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Skill Acquisition: Evaluation Of Instructional Procedures, Ellen I. Ratliff
Skill Acquisition: Evaluation Of Instructional Procedures, Ellen I. Ratliff
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Identifying effective and efficient interventions is essential for establishing independent responding in learners with autism spectrum disorder and related developmental disabilities. The present study replicated and extended Gorgan and Kodak (2019) by comparing differential reinforcement, most-to-least prompt fading, and extended response interval procedures for teaching novel skills to three children with autism spectrum disorder who did not demonstrate prompt-dependent responding. Using an adapted alternating treatments design, each intervention was evaluated against a control condition with an equated opportunity interval. Extensions to prior research included conducting a reinforcer assessment to verify differentiation in stimulus potency, modifying the controlling prompt assessment to …
"Does The Penis Lie?": Truth, Sexuality, And Psychocarceral Power, Erin Mcqueary
"Does The Penis Lie?": Truth, Sexuality, And Psychocarceral Power, Erin Mcqueary
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This thesis critically examines the use of penile plethysmography (PPG), or phallometry, in the treatment and management of sex offenders in the late-twentieth century. Using the Florida Mental Health Institute’s 1986-1989 sex offender treatment program as a case study, it asks how phallometry came to be understood as an objective method for uncovering otherwise hidden sexual truths. Instead of focusing only on its appearance and development throughout the second half of the twentieth century, this thesis draws on the work of Michel Foucault to situate phallometric science within a broader history of sexuality and biopower. In doing so, it argues …
Exploring Staphylococcus Aureus Host-Pathogen Interaction Using Proteomic Technologies, Emilee Marlene Elizabeth Mustor
Exploring Staphylococcus Aureus Host-Pathogen Interaction Using Proteomic Technologies, Emilee Marlene Elizabeth Mustor
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Staphylococcus aureus deploys an arsenal of virulence effectors to remodel the host environment during infection, while simultaneously the host mounts an immune response to contain and eliminate this bacterium. This dynamic interplay defines the host-pathogen interface and shapes infection outcome. In this context, the secreted proteases represent a major arm of S. aureus pathogenesis, promoting bacterial persistence in the host by dismantling immune defenses, cleaving host signaling molecules and reshaping the host proteome. However, traditional substrate-by-substrate characterization cannot reveal the full scope of proteolytic activity occurring during infection. To address this, we developed Terminal Amine-Guanidination of Substrates-Charge Reversal (TAGS-CR), a …
Heritage Without Equity: Afro-Descendant Representation, State Governance, Museums And The Limits Of Cultural Policy In Belize, Sherilyne L. Jones
Heritage Without Equity: Afro-Descendant Representation, State Governance, Museums And The Limits Of Cultural Policy In Belize, Sherilyne L. Jones
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examines how heritage governance in Belize shapes the representation, recognition, and participation of Afro-descendant communities within national cultural institutions and policy frameworks. Focusing on Creole/Kriol and Garifuna communities, the study analyses how law, institutional designs, museum practises, tourism development, and community-based heritage work to produce uneven forms of cultural visibility. I argue that Afro-descendant communities are not absent from Belizean heritage. Rather, their cultural presence has not consistently translated into institutional authority, sustained investments, or meaningful participation in decisions about national representation. Drawing on critical heritage theory, critical museology, post-colonial scholarship, and the concept of authorised heritage discourse, …
Testimonios From Latine Educational Leaders Supporting Youth Development Programs, Luis E. Feliciano
Testimonios From Latine Educational Leaders Supporting Youth Development Programs, Luis E. Feliciano
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The United States has been experiencing a demographic change for the last twenty years representing a rise in both Latiné students and families. Despite this demographic change, Latiné folk remain widely underrepresented in school leadership, and furthermore underrepresented in specific Youth Development Programs (YDPs), with the relationship between educational leaders and YDPs being widely unexplored in academia. This study sought to bridge the gap between YDPs and educational leadership, specifically for Latiné folk by asking how Latiné educational leaders used their cultural heritage to encourage YDP development. To accomplish this a testimonio methodology was implemented via a two staged interview …
The Development And Evaluation Of The Functional Analysis Screening Tool For Athletic Performance (Fast-Ap), Sharayah S. M. Tai
The Development And Evaluation Of The Functional Analysis Screening Tool For Athletic Performance (Fast-Ap), Sharayah S. M. Tai
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
There is a growing focus of ABA within sports performance, however, there is a lack of standardized assessments to aid in the development of individualized programming for athletes that is based on the behavior-reinforcing effects to promote optimal athletic performance. The Functional Analysis Screening Tool for Athletic Performance (FAST-AP) is a 16-item questionnaire developed to identify environmental variables that influence athletic performance and identify strategies that can be used to improve motivation and performance of athletes. This allows for the development of function-based interventions and identifying individualized coaching strategies to improve motivation and increase athletic performance more consistently overtime. Study …
Efficient, Secure Learning And Resource Management For Wireless Networks, Jiahao Xue
Efficient, Secure Learning And Resource Management For Wireless Networks, Jiahao Xue
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The rapid advancement of wireless networks has enabled a wide range of applications such as federated learning (FL) and Internet of Things, with supporting technologies like radio frequency identification (RFID). However, resource management and security challenges in wireless networks remain insufficiently addressed for these representative applications. In this dissertation, we first investigate wireless resource management for FL, then study novel attack and defense mechanisms for RFID systems. Finally, we analyze the performance and security of artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled next generation wireless networks.
First, we investigate the client assignment and bandwidth allocation problem for FL in a multi-provider wireless setting. Unlike …
Building Trustworthy Information Systems: A Unified Framework For Comparative Risk Detection, Parisa Momeni
Building Trustworthy Information Systems: A Unified Framework For Comparative Risk Detection, Parisa Momeni
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Risk detection in large scale information systems increasingly depends on heterogeneous data generatedby both centralized and distributed ecosystems. While centralized systems provide curated and validated reports, distributed environments produce large-scale and real-time observational evidence. Existing computational approaches analyze these ecosystems in isolation, limiting systematic comparison of risk repre-sentations across heterogeneous sources.
This dissertation presents a unified computational framework for comparative risk detection across centralized and distributed information systems. The framework provides a domain independent methodology for transforming heterogeneous risk reporting data into comparable multidimensional representations. To enable interpretable comparison of heterogeneous risk distributions, this work introduces the Geometric Overlap Score …
Success In Student Leadership: An Appreciative Inquiry Approach To A Student Leader Program, Ana M. Tayeb
Success In Student Leadership: An Appreciative Inquiry Approach To A Student Leader Program, Ana M. Tayeb
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study explored the strengths and successes of a Student Leader Program within a Physician Assistant (PA) program at a large southeastern university, using an Appreciative Inquiry (AI) framework to understand how the program positions students for success. The program, established to support leadership development, academic engagement, and professional growth, includes elected student roles such as class president, vice president, wellness champion, volunteer liaison, and class liaisons. Through semi‑structured interviews with faculty, administrators, current Student Leaders, non‑leader students, and a Student Leader alumnus, the study examined lived experiences and perceptions of the program’s impact. Guided by the AI 4‑D cycle, …
Race, Ethnic, And Gender Disparities In Human Trafficking Risk, Identification, And Investigation, Emily D. Walker
Race, Ethnic, And Gender Disparities In Human Trafficking Risk, Identification, And Investigation, Emily D. Walker
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Youth and human trafficking remain significant and complex issues. Existing literature suggests that trafficking risk, victimization, and identification are shaped by structural and social context, creating differential impacts across demographic groups, such as racial, ethnic, and gendered groups. Yet, current research has yet to fully capture the complexity of victimization across groups. This dissertation consists of three interconnected studies examining youth trafficking investigations. Using a mixed-methods approach and administrative data from Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF), this dissertation address three objectives (1) examining potential variation in documentation of trafficking risk, victimization, and narrative framing of youth trafficking investigations …
Designing For Fitness And Resilience In Human Artificial Intelligence Systems, Thomas R. Gill
Designing For Fitness And Resilience In Human Artificial Intelligence Systems, Thomas R. Gill
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Over the last decade, new artificial intelligence models, frameworks, and applications have emerged that have radically changed the socio-technical landscape. These new technologies represent both great opportunities and great potential risks. Due to the recency of their emergence, there is little known about the longevity and long-term repercussions of artifacts powered by new artificial intelligence technology. In this dissertation, I evaluate A.I. and A.I.-based artifacts through the lens of the fitness-utility model, a tool developed by Gill and Hevner (2013) for the evaluation of an artifact's ability to survive and reproduce over long time horizons. In so doing, I also …
Man Down: Exploring Identity, Uncertainty And Resilience In An Autoethnographic Performance Of Prostate Cancer As Applied Health Communication, Kevin Hawley
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this dissertation study was to explore how an autoethnographic performance of my experience of prostate cancer could serve as a method of applied health communication, designed to encourage men to be screened for prostate cancer. One in eight men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in his lifetime. However, while the incidence rate of prostate cancer is increasing—particularly of advanced-stage disease—the number of men choosing to be screened is declining (American Cancer Society, 2025).This study explores the barriers to men being screened, both in the literature and in my personal experience. Among those …
Preparing Preservice Teachers: Developing Skills For Working With Students With Disabilities In The Social Studies Classroom, Melissa Waugh
Preparing Preservice Teachers: Developing Skills For Working With Students With Disabilities In The Social Studies Classroom, Melissa Waugh
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study was aimed towards investigating the extant research, best practices, and teacher preparation standards related to working with students with disabilities in the social studies classroom. The study was guided using three research questions: Are students with disabilities’ learning needs reflected in the National Council for Social Studies National Standards for the Preparation of Social Studies Teachers?; How do preservice social studies teacher programs prepare their candidates for teaching students with disabilities as evidenced by Social Science Education methods course syllabi?; and, What might a college-level course aimed towards social studies teaching methods centering around students with disabilities’ learning …
A Portable Device To Elicit Sensory Trick And Monitor Forearm Muscle Activity In Pianists With Musician’S Dystonia, Josef Franczak
A Portable Device To Elicit Sensory Trick And Monitor Forearm Muscle Activity In Pianists With Musician’S Dystonia, Josef Franczak
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Musician’s Dystonia (MD) is a condition that can be acquired in professional musicians,causing involuntary contractions and the loss of fine motor control. The most common pharmaceutical treatment, botulinum toxin injections, has been shown to have side effects of muscle weakness and atrophy. The sensory trick, shown to temporarily relieve symptoms of dystonia, has potential to be used as an alternative or alongside current therapies, allowing patients with MD to return to playing music professionally. To systematically deploy the sensory trick and monitor forearm muscle activity, the first prototype of the Wearable Sensorimotor Integrator (wSMI) has been developed.
The wSMI is …
Where Diagnosis Meets Daily Life: Testing Theoretical Models Of Social Anxiety, Jessica A. Birg
Where Diagnosis Meets Daily Life: Testing Theoretical Models Of Social Anxiety, Jessica A. Birg
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is thought to persist through self-reinforcing cycles linking threat perception, fear of evaluation, avoidance, and social behavior. This dissertation examined whether the nature of these daily processes generalize across individuals, cluster into subgroups, or vary by social anxiety severity. Two ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies were conducted: a community sample with and without SAD (Study 1: N = 96; five prompts per day across two 14-day bursts) and an undergraduate sample (Study 2: N = 129; six prompts per day across 14 days). Momentary variables included social anxiety, avoidance motivation, and threat and safety cues (hurt …
“He’S Got The Whole World In His Hands”: Seed Sovereignty And Agricultural Decision Making In Southeastern Kenya, Caroline Stahley
“He’S Got The Whole World In His Hands”: Seed Sovereignty And Agricultural Decision Making In Southeastern Kenya, Caroline Stahley
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Increasing corporate control of the global seed supply and restrictions to local exchange threaten the autonomy of smallholder farmers and Indigenous communities. This project contributes to agricultural sovereignty movements by examining the decisions farmers make to address climate uncertainty, market volatility, and development agendas. Specifically, how is seed saving practiced and understood in relation to sovereignty? It reimagines what global food systems might look like if investment were directed to producers rather than intermediaries, arguing that cultivators lack support, not knowledge or capacity. Across these domains, seeds act as a motif to describe the concerns, innovations, and visions of farmers.
Amending Planting Media With Typha-Derived Biochar For Sustainable Horticulture, Elissa Touma
Amending Planting Media With Typha-Derived Biochar For Sustainable Horticulture, Elissa Touma
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Constructed wetlands are widely used to improve water quality by removing excess nutrients from wastewater and stormwater. Nutrients are stored within wetland vegetation, particularly in fast-growing plants such as Typha. Harvesting vegetation provides an opportunity to permanently remove these nutrients while generating biomass suitable for beneficial reuse. Converting harvested biomass into value-added products such as compost and biochar can support nutrient recovery and sustainable biomass management. In addition, increasing concerns regarding the environmental impacts of peat extraction have created interest in renewable alternatives for horticultural growing media. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of harvested …
Affect And Identification In Hereditary And Huesera: A Critique Of Neoliberal Motherhood In Post-Horror, Jared M. Lamanati
Affect And Identification In Hereditary And Huesera: A Critique Of Neoliberal Motherhood In Post-Horror, Jared M. Lamanati
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examines the implications of affect and identification in post-horror and the consequences they present for motherhood. Specifically, I argue Hereditary (Ari Aster, 2018) and Huesera (Michelle Garza Cervera, 2023) make use of their maternal protagonists to complicate spectatorial identification and critique the cruel attachments of neoliberalism which idealize a heteronormative, homogenous vision of mothering. Following David Church’s postulation of affect, neoliberalism, and the maternal melodrama as central to “post-horror,” I look towards Linda Williams’s and Lauren Berlant’s paradigms of pathos and sentimental politics. While Williams addresses the complicated pains and pleasures of pathetic identification in the maternal melodrama, …
Testing The Impact Of Sexual Minority Stress On Endorsement Of Prospective Behaviors Related To Borderline Personality Disorder Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Queer Adults, E. Elisa Carsten
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Sexual minority individuals face increased risk for numerous forms of psychopathology compared to heterosexual individuals, including borderline personality disorder (BPD). Previous investigation into the causes of these mental health disparities highlights several sexual minority-specific factors that may render sexual minority individuals uniquely vulnerable to meeting criteria for a BPD diagnosis, including chronic exposure to minority stressors, such as sexual orientation-based discrimination and stigmatizing beliefs. Some scholars have argued that the relevance of these minority-specific stressful experiences hampers the utility of a BPD diagnosis among members of this historically marginalized population. The present study experimentally tested the influence of minority stressors …
Assessment Of Artificial Oyster Reef Health Based On Water Quality, Oyster Recruitment, And Perkinsosis Infection In Tampa Bay, Christian J. Goldman
Assessment Of Artificial Oyster Reef Health Based On Water Quality, Oyster Recruitment, And Perkinsosis Infection In Tampa Bay, Christian J. Goldman
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Providing nursey habitat, regulating nutrients, stabilizing shorelines, increasing biological diversity, improving water quality, and creating three-dimensional environments are some of the ecosystem services of oyster reefs. Oyster reefs are threatened by overharvesting, changes in water quality, pollution, and disease. The Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is the primary oyster species along Florida’s Gulf coast. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between multiple parameters on artificial reefs and how they influence the health of these reefs. Here, young (less than five years old) artificial oyster reefs were monitored for one year across three sites in Tampa Bay, FL: Lassing Park (LAS), …
Morphodynamic Evolution Of Midnight Pass, West-Central Florida, Sydney C. Scott
Morphodynamic Evolution Of Midnight Pass, West-Central Florida, Sydney C. Scott
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This study takes advantage of a rare opportunity provided by the reopening of Midnight Pass due to two consecutive hurricanes in 2024, to examine the morphologic evolution of a newly reopened inlet and subsequent beach-inlet interactions. Historical aerial photos since the 1940s were collected and analyzed to understand the last closure of Midnight Pass, and to gain knowledge on the future of the newly reopened inlet. Time-series topography and bathymetry survey of the beach-inlet system were conducted bimonthly to quarterly for the first year and a half after the reopening, with the goals of quantifying the morphologic changes and understanding …
Exploring Menstrual Cycle Experiences And Well-Being In Young Women With Type 1 Diabetes, Yolanda Rotzinger Ballesteros
Exploring Menstrual Cycle Experiences And Well-Being In Young Women With Type 1 Diabetes, Yolanda Rotzinger Ballesteros
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Young women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) navigate complex physical, emotional, and social challenges, being at a higher risk for mental health concerns (e.g., depression), as well as physical (e.g., fatigue) and cognitive (e.g., focus) symptoms related to the management of their chronic health condition (Dantzer et al., 2003; Northam et al., 2005). About one-third of young women with T1D experience some form of menstrual dysfunction (Griffin et al., 1994; Schweiger et al., 2011), which is associated with lower quality of life across several domains, including the educational setting (Knox et al., 2015). Nevertheless, there is a gap in the …
Moving Through Disasters: Spatial Analysis And Modeling Of Evacuation, Migration, And Socioeconomic Selectivity In The United States, Xiang Li
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Disasters increasingly affect population movement in the United States, but their relationships with mobility and migration at various spatio-temporal scales are not fully understood. Disaster-related movement may appear as short-term evacuation during hazardous events, long-term migration after major or repeated disaster exposure, or selective redistribution across socio-economic groups. Therefore, this dissertation aims to address three main questions: 1) What are the spatial patterns of evacuation, and how do evacuation rates vary across space during a major disaster? 2) To what extent are natural disasters associated with long-term human migration patterns in the United States, and how can their contributions be …
How Location-Allocation Modelling Can Be Used To Site Pet-Friendly Evacuation Shelter Locations For Pet Owners In Hillsborough County, Florida: An Exploratory Study, Sarah A. Shaughnessy
How Location-Allocation Modelling Can Be Used To Site Pet-Friendly Evacuation Shelter Locations For Pet Owners In Hillsborough County, Florida: An Exploratory Study, Sarah A. Shaughnessy
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Florida has been hit by some of the most destructive tropical cyclones in North America due to its relative location to the Gulf and Atlantic Ocean. Florida’s population growth since the 2000’s and the increased frequency of stronger storms because of climate change have made numerous emergency management leaders throughout the state get evacuation shelter networks established for public safety. However, the existing shelter network in Hillsborough County has become inadequate to satisfy the unprecedented population growth in that specific area since the COVID-19 pandemic and there’s a need for new shelter locations to better accommodate the growth when a …
Understanding The Impact Of Minority Stress On Mental Health Among Racially And Ethnically Diverse Adults: Insights From A Daily Diary Study, Ruba S. Rum
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Minority stressors are theorized to contribute to mental health disparities for racial and ethnic minority individuals. While prior research links distal (i.e., external) and proximal (i.e., internal) minority stressors to adverse psychological outcomes for racial and ethnic minority groups, most studies have relied on cross-sectional designs that limit understanding of the immediate and short-term effects of minority stressors and potential protective factors in daily life. To address this gap, the present study examined the within-person daily associations between distal (interpersonal and vicarious discrimination, microaggressions) and proximal (internalized stigma, anticipation of rejection, identity management) minority stressors and psychological outcomes. Racial and …
Situating Stormwater Infrastructure Through Collaborative Design: Insights From A University-Community Partnership, Serena A. Echols
Situating Stormwater Infrastructure Through Collaborative Design: Insights From A University-Community Partnership, Serena A. Echols
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Stormwater ponds help address flooding and partially mitigate nutrient pollution while sometimes serving as a central landscape element in community parks. In underserved urban communities, however, stormwater ponds are sometimes neglected and underutilized, leading to public health and environmental justice challenges. Our research in Tampa, Florida, seeks to develop pathways for residents and other stakeholders to collaboratively co-design infrastructure interventions and pondscape redevelopment for neglected stormwater ponds. Drawing on ethnographic and participatory methods as well as environmental assessment and modeling, we are working with residents of one pond community on cleanup and redevelopment strategies. Results reveal that balancing local and …
Defining The Dynamic Role Of Belongingness In Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment, Brendan E. Walsh
Defining The Dynamic Role Of Belongingness In Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment, Brendan E. Walsh
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Drinking is intertwined with social processes, including social support and group belongingness. Although drinking can transiently enhance social functioning, escalating to heavy use can be detrimental to it. It is well-known that excessive drinking and social dysfunction exacerbate each other over time, and it follows that social support and belonging are key mechanisms of addiction recovery. Yet, less is known about how changes in belongingness throughout treatment dynamically affect drinking outcomes, and even less is known about how drinking outcomes and other social processes (e.g., therapeutic alliance, interpersonal drinking consequences) dynamically influence belongingness. The current project (N = 210) studied …
Examination Of Gastrointestinal Visceral Sensitivity In The Maintenance Of Restrictive Eating Disorders, Kendall N. Poovey
Examination Of Gastrointestinal Visceral Sensitivity In The Maintenance Of Restrictive Eating Disorders, Kendall N. Poovey
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Aversive conditioning theories of restrictive eating disorders propose that gastrointestinal (GI) visceral sensitivity (i.e., hypervigilant monitoring and worry about GI sensations) is implicated in the maintenance of restrictive eating disorders (i.e., anorexia nervosa [AN], atypical anorexia nervosa [AAN], and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder [ARFID]). Specifically, a negative reinforcement process is posited in which disordered eating behaviors (e.g., restriction, purging) help to mitigate or avoid GI-related distress, and are thereby reinforced. However, this theorized process has yet to be tested. For the current study, participants from the University of South Florida and surrounding Tampa community who screened positive for a restrictive …
Combating Β-Lactamase Resistance: From Inhibitor Design To Substrate Evolution, Lian M.C. Jacobs
Combating Β-Lactamase Resistance: From Inhibitor Design To Substrate Evolution, Lian M.C. Jacobs
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
β-lactamase production by bacteria is a major mechanism of antibiotic resistance. These enzymes hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics, preventing them from binding to and inhibiting PBPs. Although new β-lactam scaffolds and inhibitors are continually introduced into the clinic, resistance often emerges within a few years. Therefore, the development of cross-class inhibitors with novel scaffolds is critical to mitigate this resistance. In parallel, a deeper understanding of the structural and mechanistic basis of β-lactamase resistance is essential. Together, these approaches provide an effective strategy for combating antibiotic resistance.
The first project addressed the need of effective cross-class β-lactamase inhibitors capable of targeting SBL …
Motivating Lung Cancer Screening Uptake: An Experimental Test Of Didactic Versus Narrative Messages For Lung Cancer Screening Among Individuals Who Currently Smoke Or Formerly Smoked, Honor M. Woodward
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related death in the United States and worldwide. Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has been associated with a 20% reduction in lung cancer-related mortality. Despite the obvious benefits of lung cancer screening with LDCT, screening is heavily underutilized compared to other cancer screening tests. Thus, it is critically important to develop strategies that help motivate screening uptake among eligible individuals. This study explored the effectiveness of narrative messages for motivating lung cancer screening uptake among individuals eligible for lung cancer screening who currently smoke or formerly smoked. Drawing from …