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The Interwoven Dynamics Of Climate, Fire, Resilience And Orangutan Survival In Central Kalimantan’S Peat Swamp Forest, Putu Pujiantari
The Interwoven Dynamics Of Climate, Fire, Resilience And Orangutan Survival In Central Kalimantan’S Peat Swamp Forest, Putu Pujiantari
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Tropical peat swamp forests are globally significant carbon reservoirs and biodiversity strongholds, yet they face escalating threats from climate change, fire, and anthropogenic disturbances. This dissertation investigates the interwoven dynamics of climate, fire, forest resilience, and orangutan survival in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, a region which was transformed by the failed Mega Rice Project and recurrent catastrophic wildfires for decades. Using a multi-scale approach that integrates remote sensing time-series analysis (2001–2024),nlandscape-scale disturbance mapping (2005–2025), and fine-scale movement ecology, this research tests three core hypotheses: (1) moisture availability is the dominant climatic driver of wildfire activity, operating through non-linear thresholds; (2) post-fire …
Valorization Of Rice Bran For Functional Film Fabrication Using Cold Plasma For Food Packaging And Biomedical Applications, Saydul Md Safwa
Valorization Of Rice Bran For Functional Film Fabrication Using Cold Plasma For Food Packaging And Biomedical Applications, Saydul Md Safwa
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Abstract Over the past few years, conventional plastic packaging materials have become increasingly concerned with their environmental impact. Therefore, the demand for bioplastics has been increasing significantly over the years. Rice milling, a process that modifies paddy rice into edible rice, generates by-products such as rice bran. Rice bran has cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and protein, which makes it a potential material for bioplastic fabrication. However, like most biodegradable films, rice bran films fall short when it comes to practical packaging applications. They often lack the strength, flexibility, moisture resistance, and barrier performance needed to compete with synthetic plastics. Most importantly, …
Soft Urea Nitridation Of Tantalum-Based Thin Films For Oxynitride Synthesis, Rishabh Srivastava
Soft Urea Nitridation Of Tantalum-Based Thin Films For Oxynitride Synthesis, Rishabh Srivastava
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Rising global energy consumption and the transition toward low-carbon technologies place new demands on functional materials. Particularly, semiconductors that convert sunlight directly into chemical fuels with high efficiency and long operational lifetimes. The synthesis of visible light active tantalum oxynitride (TaON) thin films for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting typically requires ammonolysis with pressurized NH3 gas, which presents persistent barriers in safety and phase selectivity. In this work, a soft urea ammonolysis route was employed in which solid urea was employed as an in-situ nitrogen source inside a vacuum-sealed reactor. The finite urea mass establishes a self-limiting nitrogen chemical potential that …
Cosmic Chirps: Studies In The Evolution And Detection Of Gravitational Waves From Compact Binary Systems, Calla Irene Bassett Bigg
Cosmic Chirps: Studies In The Evolution And Detection Of Gravitational Waves From Compact Binary Systems, Calla Irene Bassett Bigg
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation will go over three projects that have to do with gravitational wave mechanics and history. The first project is about investigating computationally cheaper approximation methods for modeling EMRI (extreme mass ratio inspiral) orbits using interpolation. Two codes are interpolated together for full coverage of the parameter space. This interpolation has yet to be tested for accuracy but the preliminary outlook is positive. This may well be a useful tool for studying EMRIs. The second project is investigating the origins of the term “chirp mass”, where chirp mass is a combination of the two masses in a binary that …
Beyond Semantic Matching: Integrating Graph Structures, Boolean Logic, And Interactive Aggregation In Modern Retrieval, Quan Mai
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Modern Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Information Retrieval (IR) systems have achieved remarkable success in semantic understanding; however, they continue to struggle with complex logical reasoning, structural interactions, and dynamic aggregation. This dissertation presents a comprehensive framework to enhance the structural, logical, and interactive capabilities of language models and retrieval systems across four progressive studies. First, we address the challenge of modeling dynamic conversational logic in online debates. We introduce a Sequence Graph Network (SGN) that captures the temporal and interactive exchange of ideas—such as counterarguments and reinforcements—by updating node features sequentially through a novel Sequence Graph Attention (SGA) layer. …
Soil Moisture Regime Effects On Greenhouse Gas Emissions In A Native Tallgrass Prairie In The Ozark Highlands, Thomas William Dockery
Soil Moisture Regime Effects On Greenhouse Gas Emissions In A Native Tallgrass Prairie In The Ozark Highlands, Thomas William Dockery
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The Ozark Highlands is an ecoregion in the mid-southern portion of the United States that is characterized by a mosaic of tallgrass prairies, oak (Quercus spp.) savannas, and oak-hickory (Carya spp.) forests, which represents a unique biophysical transition zone between the relatively dry grasslands of the west and the humid forests of the southeast. Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, namely carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), from natural, undisturbed ecosystems is critical to understanding atmospheric warming and climate-change implications. The objective of this study was to simultaneously evaluate CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions in an aquic and …
Benchmarking Current Progress In 3d Content Generation, Vuong Ho
Benchmarking Current Progress In 3d Content Generation, Vuong Ho
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
In recent years, 3D generation has rapidly advanced with the development of powerful generative AI models capable of producing high-quality 3D content from various modalities, including text, images, and multi-view inputs. These advancements have significantly accelerated progress in applications such as gaming, virtual reality, robotics, and digital content creation. Despite this progress, there is still a lack of standardized and fair benchmarking protocols for evaluating 3D generation methods. Existing approaches are often assessed under inconsistent experimental settings, using different datasets, evaluation metrics, and processing pipelines. Such inconsistencies make reliable and objective comparisons difficult, limiting our understanding of the strengths and …
Iterative Generation Of Feature-Based Cad Models Using An Llm With Domain Specific Constraints, Ammon I. Hepworth
Iterative Generation Of Feature-Based Cad Models Using An Llm With Domain Specific Constraints, Ammon I. Hepworth
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This paper presents a method to generate feature-based parametric mechanical CAD models from text input. The method uses domain-specific constraints (DSCs) to guide a large language model (LLM) in the generation of scripts to build models from the CAD API. It also presents a framework for an iterative text-based system that produces parametric CAD models. The method was implemented by developing DSCs for FreeCAD and Open AI GPT-5.2 and incorporated into a web-based software application which generates models that can be visualized with an interactive viewer after each iteration. Tests were run comparing various models with and without this method. …
Decoration Of Lactic Acid Bacterium By Exploiting In Vitro Sortase A Transpeptidase, Faisal Hamd Alqhtani
Decoration Of Lactic Acid Bacterium By Exploiting In Vitro Sortase A Transpeptidase, Faisal Hamd Alqhtani
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Attaching a drug module to the surface of lactic acid bacteria was the main aim of this dissertation, and it was achieved. By using the Sortase A mechanism, the drug module (green fluorescent protein fused to the LPETG motif) was anchored to the LAB surface. To reach the final results, this dissertation will describe the process that I undertake to achieve the end goal. Modifying media, producing pure enzymes with less impurity, and reducing the protease activity in E. coli BL21 were all described in this five-chapter dissertation. Keywords: drug delivery, lactic acid bacteria, green fluorescent protein, sortase A, fusion …
Establishing Ferromagnetism In Van Der Waals Antiferromagnets Mps3, Dinesh Upreti
Establishing Ferromagnetism In Van Der Waals Antiferromagnets Mps3, Dinesh Upreti
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Recent discoveries of magnetism in low dimensions not only have gained fundamental scientific interest but also holds significant potential in numerous technological applications, such as spintronics. This has led to a wide range of efforts in the synthesis of new layered materials or tuning their existing magnetic properties, which has been instrumental in understanding the novel physical concept and development of new technological frontiers. Transition metal thiophosphate, MPS3, is a class of layered antiferromagnet family. The rich magnetic/crystal structure with delicate choice of transition metal (M) together with intriguing optical, electronic, and ferroelectric properties have placed them as a model …
The Gravity Of The Ukraine War: Measuring Conflict Impacts On European Grain Trade, Stefan Bonchis
The Gravity Of The Ukraine War: Measuring Conflict Impacts On European Grain Trade, Stefan Bonchis
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
This thesis investigates the heterogeneous structural disruptions caused by the war in Ukraine on the European Union’s agricultural trade architecture, focusing on three critical commodities: wheat, maize, and sunflower seeds. Employing a structural gravity model framework across all 27 EU Member States, the study evaluates two conflict episodes, the 2014 Crimea annexation and the 2022 full-scale invasion, to identify the net beneficiaries and heavily impacted nations within the EU agricultural trade network. The empirical strategy utilizes a dual-test design to capture the full scope of the disruption. Test A (Ukraine towards the EU trade) reveals a distinct geographic logic in …
Comparative Evaluation Of Similarity Metrics For Multi-Vendor Origin–Destination Matrix Comparison: A Case Study Using Data From Three Probe Data Vendors In Arkansas, Sagar Silwal
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The proliferation of commercial probe data vendors has posed both opportunities and challenges for transportation agencies regarding the choice of reliable vehicle probe data for decision making purposes. Probe data is a form of passive mobility data representing a small fraction of the traveling population. Vendors aggregate mobility data from different sources including GPS enabled smartphones, telematics systems, and connected vehicles. They possess unique data collection methodologies, sampling mechanisms, and expansion algorithms which introduce variability in derived traffic performance measures like speed and volume. The overall objective of this work is to assess similarities and differences among probe data vendors …
Identification Of Conditionally Essential Genes Required For Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Adaptation To The Chicken Cecal Extract Through Ex Vivo Modeling And Transposon Insertion Sequencing, Deborah Bukola Olubanjo
Identification Of Conditionally Essential Genes Required For Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Adaptation To The Chicken Cecal Extract Through Ex Vivo Modeling And Transposon Insertion Sequencing, Deborah Bukola Olubanjo
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) remains a major foodborne pathogen associated with chicken, where it can persist in the intestinal tract without overt disease and contribute to zoonotic transmission. The chicken cecum represents a complex ecological niche shaped by microbial competition, host-derived substrates, short-chain fatty acids, oxygen limitation, extracellular components, and diverse metabolic gradients. Although transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-seq) has been widely used to define bacterial fitness determinants, limited work has examined genome-wide adaptation of S. Typhimurium in chicken ceca-derived ex vivo systems that preserve key features of the avian cecal environment. This dissertation investigated conditionally essential genes required …
Optimizing Escort Strategies For Chokepoint And Littoral Maritime Lanes Using Mixed-Integer Programming, Shantonu Mitra
Optimizing Escort Strategies For Chokepoint And Littoral Maritime Lanes Using Mixed-Integer Programming, Shantonu Mitra
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Protecting high-value units (HVUs) while traversing maritime chokepoints under threats is a significant challenge that requires effective planning for allocating limited naval assets (escort ships, detection capabilities, and defensive capabilities). Although the weapon-to-target assignment problem has been previously studied in the literature, the problem of allocating limited naval assets under uncertain threat scenarios remains unexplored. This research develops a two-stage stochastic optimization framework with the objective of maximizing the expected weighted survivability of HVUs across all scenarios. The first-stage decisions include assigning available escorts to HVUs, selecting locations for deploying detection capabilities, and allocating defensive capabilities to each escort prior …
Automated Machine Learning And Satellite Image Data Fusion For Monitoring Water Quality In Mosaicked Landscapes, Sahar Rezaei
Automated Machine Learning And Satellite Image Data Fusion For Monitoring Water Quality In Mosaicked Landscapes, Sahar Rezaei
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Despite the ecological, economic, and social importance of inland water bodies, they are increasingly impacted by human and natural drivers. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and total suspended solids (TSS) are key indicators of water quality, and elevated concentrations pose significant ecological and public health risks. The spatiotemporal dynamics of these variables remain insufficiently understood in major river systems, including the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) and the Illinois River Basin (IRB). While in situ measurements provide accurate observations, they are costly and offer limited spatial and temporal coverage, restricting basin-scale monitoring. Remote sensing offers a powerful alternative; however, single-sensor approaches are …
Physics-Informed Machine Learning For Predictive Digital Twins In Greenhouses, Hoang Kim Tran
Physics-Informed Machine Learning For Predictive Digital Twins In Greenhouses, Hoang Kim Tran
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Greenhouses are widely used to create controlled environments for crop production, where indoor climate variables such as air temperature, relative humidity, CO2 concentration, radiation, and soil or substrate conditions directly affect plant growth, yield, energy consumption, and resource use. However, greenhouse climates are highly dynamic because they are influenced by complex interactions among outdoor weather, greenhouse structure, crop transpiration, heating systems, ventilation, screens, fans, irrigation, and other actuators. Building digital twins for greenhouses provides a powerful way to represent, monitor, and predict these climate dynamics. A predictive digital twin can simulate future indoor climate states based on current greenhouse conditions, …
Remote Sensing-Derived Urban Heat Islands And Land Surface Phenology, Raihan Sorker
Remote Sensing-Derived Urban Heat Islands And Land Surface Phenology, Raihan Sorker
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Thermal remote sensing has been widely applied to characterize urban heat islands (UHI) and their relationship to land use; however, few studies have explored the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and land surface phenology (LSP). This study focused on the relationship between LST and LSP in the metropolitan region of Kansas City, Missouri, USA using Landsat 8 satellite images from 2015 to 2024. Thermal and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series were processed using Google Earth Engine to derive annual LST metrics alongside phenological indicators including timing of green-up and senescence as well as growing season length. Individually, …
Localizing And Repairing Backdoor-Sensitive Layers In Pre-Trained Language Models For Secure Fine-Tuning, Sunanda Das
Localizing And Repairing Backdoor-Sensitive Layers In Pre-Trained Language Models For Secure Fine-Tuning, Sunanda Das
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Task-agnostic backdoor attacks can contaminate pre-trained language models (PLMs) in a way that survives downstream adaptation, even under full fine-tuning, making it difficult for practitioners to trust third-party checkpoints. Existing defenses often rely on privileged assumptions (e.g., access to poisoned data or trigger/target knowledge), thereby limiting their applicability in realistic settings. We present DiSec (Disentanglement of potentially adversarial weights for Secure fine-tuning), a robust and label-efficient purification framework that uses only clean auxiliary text and does not rely on downstream supervision or attack signatures. DiSec elicits model-internal signals from this clean data to separate suspicious parameter components that are inconsistent …
Leveraging Data Science And Analytics For Next-Generation Transportation And Logistics: Literature Review And Regional Analysis, Kazi Humayra Shams
Leveraging Data Science And Analytics For Next-Generation Transportation And Logistics: Literature Review And Regional Analysis, Kazi Humayra Shams
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The increasing integration of data science and analytics into next-generation transportation and logistics planning and operations offers improved system performance but requires managing and interpreting vast and complex datasets. The Arkansas Smart Transportation Research, Infrastructure and Data-Driven Engineering Systems (AR-STRIDES) program (NSF Award No. 2445877) is working to develop data science solutions and data-driven supply chain technologies for next-generation transportation and logistics systems. This thesis supports AR-STRIDES by providing a comprehensive literature review of recent literature studying data science and analytics in transportation and logistics systems and conducting a regional analysis of Arkansas to create a database of companies, higher …
Evaluation Of Loading, Release, And Bioavailability Of Resveratrol Encapsulated In Porous Starch, Yu-Yun Wang
Evaluation Of Loading, Release, And Bioavailability Of Resveratrol Encapsulated In Porous Starch, Yu-Yun Wang
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Resveratrol (Res) is a polyphenolic compound found in grapes, red wine, and berries, with health benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. The poor stability and bioaccessibility of Res after consumption by humans require the development of delivery systems. Among many delivery systems, porous starch (PS) is a safe, cost-effective, and high in adsorption capacity encapsulation material for drugs and bioactive compounds sensitive to environmental factors like light and heat. Porous rice, corn, and potato starch have different granule sizes, pore volumes, and surface areas. However, the impact of these encapsulation capabilities remains unclear among the three porous starches. …
Values And Posttraumatic Resilience: Assessing The Moderating Impact Of Cultural Context, Jeremy Brian Clift
Values And Posttraumatic Resilience: Assessing The Moderating Impact Of Cultural Context, Jeremy Brian Clift
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
People commonly experience a traumatic event during their lives, and many effectively cope with the experience, demonstrating psychological resiliency. However, this is not always the case; others may develop psychopathology in the wake of a traumatic event, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Why might some people experience clinically significant difficulty following a traumatic event while others do not? The current study examined this question by considering the role of values—cognitive representations of motivations that guide action—and testing predictions generated from the Contextual Model of Values-Based Responding to Traumatic Experiences (Clift & Veilleux, unpublished manuscript). It was predicted that greater growth …
Sigesn-Based Lasers On Silicon For Mid-Infrared Optoelectronics, Sudip Acharya
Sigesn-Based Lasers On Silicon For Mid-Infrared Optoelectronics, Sudip Acharya
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Germanium-tin (GeSn) alloys represent a significant advancement in semiconductor technology, particularly for applications in the short-wave and mid-infrared (SWIR and MIR) spectral ranges. As a group IV material system, these alloys offer a unique combination of tunable optoelectronic properties and full compatibility with established silicon-based manufacturing processes. The controlled incorporation of tin into germanium enables the engineering of a fundamental direct bandgap, a critical feature that distinguishes GeSn from its indirect bandgap materials, silicon and germanium. This direct bandgap behavior which was demonstrated in high-quality single crystalline GeSn alloys around the year 2015 is the foundation for efficient light emission …
Evaluation Of A High Protein Low Oligosaccharide Soybean Meal In Poultry Production, Kasey Matusik
Evaluation Of A High Protein Low Oligosaccharide Soybean Meal In Poultry Production, Kasey Matusik
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of feeding a high protein, low oligosaccharide soybean meal to optimize poultry nutrition by the effects of feeding the soybean meal to roosters, broiler chickens, and turkeys. Two research objectives were evaluated to determine whether high protein, low oligosaccharide soybean meal would have increased nutritional value. The first objective assessed the metabolizable energy (ME) content of a high protein, low oligosaccharide soybean meal compared to a conventional soybean meal. Using roosters, broiler chickens, and turkey poults, three bioassays were conducted to evaluate the ME of the soybean meal. Results demonstrated …
Advancing Social Media Analytics And Personalized Generation Via Transfer Learning, Discourse-Aware Modeling, And Collaborative Modeling, Gibson Nkhata
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Social media platforms have become central to information exchange, shaping public opinion across social, political, and economic domains. However, the massive volume of user-generated content, combined with its informal, nuanced, and often noisy nature, presents significant challenges for automated analysis and generation. Tasks such as stance detection, rumor verification, and personalized content generation are further complicated by sarcasm, evolving discourse structures, and diverse user preferences. Addressing these challenges requires models that can effectively leverage linguistic nuance, conversational dynamics, and collaborative user signals. Transfer learning has emerged as a powerful paradigm for improving performance in low-resource and complex language understanding tasks. …
Cellulose Membrane Performance And Properties With Focus On Dialysis Application, Juliana Marçal
Cellulose Membrane Performance And Properties With Focus On Dialysis Application, Juliana Marçal
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Chronic kidney disease affects approximately 35 million individuals in the United States, with nearly 550,000 patients dependent on dialysis for survival. Chronic kidney disease and end stage kidney disease impose substantial burdens on patients and healthcare systems, driving demand for improved dialysis membranes with enhanced flux, selectivity, and biocompatibility. The performance of dialysis membranes plays a critical role in treatment efficiency, governing solute transport, fluid removal, and overall therapeutic outcomes. In hemodialysis, membranes must achieve an optimal balance between high permeability and selective solute rejection while maintaining mechanical stability and long-term biocompatibility. Conventional dialysis membranes are commonly fabricated from polymeric …
Integrated Sensing And Communication For Uavs With Oddm Waveforms, Mohammad Abdul Mobin
Integrated Sensing And Communication For Uavs With Oddm Waveforms, Mohammad Abdul Mobin
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
A new delay-Doppler (DD) integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) framework is proposed for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems. In the DD-ISAC framework, both sensing and communications are performed by using the orthogonal delay Doppler division multiplexing (ODDM) waveforms, which unify sensing and communication designs through their unique properties, such as local bi-orthogonality and dual-resolution in the DD domain. Specifically, the dual-resolution property enables the generation of delay-Doppler map for accurate and low complexity sensing, and the bi-orthogonality minimizes interference for both sensing and communications. The ODDM waveforms are used in combination with the phase comparison monopulse technique and a scaled …
Design, Fabrication, And Testing Of A Pdms-Based Nanochannel Using Nano Embossing, Cooper James Haskamp
Design, Fabrication, And Testing Of A Pdms-Based Nanochannel Using Nano Embossing, Cooper James Haskamp
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
DNA sequencing has become increasingly important in the field of biomedical research and clinical applications. Currently, the most well-established sequencing technique is ‘Sequencing by Synthesis’ with accuracy in the range of 99.2% to 99.74% and sequencing lengths of only 300 base pairs. Sequencing by Synthesis is a lab-based method that requires expensive equipment and fast parallel computing. It is not suitable for portable, on-site applications. A new technique known as ‘nanopore’ was developed to meet these requirements. Nanopore is an electrical sequencing method that relies on the translocation of a DNA molecule through a nanoscale pore, where the blockage current …
Towards Audio-Driven Photorealistic Avatars For Teleconsultation: A Development And Evaluation Framework Under Constrained Bandwidth Environments, Fnu Himanshu
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Telehealth can improve access to healthcare services, especially for patients in rural and underserved areas. Many telehealth services use video communication to provide real-time interaction and a visible connection between patients and healthcare providers. However, video communication requires continuous transmission of audio and video data. When network conditions are limited or unreliable, audio and video interruptions can reduce communication quality. This thesis explores an audio-driven photorealistic avatar as a possible visual communication layer for teleconsultation without requiring continuous webcam video transmission. It develops two connected frameworks: the Audio-Driven Photorealistic Avatar Communication Framework and the Evaluation Framework. The Audio-Driven Photorealistic Avatar …
Proposed Risk-Based Framework To Predict Long-Term Performance Of Military Airfield Concrete Pavements, Dimitrios Kimon Tsirmpas
Proposed Risk-Based Framework To Predict Long-Term Performance Of Military Airfield Concrete Pavements, Dimitrios Kimon Tsirmpas
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Concrete airfield pavements are designed following strict specifications to provide decades of performance and serviceability. The pavements are expected to withstand demanding operational loading and environmental conditions. However, long-term performance often strays from the expected results despite compliance to the specifications. This thesis establishes the foundation of a framework that links the mixture design test results to the in-service performance of airfield pavements. The goal of this work was to create the principles of a risk-based framework for pavement decision making using a case study on two similar airfields. With this quantitative framework established, the approval processes for concrete mix …
A Systems Analysis Of Autonomous Uav Swarm Spraying For Precision Agriculture, Ryker Davis
A Systems Analysis Of Autonomous Uav Swarm Spraying For Precision Agriculture, Ryker Davis
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in civilian sectors, particularly for precision agriculture and targeted aerial spraying, has rapidly evolved from passive monitoring to advanced, autonomous, multi-agent coordination. While deploying UAV swarms offers a promising solution to the payload and battery endurance limitations of single drone operations, realizing field-scale coverage introduces significant logistical and safety challenges. To evaluate the trajectory and viability of swarms, this study synthesizes bibliometric trends, operational simulation, and safety reporting analysis. First, because physical testing of complex swarms poses financial and safety risks, we developed an agent-based and discrete event simulation to evaluate autonomous spraying …