addressed. This dissertation addresses several important issues arising in graphical approaches and related selective inference problems. It consists of three parts.

In the first …


Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes In Hydrophobic Drug Delivery, Kun Chen Dec 2018

Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes In Hydrophobic Drug Delivery, Kun Chen

Dissertations

The direct incorporation of carboxylated carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) into hydrophobic drug particles during their formation via anti-solvent precipitation is presented. The approach is tested using two drugs namely antifungal agent Griseofulvin (GF) and antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) that have very different aqueous solubility. It is observed that the f-CNTs dispersed in the water serve as nucleating sites for crystallization and are readily incorporated into the drug particles without altering crystal structure or other properties. The results show that the hydrophilic f-CNTs dramatically enhance dissolution rate for both drugs. The increased degree of functionalization leads to higher hydrophilicity and therefore faster dissolution …


Analysis Of Design Peculiarities Of Preventive Shoes For Diabetics, A.J Djuraevich, A.A Khaydarov, M.O Muhammedova Dec 2018

Analysis Of Design Peculiarities Of Preventive Shoes For Diabetics, A.J Djuraevich, A.A Khaydarov, M.O Muhammedova

Central Asian Problems of Modern Science and Education

Quality shoes are fundamental to affecting the health of the feet, in particular, when the foot can be subjected to many serious problems, as is the case with diabetes patients. This article identifies, identifies and analyzes the problems of correct design of shoes for people suffering from diabetes, and design features that distinguish orthopedic shoes from other types of shoes.


Cardiac Regenerative Medicine: Insights From Healthy And Diseased Engineered Tissues, Pamela Grace Hitscherich Dec 2018

Cardiac Regenerative Medicine: Insights From Healthy And Diseased Engineered Tissues, Pamela Grace Hitscherich

Dissertations

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Current tissue engineering approaches have fallen short of promoting fully functional cardiovascular cells and the post-myocardial infarction microenvironment is still not well understood. These gaps in knowledge are addressed in this dissertation through the development of in vitro engineered cardiac tissues using electroactive materials to enhance the differentiation of pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes and through the development of in vitro myocardial inflammation models dedicated to understanding cardiomyocytes and macrophages interactions.

Specifically, piezoelectric poly (vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) supports the attachment and survival of mouse embryonic stem cell derived …


The Future Orientation For Novice Teacher Induction Program In Vocational Education, Pramudi Utomo Dec 2018

The Future Orientation For Novice Teacher Induction Program In Vocational Education, Pramudi Utomo

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

This paper presents the discussion with purpose to identify the orientation of teacher induction program in vocational education that is in line with changing times and future challenges. The problems associated with the teacher induction program in vocational education are whether the program has been oriented towards changes and future challenges. This research was conducted explanatory sequential mixed method approach. This study applies a six-step on research procedure. Respondents consisted of 52 novice teachers, 115 mentors, 15 principals, and 24 school supervisors. The subject of the qualitative research was nine resources persons. The respondents were given a Likert scale questionnaire …


Learning Strategies Of Productive Lesson At Vocational High School In Serang City, Mohammad Fatkhurrokhman, Suroso Mukti Leksono, Sulaeman Deni Ramdan, Ikman Nur Rahman Dec 2018

Learning Strategies Of Productive Lesson At Vocational High School In Serang City, Mohammad Fatkhurrokhman, Suroso Mukti Leksono, Sulaeman Deni Ramdan, Ikman Nur Rahman

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

The purpose of this research are: (1) to know the design of delivery strategy of learning of productive lesson; (2) to know the implementation of delivery strategy of learning of productive lesson; and (3) to find out the result of applying the delivery strategy of learning of productive lesson. This research uses qualitative phenomenological approach with multi-case design. Informants in this study are students, teachers, leaders of Vocational High School in Serang City. Data collection through interviews and observation. Data analysis technique is Miles & Huberman interactive model. The results of this study found that (1) The design of the …


Impact Of Admission Type On Students' Achievement In Economy And Business School Of Batusangkar State Institute Of Islamic Studies, David David, Nasvizar Guspendri Dec 2018

Impact Of Admission Type On Students' Achievement In Economy And Business School Of Batusangkar State Institute Of Islamic Studies, David David, Nasvizar Guspendri

Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan

The study is aimed at finding the differences in students' academic achievement based on the admission system type to IAIN Batusangkar and the size of the contribution of admission systems to students' achievement. The study uses the quantitative research approach. The comparative multivariate technique is used for the data analysis. Subjects include 159 student candidates for the local-exam stream, 161 for the national-exam stream, and 123 for the achievement-based stream. Findings show that there is a significant difference in academic achievement between students admitted through the achievement stream and students admitted through the local and national-exam streams. There is no …


How These Three Schools In Indonesia Could Exceed The International Average Score In Timss 2015?, Fasiha Fatmawati, Heri Retnawati Dec 2018

How These Three Schools In Indonesia Could Exceed The International Average Score In Timss 2015?, Fasiha Fatmawati, Heri Retnawati

PYTHAGORAS : Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika

The achievement of students' mathematics learning is strongly influenced by how the learning process takes place in the classroom. But, that is not the only factor that could affect learning achievement. This research aimed to describe the advantages of learning in three schools in Indonesia with highest score in TIMSS 2015 which exceed international standard score. Participants in this case study research were teachers and students from the three elementary schools, that are SD N Gunungsaren, SD N Kentungan, and SD N Semanu III in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Data triangulation had been conducted to test the validity of data collected …


Exploring The Accuracy Of School-Based English Test Items For Grade Xi Students Of Senior High Schools, Martin Iryayo, Agus Widyantoro Dec 2018

Exploring The Accuracy Of School-Based English Test Items For Grade Xi Students Of Senior High Schools, Martin Iryayo, Agus Widyantoro

REID (Research and Evaluation in Education)

This study is set out to (1) explore the accuracy of school-based English test items developed by English teachers and (2) compare the relationship between the content covered by teacher and the students' success level. This research used the quantitative approach. The source of the data is all grade XI students' answers to the English test for the second semester of 2016/2017 academic year, and their English teachers' responses to the questionnaire. During this cross-sectional survey, 241 grade XI students and six English teachers were selected by using the total population sampling technique. To analyze the data, the IRT model …


Developing An Instrument Of National Examination Of Equivalency Education Package C Of Mathematics Subject, Ian Harum Prasasti, Edi Istiyono Dec 2018

Developing An Instrument Of National Examination Of Equivalency Education Package C Of Mathematics Subject, Ian Harum Prasasti, Edi Istiyono

REID (Research and Evaluation in Education)

The national examination of equivalency education is a competency test to equalize non-formal education with formal education. Departing from the importance of the quality and expectations of the national examination of equivalency education package C mathematics subjects and because the results are inseparable from the implementation process, developing an evaluation instrument to assess the implementation of the national examination of equivalency education package C mathematics subjects is important. The purpose of this study is to develop a suitable instrument for conducting an evaluation of the national examination implementation of the equivalency education package C mathematics subject. The respondents in this …


The Link And Match Of The Demand And Supply For Productive Vocational School Teachers With Regard To Spectrum Of Vocational Skills In The Perspective Of Education Decentralization, A.G. Tamrin, S Slamet, S. Soenarto Dec 2018

The Link And Match Of The Demand And Supply For Productive Vocational School Teachers With Regard To Spectrum Of Vocational Skills In The Perspective Of Education Decentralization, A.G. Tamrin, S Slamet, S. Soenarto

Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi

The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of link and match of the demand and supply for productive vocational school teachers which should be carried out in the future. This study is descriptive qualitative with the grounded theory approach. The unit of analysis consisted of: policy makers at central level; policy makers at local level; productive vocational school teachers; Teacher Education Institutes (LPTK), and Non-Teacher Education Institutes (Non-LPTK). The data were analyzed using the three phases: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The research results are as follows. (1) The pattern of the demand for productive …


Analisis Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja Bengkel Dan Laboraturium Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika Dan Informatika Ft Uny, Bekti Wulandari Dec 2018

Analisis Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja Bengkel Dan Laboraturium Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika Dan Informatika Ft Uny, Bekti Wulandari

Elinvo (Electronics, Informatics, and Vocational Education)

This research was conducted to describe planning, implementation, and evaluation of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in laboratory and workshop of Electronic Engineering and Informatics Department FT UNY. This research is a non-experimental quantitative research with descriptive approach method. Descriptive research is a study conducted on independent variables, without making comparisons or connecting with other variables, especially regarding OHS. This study aims to obtain information or description of OHS in the laboratory and workshop of Electronic Engineering and Informatics Department, Engineering Faculty, Yogyakarta State University. This research is only limited to describe that found in data retrieval. The results of …


Alat Ukur Berat Badan, Tinggi Badan Dan Suhu Badan Di Posyandu Berbasis Android, Tri Hamdani Agung Cahyono, Eko Agus Suprayitno Dec 2018

Alat Ukur Berat Badan, Tinggi Badan Dan Suhu Badan Di Posyandu Berbasis Android, Tri Hamdani Agung Cahyono, Eko Agus Suprayitno

Elinvo (Electronics, Informatics, and Vocational Education)

Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi semakin meningkat terutama di bidang elektronika. Hal tersebut menginspirasi peneliti untuk membuat alat yang bersifat ekonomis dan efisien, sehingga mempunyai fungsi utama yaitu untuk mempermudah suatu pekerjaan kader posyandu. Sistem Alat ukur berat badan, tinggi badan dan suhu badan di posyandu berbasis android merupakan pengembangan dari peneliti sebelumnya yang didukung dengan tampilan data angka yang muncul di android untuk mempermudah kader posyandu dalam melihat atau mengamati data angka pada bayi di posyandu. Perancangan alat terdiri dari arduino uno sebagai pengolah data, sensor load cell (berat), sensor ultrasonik (tinggi) dan sensor ds18b20 (suhu) kemudian data angka …


Penguatan Wawasan Kebangsaan Generasi Muda Melalui Kegiatan Tadarus Buku, Hendra Saeful Bahri, Sapriya Sapriya, Muhammad Halimi Dec 2018

Penguatan Wawasan Kebangsaan Generasi Muda Melalui Kegiatan Tadarus Buku, Hendra Saeful Bahri, Sapriya Sapriya, Muhammad Halimi

Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan

Saat ini penguatan wawasan kebangsaan masih terpusat di persekolahan melalui pembelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Namun sebenarnya penguatan wawasan kebangsaan bagi generasi muda bisa melalui komunitas, salah satunya yaitu komunitas Asian African Reading Club dengan kegiatan utamanya yaitu tadarus buku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali dan menganalisis kegiatan tadarus buku dalam menguatkan wawasan kebangsaan bagi generasi muda. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Pengumpulan data melalui teknik wawancara, observasi, studi dokumentasi dan studi literature. Analisis data meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan tadarus buku dapat memperkokoh wawasan kebangsaan …


17-06 Public Vs Private Transportation Network Accessibility And Maternal-Infant Health Outcomes Across The Urban-Rural Boundary In Kalamazoo County, Michigan, Kathleen Baker Dec 2018

17-06 Public Vs Private Transportation Network Accessibility And Maternal-Infant Health Outcomes Across The Urban-Rural Boundary In Kalamazoo County, Michigan, Kathleen Baker

Transportation Research Center Reports

This project is twofold. The first part of the project deals specifically with the benefits of multimodal transportation modeling to understand community structure of public health access in a community. Maternal risk and infant outcomes are examined in Kalamazoo County, MI with respect to transportation network accessibility by public transit and private vehicle across the urban-rural continuum. Infants born to mothers just outside the urban core had a higher rate of poor outcomes. Maternal risk factors, by contrast, were associated with the accessible rural areas – areas outside the city proper, but within 30 minutes by car to services. When …


The Role Of Worked-Example In Enhancing Students' Self-Explanation And Cognitive Efficiency In Calculus Instruction, Cecep Anwar Hadi Firdos Santosa, Didi Suryadi, Sufyani Prabawanto, Syamsuri Syamsuri Dec 2018

The Role Of Worked-Example In Enhancing Students' Self-Explanation And Cognitive Efficiency In Calculus Instruction, Cecep Anwar Hadi Firdos Santosa, Didi Suryadi, Sufyani Prabawanto, Syamsuri Syamsuri

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

This research was aimed to investigate the effect of students' self-explanation to their achievement, mental effort, and cognitive efficiency while studying mathematics, particularly in integral topics. This research used a static-group comparison design implemented to first-year undergraduate students. The subject of the study consists of 64 first year undergraduate students in one of the universities in Banten province, Indonesia. The students were divided into two classrooms, experimental and control. Experimental classroom received worked-example method whereas control classroom studying without worked-example method. Instruments used in this research include achievement tests, rating scale mental effort, deviation model of cognitive efficiency, and teaching …


The Effectiveness Comparison Problem Based Learning Model With Nht And Tps Type On Plane Solid Figure, Diana Amirotuz Zuraida, Karyati Karyati Dec 2018

The Effectiveness Comparison Problem Based Learning Model With Nht And Tps Type On Plane Solid Figure, Diana Amirotuz Zuraida, Karyati Karyati

Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika

The study was aimed to describe the learning model of problem based learning (PBL) with cooperative setting Numbered Heads Together (NHT) and Think Pair Share (TPS) type in terms of mathematics learning achievement, reflective thinking skills, and self regulated learning of junior high school 8th grade students. The study was a quasi experimental research with pretest-posttest non-equivalent group design. The sample were taken at random from five classes, consisted of VIII-A and VIII-C. Data were analyzed by using multivariate statistical using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). The result of the study at 5% level significance indicated that PBL with …


Overcoming Conventional Modeling Limitations Using Image- Driven Lattice-Boltzmann Method Simulations For Biophysical Applications, Olufemi E. Kadri Dec 2018

Overcoming Conventional Modeling Limitations Using Image- Driven Lattice-Boltzmann Method Simulations For Biophysical Applications, Olufemi E. Kadri

Dissertations

The challenges involved in modeling biological systems are significant and push the boundaries of conventional modeling. This is because biological systems are distinctly complex, and their emergent properties are results of the interplay of numerous components/processes. Unfortunately, conventional modeling approaches are often limited by their inability to capture all these complexities. By using in vivo data derived from biomedical imaging, image-based modeling is able to overcome this limitation.

In this work, a combination of imaging data with the Lattice-Boltzmann Method for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is applied to tissue engineering and thrombogenesis. Using this approach, some of the unanswered questions …


Developing An Instrument For Measuring The Spiritual Attitude Of High School Students, Safa'at Ariful Hudha, Djemari Mardapi Dec 2018

Developing An Instrument For Measuring The Spiritual Attitude Of High School Students, Safa'at Ariful Hudha, Djemari Mardapi

REID (Research and Evaluation in Education)

Attitudinal competence is one the most fundamental concepts in social psychology. It is related to personal identity, moral, and ethics that gains popularity and becomes important in educational development. This research aims to develop an instrument to measure the spiritual attitude of high school students. The study was a research and development study consisting of four stages: (a) determining conceptual definition, (b) determining operational definition, (c) drawing indicators, and (d) constructing instrument. The quantitative data analysis was used to test the construct validity through Confirmatory Factor Analysis and the coefficient of construct reliability was used to estimate the instrument reliability. …